tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-22688202384529446122024-03-06T08:43:23.317+07:00Maria Poppy's BlogBlog ini dibuat untuk menambah dan menyimpan bacaan untuk para mahasiswa, siswa serta kalangan umum yang ingin mengetahui tentang berbagai hal khususnya di dalam bidang kesehatan. Saat ini materi yang dimuat menyangkut bidang anatomi fisiologi, patologi, komunikasi serta epidemiologi. Blog ini masih jauh dari sempurna, karenanya masukan, saran serta kritik kami terima dengan lapang dada dan rasa syukur. Kiranya Tuhan yang Mahakuasa memberkati kita semuaKesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.comBlogger190125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-79086532000081699222016-02-01T12:35:00.001+07:002016-02-01T12:35:00.090+07:00<div align="center" class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt;">Makalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anatomi Fisiologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem Otot dan Rangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Disusun oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> : Dinar Rachma Kartina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lila Putri Zaskia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dosen Pembimbing : Dr.Maria Poppy Herliyanti M.Epd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Prodi DIII
Jurusan Gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Politeknik
Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Jakarta 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jakarta
2015</span><span class="MsoIntenseReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka </span></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c0504d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent2;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Skelet atau Kerangka terdiri
dari tulang dan tulang rawan. tulang adalah jaringan ikat yang bersifat kaku
dan membentuk bagian besar kerangka serta merupakan jaringan penunjang tubuh
utama. Rangkaian tulang yang mendukung dan melindungi beberapa organ
lunak,terutama dalam tulang tengkorak (cranium) dan panggul .Kerangka juga
berfungsi sebagai alat ungkit pada gerakan dan menyediakan permukaan untuk
kaitan otot-otot rangka,tempat pembuatan sel-sel darah .Rata-rata manusia
dewasa memiliki 206 tulang,walaupun jumlah ini dapat bevariasi antara
individu.Kerangka tubuh manusia terdiri dari susunan berbagai macam tulang yang
satu sama lainnya saling berhubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penggolongan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang di golongkan menurut
bentuknya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
panjang adalah tubular (misalnya humerus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendek adalah kuboidal,dan hanya terdapat di pergelangan kaki (tarsus) dan di
pergelangan tangan (carpus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang pipih
umumnya berguna sebagai pelindung (misalnya tulang pipih cranium melindungi
otak)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang tak
beraturan dengan bentuk aneka ragam (misalnya tulang wajah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
sesamoid (ossa sesamoide),terbentuk dalam tendo tertentu (misalnya patella) dan terdapat di tempat
persilangan tendo dengan ujung tulang panjang extremitas; tulang sesamoid
melindungi tendo terhadap keausan berlebih dan sering kali mengubah sudut tendo
sewaktu menuju ke tempat lekatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ciri-ciri
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Cirri-ciri khusus terjadi pada
tempat lekat tendo,ligaentum,dan fascia.Ciri-ciri dan tanda istimewa pada yang
di beri nama:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Condylus
(daerah persendian yang membulat ) misalnya condylus laterlis ossis femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Crista (rigi
pada tulang) misalnya crista iliaca)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Epicondylus
(tonjolan di atas kondilus)misalnya epicondylus lateralis ossis humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Facies
(permukaan licin dan datar yang merupakan tempat pertemuan dua tulang)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Foramen (lubang
melalui tulang) misalnya foramen obturatum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fosa (lekuk
atau daerah yang melesak) misalnya fossa infraspinata os scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linea
(peninggian berupa garis) misalnya linea musculi solei,linea poplitea ossis
tibiae.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Malleolus
(tonjolan yang membulat) misalnya malleolus lateralis ossis fibulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Protuberantia
(penonjolan) misalnya protuberantia occipitalis externa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Spina (tonjolan
menyerupai duri) misalnya spina scapulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Processus
spinosus (tonjolan yang menyerupai duri) misalnya procesus vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Trochanter
(peninggian besar yang tumpul) misalnya trochanter major femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">m.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberculum
(peninggian kecil ) misalnya tuberculum majus humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberositas
atau tuber (peninggian yang besar dan membulat,membengkakan) misalnya tuber
ischiadicum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perkembangan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulangg berkembang dengan dua
cara:1. Membranosa dan (2) endokondral .Pada cara yang pertama,tulang
berkembang langsungg dari membrane jaringan ikat; pada cara yang kedua
,mula-mula dibentuk model tulang rawan dan kemudian di ganti oleh tulang.Untuk
keterangan lebih mendalam tentang perubahan selular yang terjadi,perlu dibaca
buku teks histology atau embriologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang kubah Cranium berkembang
dengan cepat secara membranosa pada embrio,dan hal ini melindungi otak yang
sedang berkembang yang terletak di bawahnya.Pada waktu lahir,beberapa daerah
kecil di antara tulang-tulang tetap bersifat membrane.Hal ini penting secara
klinik karena memungkinkan tulang-tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">melakukan
gerakan tertentu sehingga tengkorak dapat berubah bentuk waktu turun melewati
jalan lahir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang panjang eksremitas
berkembang secara osifikasi endokondral.Osifikasi ini merupakan proses lambat
dan tidak lengkap sampai usia 18-20 tahun atau malahan lebih lama lagi.Pusat
pembentukan tulang yangditemukan pada batang tulang dinamakan diafisis,pusat
kalsifikasi pada ujung-ujung tulang sebagaiepifisis.Lempeng rawan pada masing
–masing ujung,yang terletak antara epifisis dan diafisis pada tulang yang
sedang tumbuh dinamakan lempeng epifisial.Metafisi merupakan bagian diafisis
yang berbatasan dengan lempeng epifiseal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\DINAR\Downloads\pertumbuhan.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 159.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 310.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="pertumbuhan" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> JENIS-JENIS TULANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ketika
kita masih bayi kita memiliki sekitar 300 tulang. Namun ketika kita beranjak
dewasa beberapa dari tulang-tulang ini ada yang melebur hingga akhirnya menjadi
206 tulang. Dari 206 tulang ini terdapat beberapa jenis tulang. Jenis-jenis
tulang ini ada yang dibedakan berdasarkan matriksnya dan ada yang berdasarkan
jaringan dan sifat fisik (keras tidaknya) tulang. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut
pelajari jenis-jenis tulang di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Berdasarkan jaringan penyusun dan sifat-sifat fisiknya tulang dibedakan menjadi
dua jenis, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.
Tulang Rawan (Kartilago) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan adalah tulang yang tidak mengandung pembuluh darah dan saraf kecuali
lapisan luarnya (perikondrium). Tulang rawan memiliki sifat lentur karena
tulang rawan tersusun atas zat interseluler yang berbentuk jelly yaitu
condroithin sulfat yang didalamnya terdapat serabut kolagen dan elastin. Maka
dari itu tulang rawan bersifat lentur dan lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan
jaringan ikat biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada
zat interseluler tersebut juga terdapat rongga-rongga yang disebut lacuna yang
berisi sel tulang rawan yaitu chondrosit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan terdiri dari tiga tipe yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Tulang rawan hialin: tulang yang berwarna putih sedikit kebiru-biruan,
mengandung serat-serat kolagen dan chondrosit. Tulang rawan hialin dapat kita
temukan pada laring, trakea, bronkus, ujung-ujung tulang panjang, tulang rusuk
bagian depan, cuping hidung dan rangka janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.
Tulang rawan elastis; tulang yang mengandung serabut-serabut elastis. Tulang
rawan elastis dapat kita temukan pada daun telinga, tuba eustachii (pada
telinga) dan laring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.
Tulang rawan fibrosa; tulang yang mengandung banyak sekali bundel-bundel serat
kolagen sehingga tulang rawan fibrosa sangat kuat dan lebih kaku. Tulang ini
dapat kita temukan pada discus diantara tulang vertebrae dan pada simfisis
pubis diantara 2 tulang pubis. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan jumlahnya sangat
sedikit dibandingkan dengan anak-anak. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan hanya
ditemukan beberapa tempat, yaitu cuping hidung, cuping telinga, antar tulang rusuk
(costal cartilage) dan tulang dada, sendi-sendi tulang, antarruas tulang
belakang dan pada cakra epifisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Tulang Keras (Osteon)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
keras atau yang sering kita sebut sebagai tulang berfungsi menyusun berbagai
sistem rangka. Tulang tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoblas: sel pembentuk jaringan tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteosit: sel-sel tulang dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoklas : sel-sel penghancur tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.Berdasarkan
matriksnya tulang dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1).
Tulang Kompak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
kompak terdiri dari sistem-sistem Havers. Setiap sistem Havers terdiri dari
saluran Havers (Canalis= saluran) yaitu suatu saluran yang sejajar dengan sumbu
tulang, di dalam saluran terdapat pembuluh-pembuluh darah dan saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Disekeliling
sistem havers terdapat lamela-lamela yang konsentris dan berlapis-lapis. Lamela
adalah suatu zat interseluler yang berkapur. Pada lamela terdapat rongga-rongga
yang disebut lacuna. Di dalam lacuna terdapat osteosit. Dari lacuna keluar
menuju ke segala arah saluran-saluran kecil yang disebut canaliculi yang
berhubungan dengan lacuna lain atau canalis Havers. Canaliculi penting dalam
nutrisi osteosit. Di antara sistem Havers terdapat lamela interstitial yang
lamella-lamelanya tidak berkaitan dengan sistem Havers.Pembuluh darah dari
periostem menembus tulang kompak melalui saluran volkman dan berhubungan dengan
pembuluh darah saluran Havers. Kedua saluran ini arahnya saling tegak lurus.
Dan tulang spons tidak mengandung sistem Havers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2).
Tulang Spons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang mtriksnya berongga dan tersusun oleh anyaman trabeculae (mirip dengan
pecahan genting)yang pipih dan mengandung serat kolagen.Rongga rongga yang
terdapat pada tulangspons diisi oleh jaringan sumsum tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian Kerangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jumlah Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
aksial <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tengkorak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kranium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hyoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sternum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Iga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Clavicula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ulna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
telapak tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
inominate (panggul)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Femur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patella<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fibula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tibia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: F:\anfis\nama-tulang-manusia.jpg" id="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 364.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 405pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="nama-tulang-manusia" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A.Skeleton aksial </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cranium<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
oksipital terdapat pada daerah tulang
kepala belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
parienta terdapat pada tulang ubun-ubun dan tulang dahi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian sphenoid
terdapat berdekatan dengan tulang rongga mata,seperti tulang baji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
temporal terdapat pada tulang samping tulang kiri kanan kepada dekat telinga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
ethmoid terdapat pada tulang yang menyusun rongga hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Tengkorak tulang-tulang tengkorak
merupakan tulang yang menyusun kerangka kepala.Rongga tengkorak mempunyai
permukaan atas yang dikenal sebagai kubah tengkorak,licin pada permukaan luar
dan pada permukaan luar dan pada permukaan dalam ditandai dengan gili-gili dan
lekukan supaya dapat sesuai dengan otak dan pembulu darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdapat 14
tulang wajah yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 Tulang
nasal (tulang hidung) untuk membentuk lengkung hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
palatum untuk membentuk atap mulut dan dasar hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
lakkrimalis (tulang air mata) untuk membentuk salurn air mata dan bagian dari
tulang rongga mata pada sudut,dalam rongga mata,melalui cerah ini air mta di
salurkan ke hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
zigomatikus (tulang lengkung pipi) untuk membentuk tulang pipih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Satu vomer
(tulang pisau luku) untuk membentuk bagian bawah sekat manulang hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
turbinatum inferior (kerang hidung bawah) merupakan pasangan terbesar dari tiga
pasang lipatan (konka hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 maksilar
untuk membentuk rahang atas dan memuat gigi atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mandibula
(Tulang rahang bawah) terletak di kedua
sisi rahang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Hioid<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang ber bentuk tapal kuda yang unik
karena tidak berartikulasi dengan tulang lain,tulang hyoid di topang oleh
liigamen dan otot dari prosesus temporal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
Pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang martil</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>malleus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang berbentuk seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martil&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Martil (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">martil</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang menyusun tulang
pendengaran pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" title="Telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tengah. Tulang ini terlekat pada
bagian permukaan dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang_telinga" title="Gendang telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gendang telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan ujung lainnya pda<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Kata<i>malleus</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">bahasa Latin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang berarti martil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang ini berfungsi
menghantarkan getaran suara dari gendang telinga ke tulang landasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang landasan</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>incus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah tulang kecil yang berbentuk
seperti landasan. Tulang ini merupakan salah satu tulang pendengaran dan
menghubungkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_martil" title="Tulang martil"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
martil</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_sanggurdi" title="Tulang sanggurdi"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
sanggurdi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang
ini pertama kali dipaparkan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Achillin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alessandro Achillin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white; color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alessandro Achillin</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bologna</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang landasan hanya terdapat di hewan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">mamalia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>stapes</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang menyerupai sanggurdi kuda.
Tulang ini merupakan tulang pendengaran terakhir pada telinga tengah. Tulang
sanggurdi adalah tulang terkecil dan teringan pada tubuh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">manusia</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi menerima
getaran suara dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan diantar ke membran di telinga
dalam melalui<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkap_oval" title="Tingkap oval"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tingkap oval</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.Tulang
sternum (tulang dada)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang dada termasuk tulang
pipih,terletak di bangian tengah dada. Tulang dada atau toraks tersusun atas
tulang dan tulang rawan.pada sisi kiri dan kanan tulang dada terdapat tempat
lekat dari rusuk.bersama-sama dengan rusuk,tulang dada memberikan perlindungan
pada jantung,pau-paru dan pembuluh darah besar ari kerusakan.Tulang dada
tersusun atas 3 tulang yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
hulu/manubrium yang terletak di bagian atas dari tulang dada,tempat melekatnya
tulang rusuk yang pertama dan kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
badan/gladiolus yang terletak di bagian tengah,tempat melekatnyaa tulang rusuk
ke tiga sampai ke tujuh,gabungan tulang rusuk ke delapan sampai sepuluh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang taju
pedang/xiphoid process yang terletak di bagian bawah dari tulang dada.Tulang
ini terbentuk dari tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.Tulang iga<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga berbentuk tipis,pipih
dan melengkung.bersama-sama dengan tulang dada membentuk rongga dada ntuk
melindungijantung dan paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga memiliki beberapa
fungsi diantarannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
jantung dan paru-paru dari goncangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
lambung,limpa dan ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membantu
pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berartikulasi
kerah posterior dengan faset tulang iga pada prosessus transversa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
sejati berjumlah tujuh pasang.Tulang-tulang iga ini pada bagian belakang berhubungan dengan rus-ruas tulang belakang
sedangkan ujung depannya berhubungan dengan tulang tulang dada dengan
perantaraan tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
semu 8-10 pasang.Tulang ini berartikulasi secara tidak langsung dengan sternum
melaluli penyatuan kartilago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
ke 11 dan 12 adalah iga melayang yang tidak memiliki perletakan di sisi
anterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
memiliki eksternal berbentuk konveks untu peletakn oto dansuatu lintasn kostal
untuk mengakomodasi saraf dan pembuluh darah pada permukaan internal,tulang iga
mengandung sumsum tulang merah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.Ruas-ruas
tulang belakang<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ruas-ruas tulang belakang
berfungsi untuk menegakan badan dan menjaga keseimbangan.menyokong kepala dan
tangan,dan tempat melekatnya otot,rusuk dan beberapa organ.Ruas-ruas tulang
belakang disebut juga tulang belakang disusun oleh 33 buah tulang depan bentuk
tidak beraturan.ke 33 buah tulang tersebut terbagi atas 5 bagian yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tujuh ruas
pertama disebut tulang leher.ruas pertama dari tulang leher disebut tulang
atlas,dan ruas kedua berupa tulang pemutar atau poros.bentuk dari tulang atlas
memungkinkan kepala untuk melakukan gerakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dua belas
ruas berikutnya membentuk tulang punggung .Ruas-ruas tulang punggung pada
bagian kiri dan kanannya merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang rusuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
berikutnya merupakan tulang pinggang.Ukuran tulang pinggang lebih besar
dibandingkan tulang punggung.Ruas-ruas tulang pinggang menahan sebagian besar berat tubuh dan banyak
melekat otot-otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
tulang kelangkang (scrum),yang menyatu,berbentuk segitiga terletak dibawah ruas-ruas
tulang pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian bawah
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang disebut tulang ekor(coccyx),tersusun atas 3
sampai dengan 4 ruas tulang belakang yang menyatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.Skeleton
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tersusu atas
tulang tulang yang merupakantambahan dari skeleton aksial.skeleton aksial
terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian akhir
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang seperti sacrum dan tulang coccys.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.Tulang
anggota gerak atas (extremitas superior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
penyusun tulang anggota gerak atas tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus/tulang
lengan atas .termasuk kelompok tulang panjang atau pipa,ujung atasnya
besar,halus,dan dikelilingi oleh tulang belikat.pada bagian bawah memiliki 2
lekukan merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang radius dan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius dan
ulna / pengumpil dan hasta.tulang ulna berukuran lebih besar dibandingkan radius,dan melekat dengan kuat
di humerus.tulang radius memiliki kontribusi yang beasar untuk gerakan lengan
bawah dibandingkan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karpal /
pergelangan tangan.tersusun atas 8 buah tulang yang saling di hubungkan oleh
ligamen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal /
telapak tangan.tersusun atas liba buah tangan.pada bagian atas berhubungan
dengan tulang pergelangan tangan,sedangkan bagian bwah berhubungan dengan
tulang-tulang jari (palanges) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tersusun atas 14 buah tulang setiap jari tersusun atas 3 buah
tulang,kecuali ibu jari yang hanya tersusun atas 2 buah tulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.Tulang
anggota gerak bawah (ekstremuitas inferior ) tulang anggota gerak bawah disusun
oleh tulang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">femur /
tulang paha. Termasuk kelompok tulang panjang terletak dari gelang panggul
sampai kelutut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tibia dan
fibula / tulang kering dan tulang betis. Bagian pagkal berhubungan dengan tulng
lutut bagian ujung berhubungan dengan pergelangan kaki. Ukuran tulang kering
lebih besar dibandingkan tulang betis karna berfungsi untuk menahan beban atau
berat tubuh. Tulang betis merupakan tempat melekatnya beberapa otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patela /
tempurung lutut. Terletak antara femur dengan tibia, bentuk segitiga. Patella
berfungsi melindungi, dan memberikan kekuatan pada tendon yang membentuk lutut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal /
tulang pergelangan kaki .termasuk tulang pendek,dan tersusun atas 8 tulang
dengan salah satunya adalah tulang tumit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal /
tulang telapak kaki.tersusun atas 5 buah tulang yang tersusun mendaftar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tangan.setiap jari tersusun atas 3 tulang kecuali tulang ibu
jari ata 14 tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.Tulang
gelang bahu (klavikula dan scapula ? belikat dan selangka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang selangka berbentuk
seperti huruf “s”,berhubungan dengan tulang lengan atas (humerus) untuk
membentuk persendian yang menghasilkan gerakan lebih bebas,ujung yang satu
berhubungan dengan tulang dada sedangkan ujung lainnya berhubungan tulang
belikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang belikat (scapula)
berukuran besar,bentuk segitiga dan pipih,terletak pada bagian belakang dari
tulang rusuk.Fungsi utama dari gelang bahu adalah tempat melekatnya sejumlah
otot yang memungkinkan terjadinya geerakan pada sendi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang gelang panggul terdiri
atas dua buah tulang pinggung.Pada anank-anak tulang pinggul ini terpisah
terdiri atas tiga buah tulang yaitu illium (bagian atas),tulang ischiun (bagian
bawah) dan tulang pubis (bagian tengah).Dibagian belakang dari gelang panggul
terdapat tulang sacrum yang merupakan bagian dari ruas-ruas tulang
belakang.Pada bagian depan terdapat simfisis pubis merupakan jaringan ikat yang
menghubungkan kedua tulang pubis.Fungsi gelang panggung terutama untuk
mendukung berat badn bersama-sama dengan ruas tulang belakang,melindungi dan
mendukung organ-organ bawah seperti kandung kemih,organ reproduksi,dan sebagai
tempat tumbuh kembangnya janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Secara umum fungsi system rangka
adalah membentuk kerangka yang kaku dengan jaringan-jaringan dan organ-organ
vital seperti otak yang dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak,paru-paru dan jantung
dilindungin oleh tulang dada dan tulang rusuk.Gerakan tubuh terbentuk dari
kerjasama antara system rangka dengan otot ,oleh sebab itu keduanya sering
dikelompokkan menjadi satu nama yaitu system musculo-skeletal.rangka merupakan
tempat melekatnya otot melalui perantara tendon.Antara tulang yang satu dengan
tulang yang lain dikaitkan dengan perantaraan ligamen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Definisi Antropometri</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri merupakan bagian dari ergonomi yang secara khusus mempelajari
ukuran tubuh yang meliputi dimensi linear, serta, isi dan juga meliputi daerah
ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek lain dari gerakan tubuh. Secara devinitif
antropometri dapat dinyatakan sebagai suatu studi yang berkaitan dengan ukuran
dimensi tubuh manusia meliputi daerah ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek
lain dari gerakan tubuh manusia, menurut Stevenson (1989) antropometri adalah
suatu kumpulan data numeric yang berhubungan dengan karakteristik fisik tubuh
manusia ukuran, bentuk, dan kekuatan serta penerapan dari data tersebut untuk
penanganan masalah desain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Salah satu pembatas kinerja tenaga kerja. Guna mengatasi keadaan
tersebut diperlukan data antropometri tenaga kerja sebagai acuan dasar desain
sarana prasarana kerja. Antropometri sebagai salah satu disiplin ilmu yang
digunakan dalam ergonomi memegang peran utama dalam rancang bangun sarana dan
prasarana kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dapat dibagi menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.2pt; margin-left: 22.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antripometri Statis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri statis merupakan ukuran tubuh dan karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan diam (statis) untuk posisi yang telah ditentukan atau standar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Tinggi Badan, Lebar bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.2pt; margin-left: 22.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri Dinamis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dinamis adalah ukuran tubuh atau karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan bergerak, atau memperhatikan gerakan-gerakan yang mungkin terjadi saat
pekerja tersebut melaksanakan kegiatan.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">LILA</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar lengan atas merupakan salah satu pilihan
untuk penentuan status gizi. Tidak memerlukan data umur yang terkadang susah
diperoleh. Memberikan gambaran tentang keadaan jaringan otot dan lapisan lemak
bawah kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara pengukuran lingkar lengan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Usahakan pengukuran dilakukan sejajar dengan
pandanga mata, duduk jika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. dimungkinkan. Anak yang masih terlalu kecil bisa
dipegang oleh ibunya. Minta tolong ibunya untuk menyingkap baju yang menutupi
lengan kiri si anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Ukurlah titik tengah lengan atas sang anak.
Dengan cara sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Lingkarkan pita ukur pada lengan sang anak.
Pastikan bahwa pita benar-benar rata melingkari lengan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Periksalah tekanan pita pada lengan anak, jangan
terlalu kencang atau terlalu longar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. Jika sudah lihat hasil pengukuran dan catat pada
kuesioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 351.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 468pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Kepala<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar kepala adalah standar prosedur dalam ilmu
kedokteran anak secara praktis, yang biasanya untuk memeriksa keadaan patologi
dari besarnya kepala atau peningkatan ukuran kepala.<br />
Lingkar kepala terutama dihubungkan dengan ukuran otak dan tulang tengkorak.
Ukuran otak meningkat secara cepat selama tahun pertama, akan tetapi besar
lingkar kepala tidak menggambarkan keadaan kesehatan dan gizi. Bagaimanapun juga
ukuran otak dan lapisan tulang kepala dan tengkorak dapat bervariasi sesuai
dengan keadaan gizi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Dada<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya dilakukan pada anak yang berumur 2 sampai
3 tahun, karena rasio lingkar kepala dan lingkar dada sama pada umur 6 bulan.
Setelah umur ini, tulang tengkorak tumbuh secara lambat dan pertumbuhan dada
lebih cepat. Umur antara 6 bulan dan 5 tahun, rasio lingkar kepala dan dada
adalah kurang dari satu, hal ini dikarenakan akibat kegagalan perkembangan dan
pertumbuhan, atau kelemahan otot dan lemak pada dinding dada. Ini dapat
digunakan sebagai indikator dalam menentukan KEP pada anak balita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober 2015 pukul 19:52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Pinggang dan Panggul (WHR)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ukuran yang umum digunakan adalah rasio lingkar
pinggang-pinggul. Pengukuran lingkar pinggang dan pinggul harus dilakukan oleh
tenaga terlatih dan posisi pengukuran harus tepat, karena perbedaan posisi
pengukuran memberikan hasil yang berbeda.Untuk memperoleh ukuran lingkar
pinggang:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">tentukan terlebih
dahulu bagian terbawah lengkung aorta dan krista iliaka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar pinggang
diukur melalui titik pertengahan antara kedua lengkung ini mengelilingi perut
yang sejajar dengan tanah, sementara subjek berdiri tegak dengan kaki
direnggangkan selebar kira-kira 25-30 cm. Sebelum pengukuran dilaksanakan,
subjek hendaknya berpuasa sepanjang malam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Perut</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara lain yang biasa dilakukan untuk memantau
resiko kegemukan adalah dengan mengukur lingkar perut. Ukuran lingkar perut
yang baik yaitutidak lebih dari 90 cm untuk laki-laki dan tidak lebih dari 80
cm untuk perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran lingkar perut di lakukan untuk
mengetahui ada tidaknya obesitas abdominal/sentral. Jenis obesitas ini sangat
berpengaruh terhadap kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetes melllitus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran Lingkar Perut, dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan pita ‘meteran’. Caranya
pertama tentukan letak tulang rusuk terbawah dan tulang panggul. Kemudian
tempatkan pita meteran pada jarak pertengahan antarakedua tulang tadi, dan
harus sejajar dengan lantai tanpa memperhatikan letak pusar</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober
2015 pukul 20:06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Putaran sudut tangan, sudut putaran pergelangan kaki</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SISTEM
MUSCULARIS (OTOT TUBUH MANUSIA)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. ANATOMI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ilmu
yang mempelajari tentang otot disebut <i>Myologi</i>. Jaringan otot sangat
penting bagi tubuh karena fungsinya, diantaranya sebagai alat gerak aktif, alat
transportasi pengedar makanan dalam usus, juga pengedaran darah keseluruh
tubuh. Jaringan otot ditandai adanya myofibril-miofibril pada selnya yang
memanjang. Myofibril tersebut yang bertangung jawab atas kontraktilitas sel-sel
otot. Berdasarkan srtukturnya maupun fisiologisnya, otot dibagi menjadi tiga
macam yaitu <i>otot rangka, otot polos dan otot jantung.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. <u>Otot
rangka</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rangka juga disebut otot skelet atau otot serat lintang, otot bercorak, otot
lurik dan musculus striata. Secara mikroskopis, terlihat otot rangka tersebut
terdiri dari sel-sel otot (serabut-serabut otot) yang tebalnya kira-kira
10-199um dan panjangnya kira-kira 15cm. inti terletak tepat di bawah permukaan
sel, selain itu juga Nampak adanya garis-garis terang dan gelap yang melintang,
oleh karena itu disebut otot serat melintang. Satu sel otot diselubungi
oleh <i>fascia propria</i> kemudian beberapa fascicule diselubungi
oelh selaput yang disebut <i>fascia superfisialis</i> yang terdapat
dibawah kulit membentuk <i>fasciculus otot</i>. Di dalam sarcoplasma
terdapat sejumlah mitokondria(sarcosum). Warna otot ditentukan oleh adanya
suplay darah dan kandungan myoglobin, juga kadar air maupun banyaknya
fibril-fibril yang menyusunya. Oleh karena itu otot yang tipis biasanya
warnanya lebih muda karena kandungan air yang sedikit, fibrilnya juga lebih
sedikit serta suplay darahpun sedikit, jika disbanding otot yang tebal akan
berwarna gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bentuk
fasciculus otot ini biasanya berupa kumparan, bagian tengah menggembung yang
disebut <i>empal (ventrikel)</i>, dan kedua ujungnya mengecil yang disebut
dengan <i>urat otot (lendon).</i> Pada umumnya tendon tersebut
melekat pada tulang, sifatnya keran dan liat. Bagian ventrikel penting dalam
fungsi gerak aktif, yaitu terjadi kontraksi (mengkerut). Jika kontraksi terjadi
pada ventrikel otot tersebut maka akan terjadi gerakn tulang dengan perantaraan
persendian dimana otot melekat melalui tendonya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada umumnya otot melekat pada dua
tulang atau lebih, sehingga tiap otot mempunyai dua tempat pelekatan. Istilah
perlekatan pada segmen tulang biasanya digunakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
fixum (origo)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang tidak ikut bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
mobile (insertion)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang istilah lain yang juga sering
digunakan sekarang tanpa mengngat tempat perlekatan tersebut bergerak atau
tidak bergerak yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
distal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah distal (terletak
menjauhi dari semua badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
proximal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah proximal
(terletak lebih dekat dengan sentrum badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. <u>Otot
polos</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot ini juga disebut musculus
nontriata, otot alat dalam, otot tak sadar. Terdiri dari sel-sel
berbentuk spindel dengan panjang 40-200 u.m dan tebal 4-20 u.m, dengan inti
berada di tengah. Miofibrilnya sulit untuk dilihat, tidak mempunyai garis-garis
gelap terangya. Serabut retikuler (bentuk jala) tranvesal menghubungkan sel-sel
otot menbentuk suatu berkas sehingga menjadi satu unit funsional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos tidak melekat pada tulang
tetapi ikut membentuk alat dalam seperti terdapat pada dinding pembuluh darah,
saluran pencernaan, system urogenitalis dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos bekerja tidak dipengaruhi
oleh kehendak, tidak terlalu cepat tetapi berurutan dan tidak cepat lelah. Oleh
pengaruh hormonal, kemungkinan otot polos dapat bertambah panjang dan
berproliferasi (membentuk sel-sel baru) contohnya yaitu pada uterus, serabut
otoitnya dapat mencapai 800 u.m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. <u>Otot
jantung</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut-serabut otot yang mengandung
sarcaoplasma dalam jumlah besar membentuk jala-jala, seperti otot serat lintang
juga terdapat garis-garis melintang gelap dan terang tetapi sarcomernya lebih
pendek, intinya terletak ditengah, sarcosom jauh lebih banyak dari otot rangka,
serabut otot bercabang-cabang. Otot jantung bergerak teratur dan tidak cepat,
tetapi diluar kehendk kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B. BENTUK OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tempat perlekatan insertion atau distal,
sering kali terdapat kepala otot yang bergabung dengan venter (empal0 otot dan
berakhir pada tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bermacam-macam bentuk otot penyususn
tubuh, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fusiformis</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai serabut-serabut panjang dan menghasilkan gerakan yang
luas, tetapi tidak kuat biasanya mempunyai tendo yang relative pendek.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
unipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai tendo panjang walaupun serabut-serabut otot yang
melekat pada tendo tersebut merupakan otot pendek-pendek, otot ini lebih
kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
bipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai struktur sama dengan unipenatus, hanya serabut-serabut
otot melekat pada kedua sisi tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
planus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ialah
otot yang mempunyai tendo tipis atau sponeurosis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasarkan perlekatan pada origo atau
distal tersebut dapat dibedakan otot:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan kepala dua, tiga atau empat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, dimana empalnya bersatu menjadi satu dan
berakhir pada tendo yang sama, contohnya : m.bisep brachii, trisep
brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan satu kepala</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> dan
mempunyai satu atau lebih tendo perantara, dengan dua atau tiga venter
(empal) otot, contohnya pada m.digastricus (otot perut)/ m.abdominis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C. FUNGSI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Diantar fungsi otot adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat gerak
aktif<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat
transportasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentuk
alat-alat dalam<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk fungsi pertama yaitu alat gerak
aktif, terjadi bila venter otot mendapatkan rangsang, kemudian contraksi maka
akan menggerakan tualang-tulang yang dilekatinya, ini dilakukan oleh otot
rangka. Berdasarkan proses tersebut maka otot dapat dikelompokkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D.
Perbedaan otot lurik, otot polos dan otot jantung</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Bentuk dan struktur sel lurik polos Mirip lurik tapi bercabang<br />
2. Keadaan dan letak inti sel dipinggir ditengah ditengah<br />
3. Sifat kerja cepat atau lambat lambat cepat Cepat<br />
4. Aktivitas disadari/tidak disadari disadari Tidak disadari Tidak disadari<br />
5. Letak Pada rangka Pada lambung Pada jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1) Kelompok
otot yang saling memebantu dan berlawanan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling membantu (otot sinergis), yaitu beberapa otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi da saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan semacam. Contohnya
: M. bisep brachii (otot bisep lengan atas) dengan m cocarobrachialis
gerakan fleksi (bengkoknya lengan bawah).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling berlawanan (antagonis), yaitu dua atau lebih otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi dan saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakanya saling
menghambat otot yang satu dengan yang lainya. Contohnya pada otot bisep
lengan atas dengan otot trisep lengan atas (m trisep brachii). Bisep
menyebabkan gerakan fleksi pada lengan sedang trisep menyebabkan gerakan
extensi (meluruskan) lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2) <b>Kelompok
otot berdasarkan gerak dasar tertentu</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan fleksi (membengkokan tulang) misalnya M
bisep brachii membengkokan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: otot
yang menyebabkan gerakan extensi (meluruskan tulan) misalnya : M trisep
brachii meluruskan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
abductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan abduksi (menjauhi tubuh), misalnya m
deltoideus menyebabkan abduksi lengan atas pada sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
adductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan adduksi (mendekati tubuh), misalnya m
pectoralis mayor (otot dada besar) menyebabkan gerakan adduksi lengan atas
pada sendi bahu, jadi berlawanan dengan m deltoideus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pronator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan pronasi (memutar kebawah) misalnya : m
prenator kwadratus memutar telapak tangan sehingga tertelungkup yang
selalu bekerja sama secara sinergis dengan m prenator.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
supinator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan memutar/ke luar (supinasi). Misalnya : m
brachii yang memutar lengan bawah sehingga telapak tangan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rotator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi (memutar). Misalnya : m gluteus
maximus yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi ke dalam tungkai atas pad sendi
pangkal paha.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3) <b>Kelompok
otot yang bekerja pada satu sendi atau lebih</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
monoartikuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang hanya melalui satu sendi dan bekerja pada satu sendi tersebut.
Misalnya : m brachiodialis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
polyarticuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang melewati lebih dari satu sendi dan bekerja lebih dari satu sendi.
Misalnya : m hamstring pada daerah pangkal paha dan bekerja pada sendi
pangkal paha dan lutut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E.
</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OTOT SKELET PEMBENTUK TUBUH MANUSIA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot skelet terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kepala</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pada bagian kepala dibagi atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot kulit
kepala yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
occipitofrontalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os occipetalis dan
venter otot lainya pada os frontalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os temporalis dan lainya pada
os parietalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
kulit wajah yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
nasalis</i> (otot hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oculi</i> (otot lekuk mata)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oris</i> (otot sekitar mulut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (otot pelipis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
frontalis</i> (otot dahi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
sternocleiodomastoideus</i> (otot silang leher)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pengunyah yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
masseter</i>, menutup rahang dengan mengangkat mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i>, elevator rahan bawah yang paling kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
pterygoideus</i>, berperan dalam semua gerakan mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kepala merupakan otot mimic
yaiotu otot yang memancar kedalam kulit wajah maupun kepala, jika kontraksi
menyebabkan penggeseran kulit. Penggeseran tersebut mengakibatkan
lipatan-lipatan dan kerutan, inilah meruakan dasar dari ekspresi wjah
seseorang. Sehingga orang dapat memperlihatkan wajah gembira atau sedih dan
sebagainya. Ekpresi wajah tersebut tergantung pada banyak factor, diantaranya
usia, intelektual, sifat ras, pada orang yang masih muda, kulit masih elastic,
sehingga sifat kulit nasih reversible, tetapi pada orang
yang lebih tua, sifat elastisitet kulit
sudah mulai berkurang maka kerutan mungkin dapat menetap. Otot-otot kulit
kepala merupakan epikranius, sangat longgar dan berikatan dengan kulit kepala.
Terutama pada venter anteriornya dapat menimbulakn kerutan-kerutan pada dahi,
selain itu kontraksi kontraksi kedua venter frontalis dapat mengangkat alis
mata dan kelopak mata ats, hal ini dapat mengakibatkan ekspresi wajah
keheranan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang pada kulit wajah, m orbicularis
oculi berfungsi untuk menimbulkan ekspresi kekuatiran. Muskulus ini ada tiga
bagian yaitu pars orbitalis berfungsi untuk penutupan kelopak mata, pars
pelpebralis berkaitan dengan reflek mengedip, pars lacrimalis untuk
mengeluarkan isi air mata. Akrena hubungan serabut-serabut otot ini sangat erat
sekali dengankulit, maka dihasilkan lipatan-lipatan berbentuk radier pada
daerah sudut lateral mata. Pada usia lanjut daerah tersebut pada umumnya
terjadi lipatan yang permanen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot
badan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot pembentuk badan terdiri atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot
punggung</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung sejati terdapat dua buah
yang rumit susunanya, terletak disebelah belakang yang terdiri dari musculus
intervetrebalis. Otot punggung sejati tersebut dinamakan penegak batang badan
dan sangat penting artinya untuk sikap dan gerak tulang belakang. Biasanya otot
punggung sejati ditutup oleh otot punggung sekunder yang sebenarnya termasuk
otot-otot gerak atas maupun bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot
perut</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dinding depan perut dibentuk oleh otot
lurus perut (musculus rectus abdominis) yang terletak di kanan dan kiri garis
tengah badan (linea alba). Di sisinya terdapat otot lebar perut yang didalamnya
terdapat otot serong luar perut (musculus obliquus externus) dan di lapisan
dalamnya terdapat otot serong dalam perut (musculus obliquus internus) dan otot
lintang perut (musculus tranversus abdominis), otot tersebut terentang antar
gelang pinggul dan rangk adada, merupakan sebuah penututp yang dapat kontraksi
secara aktif sehingga dapat mempengaruhi letak dan gerak rangka dada dan secara
tidak langsung mempengaruhi setiap tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Otot
dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dada dibentuk oleh otot di
sela-sela iga (musculus intercostalis) yang mempengaruhi gerak iga serta
menjaga supaya tidak terjadi tonjolan maupun lekukan sela-sela antar iga yang
dikarenakan selalu berubah-ubah sesuai dengan fungsinya. Selain itu musculus
intercostalis juga berguna untuk menyempurna dinding thorax. Otot-otot leher
terentang antara pinggir atas tulang dada dan tulang lidah, ada pula yang
melekat pada pangkal tulang tengkorak. Otot tersebut penting artinya untuk
gerakan kepala dan leher, juga gerak pangkal tengkorak dan tulang lidah untuk
menelan. Otot-otot leher yang lain terletak didepan da di sisi tulang belakang
dan sebagian melekat pada tulang rusuk atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Otot pelvis (otot gelang
panggul)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong besar (m gluteus maximus).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong tengah ( m gluteus medius).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong kecil ( m gluteus minimus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot psoas yang melekat pada os coxa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot penegak selaput otot lebar ( m tensor fasciae alata).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M gluteus ketiganya berfungsi dalam
gerakan extensi dari extremitas inferior, sedang otot psoas dan m tensor fasciaealata
berfungsi untuk gerakan fleksi dari extremitas inferior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot-otot anggota tubuh
(extremitas)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Extremitas superior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk gerakan anggota atas, maka
diperlukan otot-otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan tas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagian otot gelang bahu terentang
antara rangka badan, tengkorak dan gelang bahu. Otot-otot tersebut adalah
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot belah ketupat ( m rhomboideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gergaji depan ( m serratus anterius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot kerudung ( m trapeizeus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot silang leher ( m sternocleidomastoideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Selain itu untuk menggerakan lengan atas
terhadap gelang bahu adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot deltoid terdapat di sebelah superior lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat kecil ( m caput breve bicep brachii) terdapat dibawah lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat besar ( m caput longum bicep brachii) yang erada di posterior m
caput breve bicep brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot yang terentang antara rangka badan
dengan lengan juga penting untuk gerakan abduksi dan adduksi extremitas
superior diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dada besar ( m pectoralis mayor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot punggung lebar ( m latissium dorsi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedangkan otot yang membentuk lengan
atas adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot flexor yang terletak didepan bidang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bicep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot brachialis ( m coracobrachialis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot extensor, terletak di bidang belakang lengan atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot fleksor (ketul) dan otot extensor
(kedang) tersebut juga dapat menggerakkan lengan di sendi siku dan sebagian
sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot penyusun lengan bawah berlekatan
dengan telapak tangan dan jari-jari dengan perantaraan urat-urat panjang yang
disebut urat pergelangan tangan yang melintang di daerah pergelangan tangan
(sponeurosis Palmaris) untuk menggerakkan pergelangan pergelangan tangan dan jari-jari,
sedang otot yang melekat pada os radius bertanggung jawab menggerakkan lengan
bawah. Menurut letak otot dalam hubunganya satu sama lain maka otot lengan
bawah denganpembatas os ulna dan os radius dengan membrane osseanya juga dapat
dibagi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ventral senagai otot flexor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dorsal sebagai otot extensor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Extremitas inferior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dapat dibedakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot
pangkal paha</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pangkal paha disusun oleh otot yang
sama dengan otot pelvis dan otot yang melekat pada os femoris dan gelang
panggul, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kuadrisep paha ( m
quadrisep femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot silang paha ( m
Sartorius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Optot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang belakang :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ramping ( m gracilis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot separuh selaput paha ( m semimembranus femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bisep paha ( m bisep femoris) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot
tungkai atas dan bawah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot tungkai semuanya melekat pada kai
dan jari-jari kaki dengan perantara tendon (urat-urat panjang), yang semuanya
diikat didaerah pergelangan kai. Terdapat tendo yang terbesar yaitu tendo
akhiles. Otot yang terdapat di tungkai :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golongan
depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot tulang kering
depan (m tibialis anterior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kedang jari (m
extensor digitorium manus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golonganterletak
dibidang luar<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot sisi betis panjang dan pendek ( m peroneus longus dan brevis fibularis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Golongan
belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep betis ( m trisep fibularis)yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perut
betis (m gastronemius)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot betis
(m soleus)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Urat
kering (tendo akhiles)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Golongan
bawah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot ketul dalam pada kaki dan
jari-jari kaki ( m flexor profundipedis et digitorium pedis). Keempat daerah
otot tersebut mempunyai fungsi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan depan untuk mengngkat
ujung kaki dan meregangkan jari-jari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bidang luar (sisi)
untuk menggerakan kaki keluar dari sendi loncat bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan belakan untuk menurunkan
ujung kaki, pada serabut otot tersebut kontraksi, juga untuk mengengkat tubuh
di atas jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bawah berfungsi untuk
menurunkan ujung kaka, membengkokan jari kaki dan menggerakan kak ke dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot
kaki</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kaki pendek dan telapak kaki
melekat pada jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E. FISIOLOGI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karakteristik ototnya adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Exitabilitas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu kemampuan dari jaringan otot untuk
menggadakan jawaban jika dirangsang atau dipacu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Conductivitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk
menghantarkan suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elastisitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk kembali ke
bentuk semula jika kekuatan yang ada padanya berhenti.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Viscositas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu sifat dari jaringan otot mempunyai tahanan
/ tekanan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Contraktilitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk memendek
atau berubah teganganya jika mendapat suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sehubungan dengan fungsi otot sebagai
gerak aktif, maka sifat yang terakhir adalah terpenting yaitu dapat kontraksi
bila mendapatkan stimulus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot sehubungan dengan fungsinya sebagai
alat gerak maupun penghasil panas, melakukan kerjanya dengan kontraksi yaitu
memendekkan otot, kontraksi otot akan terjadi bila mendapatkan rangsang dengan
kekuatan tertentu yang dikenal dengan nilai ambang. Agar terjadi respon, maka
besarnya pacu minimal sama dengan nilai ambang. Rangsang yang pacunya sama
dengan nilai ambang disebut pacu luminal, sedang yang kurang dari nilai ambang
disebut subminimal, kalu lebih dari nilai ambang dinamakan supraliminal. Hokum
“All or nothing” berlaku untuk kontraksi otot tersebut yang artinya bila sel
otot kontraksi maka akan melakukan kontraksi secara penuh, jika nilai ambang
telah tercapai, walaupun ditambah rangsang maka kontraksi tak akan bertambah,
sebaliknya jika rangsang kurang dari nilai ambang, maka sama sekali otot tidak
kontraksi. Namun demikian kondisi pada waktu stimulus berubah maka kekuatan
kontraksipun berubah, misalnya sel otot yang baru diregangkan, diberi suplay
makanan cukup, dioksigenasi dengan baik maka kontraksinya lebih kuat
dibandingkan dengan makan dan oksigenasi yang kurang. Prinsip all or nothing
tersebut hanya berlaku pada sel otot tunggal tetapi berlaku pada segumpal otot
ataupun organ otot (kecuali otot jantung), pada segumpal otot rangsang yang
kuat, juga akan menimbulkan kontraksi yang lebih kuat. Perbedaan tersebut
terjadi karena serabut syaraf motoris yang didistribusikan ke otot. Setiap
serabut otot tunggal dicabangkan menjadi seratus cabang kecil yang
masing-masing berakhir pada ujung otot tertentu yang disebut motor and plate
dan myoneural junction (hubungan otot-syaraf). Jadi satu serabut syaraf
menginervasi seratus serabut otot. Serabut syaraf motor tunggal bersama seratus
cabang serabut otot membentuk suatu motor unit pada terminalnya. Suatu stimulus
yang lebih kuat mengaktifkan beberapa motor unit, dengan demikian menghasilkan
kontraksi yang lebih kuat bila dibandingkan dengan stimulus yang lebih lemah.
Jantung meruppakan suatu organ yang mengikuti prinsip all or nothing karena
struktur percobaan sel otot jantung, maka setiap stimulus menyebar keseluruh
sel, mengaktifkan semua setiap waktu, sehingga dapat dihasilkan kontraksi
maksimum setiap waktu pada kondisi tertentu. Kekuatan setiap kontraksi otot
bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu tergantung beberapa factor :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Intensitas stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Lemah kuatnya stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Besarnya beban yang diterima otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal kontraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Kondisi metabolic yang menyertainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Dasar molekuler kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses yang menyebabkan pemendekan
unsure-unsur kontrasi otot adalah pergeseran filament halus dan filament tebal.
Sewaktu kontraksi, filament halus dari ujung berlawanan dari sarcomer akan
saling mendekati, kadang-kadang filament tersebut saling menetupi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pergeseran pada waktu otot kontraksi
dihasilkan dengan pemutusan dan pembentukan kembali ikatan silang antara myosin
dan aktin. Kepala molekul myosin terikat aktin secara menyudut, menggeser
myosin terhadap aktin secara memutar, melepaskan ikatan dan menyambung kembali
pada titik-titik yang selanjutnya. Tiap siklus pengikatan, penutaran dan
pemutusan memendekkan otot 1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Langkah-langkah kontaksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
muatan dari neuron motorik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
transmitter/asetilkholin pada lempeng ujung motorik/motor end plate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial lempeng ujung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial aksi pada serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penyebaran
depolarisasi ke dalam sepanjang saluran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
ion Ca+ dari reticulum sarkoplasma dan difusi Ca++ ke filament kasar dan halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pengikatan
Ca++ pada troponin C membebaskan daerah pengikatan myosin pada aktin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan
ikatan melintang antara aktin dan myosin dan pergeserkan pada filament kasar,
yang menyebabkan pemendekkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Langkah-langkah
relaksasi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dipompa kembali masuk ke dalam reticulum
sarcoplasma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dari tropin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penghentian
interaksi antara aktin dan myosin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Jenis-jenis
kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adanya
kontraksi otot dapat dilihat dan dicatat dengan alat yang dinamakan <i>kymograph
atau electromyograf</i> sedang hasil gambarnya berupa kymogram (grafik),
yang mempunyai 3 fase :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase kontraksi,
memendekkan serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase relaksasi,
kembali memanjang seperti semula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase laten merupakan
fase sebelum kontrasi, perubahan ini belum terlihat dari luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Secara sistematis ketiga fase
tersebut seperti dibawah ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase laten<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
kontraski<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rangsangan biasanya dating pada otot
secara berturut-turut. Pacu tersebut tergantung pada fase tertentu, dating pada
kedua selanjunya pacu ketiga dan seterusnya. Berdasarkan proses tersebut,
dikenal beberapa tipe grafik :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tunggal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus tak sempurna (klonus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jenis kontraksi otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
isotonis yaitu kontraksi yang melawan beban tetap dengan mendekatkan kedua
ujung otot. Sehingga ke dua otot sama-sama menghasilkan tonus (otot
menggadakan pemendekkan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
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isometric, yaitu kontraksi tanpa pemendekkan yang nyata tetapi terjadi penembahan
tonus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Energi
untuk kontraksi otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy untuk pengaktifan otot diperoleh
dari ATP yang tersedia didalam serabut otot. ATP dipecah oleh enzim ATP-ase
menjadi ADP+P dan akibat pemecahan tersebut akan menghasilkan energy. Serabut
otot menyusun ATP dari reaksi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ADP + P + E——à ATP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut otot mempunyai mekanisme dasar
untuk menghasilkan ATP secara berkelanjutan. Proses tersebut memerlukan
beberapa molekul tinggi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phosphooreatin yang terdapat dalam serabut
otot dalam kondisi sentrasi 5 kalinya ATP. Phosphocreatin dipecah menjadi
creatin dan phosphat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Creatin + P + E ——- > ATP—–
> kontraksi otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pemecahan glikogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis merupakan sederetan reaksi
kimia dalam sel untuk mengubah glikon menjadi asam piruvat. Selama perubahan
energy kimia glikogen diubah menjadi ikatan phosphate tenaga tinggi (ATP) yang
dapat disimpan dalam otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikolisis aerobic (siklus kreb)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen O2——–Co2 + H2O +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikogen anaerobic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen ——à asam laktat +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy hasil pemecahan tersebut kemudian
digunakan untuk menyusun ATP melalui pembentukan kembali phosphocreatin. Oksigen
yang berperan dalam oksidasi seperlima asam laktat menghasilkan energy yang
penting dalam perubahan empat perlima bagian asam lektat menjadi glycogen.
Demikian seterusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f. Kelelahan
otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bila otot mendapat rangsangan luminal
atau supraliminal terus menerus maka pada menchanomygram akan tampak bahwa fase
latent menjadi labih lama, begitu pula fase kontraksi dan relaksasi, amplitude
atau tinggi kontraksi lebih rendah yang berarti kerja otot semakin berkurang.
Keadaan tersebut memperlihatkan adanyaa kelelahan otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kelelahan otot dapat diakibatkan karena
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Habisnya
bahan atau zat sebagai sumber energy untuk kontraksi otot, seperti
glokogen dan sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Akumulasi
hasil metabolism karena kontraksi otot, seperti asam laktat. Asam laktat
menghambat motor endplate akibatnya hantaran impuls dari saraf ke otot
terganggu, tetapi bila masih terdapat cadangan glikogen, maka otot
tersebut masih dapat mengadakan kontrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SIFAT
KERJA OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Sifat kerja otot dibedakan atas 2, yaitu:<br />
1. Antagonis<br />
2. Sinergis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Antagonis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot antagonis yaitu dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada suatu sendi dan
saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakannya saling menghambat. Jika salah
satu otot berkontraksi maka otot yang lainnya relaksasi.<br />
Contoh: otot lengan atas yang berfungsi menggerakkan lengan bawah. Untuk
mengangkat lengan bawah atau menurunkannya diperlukan dua otot rangka, yaitu
otot bisep dan otot trisep. Otot bisep berada pada lengan atas bagian depan
sedangkan otot trisep berada pada lengan atas bagian belakang. Jika otot bisep
berkontraksi, maka otot trisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan bawah terangkat.
Jika otot trisep berkontraksi maka otot bisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan
bawah turun dan lurus kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Efek kerja otot antagonis dibedakan
menjadi:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Fleksi dan ekstensi (membengkokkan dan meluruskan). Contohnya pada sendi
siku dan lutut.<br />
2. Abduksi dan adduksi (mendekati dan menjauhi badan)seperti pada sendi lengan
atas dan sendi paha.<br />
3. Pronasi dan supinasi (menengadah dan menelungkup), seperti ketika menengadah
dan menelungkupkan telapak tangan.<br />
4. Depresi dan elevasi (kebawah dan ke atas), misalnya gerak kepala menunduk
dan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Sinergis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot sinergis adalah dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada satu sendi dan
saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan searah. Contohnya gerak otot
pronator teres dan kuadratus yang menimbulkan gerakan menelungkup dan menengadah
pada telapak tangan, Otot bisep lengan atas dan otot pengangkat lengan atas
yang menyebabkan gerakan membengkokkan lengan bawah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(sumber : </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html"><b><i><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html</span></i></b></a></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. OTOT KERANGKA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot merupakan suatu organ/alat yang
memungkinkan tubuh dapat bergerak. Ini adalah suatu sifat penting bagi
organisme. Gerak sel terjadi karena sitoplasma mengubah bentuk (lihat cara
pergerakan amuba). Pada sel-sel, sitoplasma ini merupakan benang-benang halus
yang panjang disebut miofibril. Kalau sel otot mendapat rangsangan maka
miofibril akan memendek. Dengan kata lain sel otot akan memendekkan dirinya ke
arah tertentu (berkontraksi).<br />
<b>B. JENIS OTOT</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot motoritas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, disebut juga otot serat lintang oleh
karena di dalamnya protoplasma mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Pada umumnya
otot ini melekat pada kerangka sehingga disebut juga otot kerangka. Otot ini
dapat bergerak menurut kemauan kita (otot sadar), pergerakannya cepat tetapi
lekas lelah, rangsangan dialirkan melalui saraf motoris.<br />
<b><i>2. Otot otonom</i></b>, disebut juga otot polos karena protoplasmanya
licin tidak mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Otot-otot ini terdapat di
alat-alat dalam seperti ventrikulus, usus, kandung kemih, pembuluh darah dan
lain-lain, dapat bekerja di luar kemauan kita (otot tak sadar) oleh karena
rangsangannya melalui saraf otonom.<br />
<b><i>3. Otot jantung</i></b>, bentuknya menyerupai otot serat lintang di dalam
sel protoplsmanya terdapat serabut-serabut melintang yang bercabang-cabang
tetapi kalau kita melihat fungsinya seperti otot polos, dapat bergerak sendiri
secara otomatis oleh karena ia mendapat rangsangan dari susunan otonom. Otot
semacam ini hanya terdapat pada jantung yang mempunyai fungsi tersendiri.<br />
Sebagian besar otot tubuh ini melekat pada kerangka, dapat bergerak secara
aktif sehingga dapat menggerakkan bagian-bagian kerangka dalam suatu letak yang
tertentu. Jadi Otot kerangka merupakan sebuah alat yang menguasai gerak aktif
dan memelihara sikap tubuh. Dalam keadaan istriahat, keadaannya tidak kendur
sama sekali, tetapi mempunyai ketegangan sedikit yang disebut tonus. Ini pada
masing-masing orang berlainan bergantung pada umur, jenis kelamin, dan keadaan
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
<b>C. BAGIAN-BAGIAN DARI OTOT YAITU :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Kepala otot (muskulus kaput)<br />
2. Empal otot (muskulus venter)<br />
3. Ekor otot (muskulus kaudal)<br />
Kepala dan ekor otot merupakan jaringan ikat yang kuat disebut tendo, yaitu
tempat melekatnya otot pada tulang. Tempat melekatnya kepala otot pada pangkal
tulang disebut origo, dan tempat melekatnya ekor otot dinamakan insersi. Di
bagain tengah bentuknya gembung terdiri dari berkas-berkas otot yang merupakan
bagian aktif dalam berkontraksi yaitu muskulus venter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D. KONTRAKSI OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dapat mengadakan kontraksi dengan
cepat, apabila ia mendapat rangsangan dari luar berupa rangsangan arus listrik,
rangsangan mekanis panas, dingin dan lain-lain. Dalam keadaan sehari-hari otot
ini bekerja atau berkontraksi menurut pengaruh atau perintah yang datang dari
susunan saraf mototris.<br />
Selaput pembungkus. Tiap otot dikelilingi oleh jaringan yang merupakan selaput
pembungkus yang disebut perimisum/fasia. Fasia ini selain sebagai pembungkus
otot juga berfungsi:<br />
1. Menahan dan melindungi otot supaya otot tetap pada tempatnya<br />
2. Tempat asal/origo dari beberapa otot<br />
3. Tempat letaknya pembuluh darah dan saraf untuk jaringan otot<br />
Di antara urat otot dan tulang terdapat kandung lendir yang disebut juga mukosa
bursa yang di dalamnya berisi lendir yang berguna untuk melicinkan urat
tersebut terhadap pergeseran dengan tulang. Di samping itu juga memudahkan
gerak otot terhadap kedudukan tulang.<br />
Retikulum, adalah bagian yang padat dari fasia dalam dan mengikat tendo, yang
berjalan melalui pergelangan mata kaki dan pergelangan tangan.<br />
Diafragma, struktur muskulus tendonium yang memisahkan rongga toraks dengan
rongga abdomen dan membentuk lantai dari rongga toraks atau rongga abdomen.
Diafragma, muncul dari vertebra lumbalis melalui dua ruang kurvautra dari
permukaan dalam prosesus xifoid dan permukaan dalam dari 6 pasang iga terbawah.<br />
<b>E. MACAM-MACAM OTOT</b><br />
1. Menurut bentuk dan serabutnya, meliputi otot serabut sejajar atau bentuk
kumparan, otot bentuk kipas, otot bersirip dan otot melingkar/sfingter<br />
2. Menurut jumlah kepalanya, meliputi otot berkepala dua, otot berkepala
tiga/triseps dan otot berkepala empat/quadriseps<br />
3. Menurut pekerjaannya, meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot sinergis, otot bekerja
bersama-sama<br />
b. Otot antagonis, yaitu otot yang bekerjanya berlawanan<br />
c. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota menjauhi tubuh<br />
d. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota mendekati tubuh<br />
e. Otot fleksor, yaitu otot yang membengkokkan sendi tulang atau melipat sendi<br />
f. Otot ekstensor, otot yang meluruskan kembali sendi tulang kedudukan semula<br />
g. Otot pronator, ketika ulna dan radial dalam keadaan sejajar<br />
h. Otot suponator, ulna dan radial dalam keadaan menyilang<br />
i. Endorotasi, memutar ke dalam<br />
j. Eksorotasi, memutar ke luar<br />
k. Dilatasi, memanjangkan otot<br />
l. Kontraksi, memendekkan otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
4. Menurut letaknya otot-otot tubuh dibagi dalam beberapa golongan yaitu:<br />
a. Otot bagian kepala<br />
b. Otot bagian leher<br />
c. Otot bagian dada<br />
d. Otot bagian perut<br />
e. Otot bagain punggung<br />
f. Otot bahu dan lengan<br />
g. Otot panggul<br />
h. Otot anggota gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot Kepala<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bagian ini dibagi menjadi 5 bagian:<br />
<i>1. Otot pundak kepala</i>, funsinya sebagian kecil membentuk gales
aponeurotika disebut juga muskulus oksipitifrontalis, dibagi menajdi 2 baigan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus frontalis, funsinya
mengerutkan dahi dan menarik dahi mata<br />
b. Oksipitalis terletak di bagian belakang, fungsinya menarik kulit ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot wajah terbagi atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot mata (muskulus rektus okuli) dan
otot bola mata sebanyak 4 buah<br />
b. Muskulus oblikus okuli/otot bola mata sebanyak 2 buah, fungsinya memutar
mata<br />
c. Muskulus orbikularis okuli/otot lingkar mata terdapat di sekliling mata,
funsinya sebagai penutup mata atau otot sfingter mata<br />
d. Muskulus levator palpebra superior terdapat pada kelopak mata. Fungsinya
menarik, mengangkat kelopak mata atas pada waktu membuka mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot mulut bibir dan pipi, terbagi
atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. <i>Muskulus triangularis</i> dan
muskulus orbikularis oris/otot sudut mulut, fungsinya menarik sudut mulut ke
bawah<br />
b<i>. Muskulus quadratus</i> labii superior, otot bibir atas mempunyai
origo penggir lekuk mata menuju bibir atas dan hidung<br />
c. <i>Muskulus quadratus labii inferior,</i> terdapat pada dagu
merupakan kelanjutan pada otot leher. Fungsinya menarik bibir ke bawah atau
membentuk mimik muka ke bawah<br />
d. <i>Muskulus buksinator</i>, membentuk dinding samping rongga mulut.
Origo pada taju mandibula dan insersi muskulus orbikularis oris. Fungsinya
untuk menahan makanan waktu mengunyah.<br />
e. <i>Muskulus zigomatikus/otot pipi</i>, fungsinya untuk mengangkat dagu
mulut ke atas waktu senyum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Otot pengunyah/otot yang bekerja
waktu mengunyah, teerbagi atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus maseter, fungsinya
mengangkat rahang bawah pada waktu mulut terbuka<br />
b. Muskulus temporalis fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke atas dan ke belakang<br />
c. Muskulus pterigoid internus dan eksternus, fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke
depan.<br />
5. Otot lidah sangat berguna dalam membantu pancaindra untuk menunyah, terbagi
atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus genioglosus, fungsinya
mendorong lidah ke depan<br />
b. Muskulus stiloglosus, fungsinya menarik lidah ke atas dan ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot Leher</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
1. Muskulus platisma, terdapat di samping leher menutupi sampai bagian dada.
Fungsinya menekan mandibula, menarik bibir ke bawah dan mengerutkan kulit
bibir.<br />
2. Muskulus sternokleidomastoid di samping kiri kanan leher ada suatu tendo
sangat kuat. Fungsinya menarik kepala ke samping, ke kiri, dan ke kanan,
memutar kepala dan kalau keduanya bekerja sama merupakan fleksi kepala ke depan
disamping itu sebagai alat bantu pernapasan..<br />
3. Muskulus longisimus kapitis, terdiri dari splenius dan semispinalis kapitis.
Ketiga otot ini terdapat di belakang leher, terbentang dari belakang kepala ke
prosesus spinalis korakoid. Fungsinya untuk menarik kepala belakang dan menggelengkan
kepala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.
Otot Bahu<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bahu hanya meliputi sebuah sendi
saja dan membungkus tulang pangkal lengan dan tulang belikat akromion yang
teraba dari luar.<br />
1. M. deltoid (otot segitiga), otot ini membentuk lengkung bahu dan berpangkal
di bagian sisi tulang selangka ujung bahu, balung tulang belikat dan diafise
tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot ini dan taju besar tulang pangkal lengan
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan sampai mendatar.<br />
2. M. subskapularis (otot depan tulang belikat) Otot ini mulai dari bagian
depan tulang belikat, menuju taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan, di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya menengahkan dan memutar tulang humerus ke
dalam.<br />
3. M. supraspinatus (otot atas balung tualang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah atas menuju ke taju besar tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya
mengangkat lengan.<br />
4. M. infraspinatus (otot bawah balung tulang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah bawah balung tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang
pangkal lengan. Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<br />
5. M. teres mayor (ototo lengan bulat besar). Otot ini berpangkal di siku bawah
tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot
lengan bulat kecil dan otot lengan bulat besar terdapat kepala yang panjang
dari muskulus triseps brakii. Fungsinya bisa memutar lengan ke dalam.<br />
6. M. teres minor (otot lengan belikat kecil). Otot ini berpangakal di siku
sebelah luar tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang ke pangkal lengan.
Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.
Otot Dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri atas:<br />
<i>1. Otot dada besar (muskulus pektoralis mayor).</i> Pangkalnya terdapat
di ujung tengah selangka, tulang dada dan rawan iga. Fungsinya dapat memutar
lengan ke dalam dan menengahkan lengan, menarik lengan melalui dada, merapatkan
lengan ke dalam.<br />
<i>2. Otot dada kecil (muskulus pektoralis minor).</i> Terdapat di bawah
otot dada besar, berpangkal di iga III, IV dan V menuju ke prosesus korakoid.
Fungsinya menaikkan tulang belikat dan menekan bahu.<br />
<i>3. Otot bawah selangka (muskulus subklavikula).</i> Terdapat di antara
tulang selangka dan ujung iga I, bagian dada atas sebelah bawah os klavikula.
Fungsinya menetapkan tulang selangka di sendi sebelah tulang dada dan menekan
sendi bahu ke bawah dan ke depan.<br />
4. <i>Otot gergaji depan(muskulus seratus anterior).</i> Berpangkal
di iga I sampai IX dan menuju ke sisi tengah tulang belikat, tetapi yang
terbanyak menuju ke bawah.<br />
5.<i> Otot dada sejati y</i>aitu otot-otot sela iga luar dan otot-otot
sela iga dalam. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan iga waktu bernapas. Otot
dada bagian dalam disebut juga otot dada sejati, yaitu otot dada yang membantu
pernapasan terdiri dari:<br />
– Muskulus interkostalis eksternal dan internal terdapat di antara
tulang-tulang iga. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan tulang iga ke atas dan
ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
– Muskulus diaragmatikus, merupakan alat istimewa yang di tengahnya mempunayi
aponeurosis yang disebut sentrum tendineum. Bentuknya melengkung ke atas
mengahadap ke rongga toraks, mempunyai lobang tempat lalu aorta vena kava dan
esofagus. Fungsinya menjadi batas antara rongga dada dan rongga perut.
Kontraksi dan relaksinya memperkecil serta memperbesar rongga dada waktu
bernapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.
Otot Perut<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri atas:<br />
1. Muskulus abdominis internal (dinding perut). Garis di tengah dinding perut
dinamakan linea alba, otot sebelah luar (muskulus abdominis eksternal). Otot
yang tebal dinamakan aponeurosis, membentuk kandung otot yang terdapat di
sebelah kiri dan kanan linea itu.<br />
2. Lapisan sebelah luar sekali dibentuk otot miring luar (muskulus obliqus
eskternus abdominis). Berpangkal pada igaV sampai iga yang bawah sekali.
Serabut ototnya yang sebelah belakang menuju ke tepi tulang panggul
(kristailiaka). Serabut yang depan menuju linea alba. Serabut yang tengah
membentuk ikat yang terbentang dari spina iliaka anterior superior ke simfisis.<br />
3. Lapisan kedua di bawah otot dibentuk oleh otot perut dalam(M. obliqus
internus abdominis). Serabut miring menuju ke atas dan ke tengah. Aponeurosis
terbagi 2 dan ikut membentuk kandung otot perut lurus sebelah depan dan
belakang muskulus rektus abdominis, otot perut lurus mulai dari pedang rawan
iga III di bawah dan menuju ke simfisi. Otot ini mempunyai 4 buah urat
melintang.<br />
4. Muskulus transversus abdominis, merupakan xifoid menuju artikule ke kosta
III terus ke simfisis. Otot ini membentuk 4 buah urat yang bentuknya melintang
dibungkus oleh muskulus rektus abdominis dan otot vagina.<br />
Otot yang masuk ke dalam formasi bagian bawah dinding perut atau dinding
abdominal posterior :<br />
1. Muskulus psoas, terletak di belakang diafragma bagain bawah mediastinum,
berhubungan dengan quadratus lumborum di dalamnya terdapt arteri, vena dan
kelenjar limfe<br />
2. Muskulus iliakus terdapat pada sisi tulang ilium, sebelah belakang berfungsi
menopang sekum, dan sebelah depan menyentuh kolon desendens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.
Otot Punggung<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung (bagian belakang tubuh),
otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
<i>a. Otot yang ikut menggerakkan lengan</i><br />
1. Trapezius (otot kerudung). Terdapat di semua ruas-ruas tulang punggung.
Berpangkal di tulang kepala belakang. Fungsinya: mengangkat dan menarik sendi
bahu. Bagian atas menarik skapula ke bagian medial dan yang bawah menarik ke
bagian lateral.<br />
2. Muskulus latisimus dorsi (otot pungung lebar), berpangkal pada ruas tulang
punggung yang kelima dari bawah fasia lumboid, tepi tulang punggung dan iga III
di bawah, gunanya menutupi ketiak bagian belakang, menengahkan dan memutar
tulang pangkal lengan ke dalam.<br />
3. Muskulus rumboid (otot belah ketupat), berpangkal dari taju duri, dari tulang
leher V, ruas tulang punggung V, di sisni menuju ke pinggir tengah tulang
belikat. Gunanya menggerakkan tulang belikat ke atas dan ke tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot antara ruas tulang belakang dan iga</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot yang bekerja menggerakkan tulang iga atau otot bantu pernapasan, terdir
dari dua otot yaitu:<br />
1. Muskulus seratus posterior inferior (otot gergaji belakang bawah). Terletak
di bawah otot pungung lebar, berpangkal di fasia lumbodorsalis dan menuju ke
iga V dari bawah. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
2. Muskulus seratus posterior superior, terletak di bawah otot belah ketupat
dan berpangkal di ruas tulang leher keenam dan ketujuh dari ruas tulang
punggung yang kedua. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke atas waktu inspirasi.<br />
<i>c. Otot punggung sejati</i><br />
1. Muskulus interspinalis transversi dan muskulus semispinalis, terdapat di
antara kiri-kanan prosesus transversus dan prosesus spina. Fungsinya untuk
sikap dan pergerakan tulang belakang.<br />
2. Muskulus sakrospinalis (muskulus eraktor spina) terletak di samping ruas
tulang belakang kiri dan kanan. Fungsinya memelihara dan menjaga kedudukan
kolumna vertebra dan pergerakan dari ruas tulang belakang<br />
3. Mukulus quadratus lumborum, terletak antara krista iliaka dan os kosta,
terdiri dari 2 lapisan; fleksi dari vertebra lumbalis dan di samping itu juga
merupakan dinding bagian belakang rongga perut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.
Otot pangkal lengan atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
a. Otot-otot ketul (fleksor):<br />
1. Muskulus biseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 2). Otot ini meliputi 2 buah
sendi dan mempunyai 2 buah kepala (kaput). Kepala yang panjang melekat di dalam
sendi bahu, kepala yang pendek melekatnya di sebelah luar dan yang kedua di
sebelah dalam. Otot itu ke bawah menuju ke tulang pengumpil. Di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku, meratakan
hasta dan mengangkat lengan.<br />
2. Muskulus brakialis (otot lengan dalam). Otot ini berpangkal di bawah otot
segitiga di tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju taju di pangkal tulang hasta.
Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku.<br />
3. Muskulus korakobrakialis. Otot ni berpangkal di prosesus korakoid dan menju
ke tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot-otot kedang (ekstensor):<br />
Muskulus triseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 3)<br />
1. Kepala luar berpangkal di sebelah belakang tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju
ke bawah kemudian bersatu dengan yang lain.<br />
2. Kepala dalam dimulai di sebelah dalam tulang pangkal lengan.<br />
3. Kepala panjang dimulai pada tulang di bawah sendi dan ketiganya mempunyai
sebuah urat yang melekat di olekrani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.
Otot lengan bawah<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kedang yang memainkan
peranannya dalam pengetulan di atas sendi siku, sendi-sendi tangan, sendi-sendi
jari, dan sebagian dalam terak silang hasta:<br />
a. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radialis longus<br />
b. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radiais brevis<br />
c. Muskulus ekstensor karpi ulnaris. Ketiga otot ini fungsinya sebagai ekstensi
lengan (menggerakkan lengan)<br />
d. Digitonum karpi radialis, fungsinya ekstensi jari tangan kecuali ibu jari<br />
e. Muskulus ekstensor policis longus, fungsinya ekstensi ibu jari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot ketul yang mengedangkan
siku dan tangan serta ibu jari dan meratakan hasta tangan. Otot-otot ini
berkumpul sebagai berikut.<br />
a. Otot-otot di sebelah tapak tangan. Otot-otot ini ada 4 lapis. Lapis yang
ke-2 di sebelah luar berpangkal di tulang pangkal lengan. Di dalam lapis yang
pertama terdapat otot-otot yang meliputi sendi siku, sendi antara hasta dan
tulang pengumpil sendi di pergelangan. Fungsinya dapat membengkokkan jari
tangan. Lapis ke-4 ialah otot-otot untuk sendi-sendi antara tulang hasta dan
tulang pengumpil. Di antara otot-otot ini disebut:<br />
– Otot silang hasta bulat (muskulus pronator teres). Fungsinya dapat
mengerjakan silang hasta dan membengkokkan lengan bawah siku<br />
– Otot-otot ketul untuk tangan dan jari tangan: muskulus palmaris ulnaris,
berfungsi mengetulkan lengan; muskulus palmaris longus; muskulus fleksor karpi
radialis, muskulus fleksor digitor sublimis, fungsinya fleksi jari kedua dan
kelingking; muskulus fleksor digitorum profundus, fungsinya fleksi jari
1,2,3,4; muskulus fleksor poicis longus, fungsinya fleksi ibu jari<br />
– Otot yang bekerja memutar radialis (pronator dan supinator) terdiri dari:
muskulus pronator teres equadratus, fungsinya pronasi tangan; muskulus spinator
brevis, fungsinya supinasi tangan<br />
b. Otot-otot di sebelah tulang pengumpil, berfungsi membengkokkan lengan di
siku, membengkokkan tangan ke arah tulang pengumpil atau tulang hasta.<br />
c. Otot-otot di sebelah punggung atas, disebut otot kedang jari bersama yang
meluruskan jari tangan. Otot yang lain meluruskan ibu jari (telunjuk).
Otot-otot lengan bawah mempunyai urat yang panjang di bagaian bawah di dekat
pergelangan dan di tangan. Urat-urat tersebut mempunyai kandung urat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.Otot-otot
tangan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Di tangan terdapat otot-otot tangan pendek terdapat diantara tulang-tulang
tapak tangan atau membantu ibu jantung tangan (thener) dan anak jantung
tangan(hipothener).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.
Otot-otot sekitar panggul</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot ini berasal dari tulang panggul atau kolumna vertebralis menuju ke pangkal
paha.<br />
1. Sebelah depan bagian dalam dari panggul terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus psoas mayor, terbentang dari prosesus transversi lumbalis menuju
trokanter minor dan iliakus<br />
b. Muskulus iliakus, berasal dari fosa iliaka menuju trokanter minor<br />
c. Muskulus psoas minor, yang terletak di muka psoas mayor. Ketiga otot ini
disebut juga otot iliopsoas, fungsinya mengangkat dan memutar tungkai ke bagian
luar<br />
2. Sebelah belakang bagian luar terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus gluteus maksmius merupakan otot yang terbesar yang terdapat di
sebelah luar panggul membentuk bokong. Fungsinya, antagonis dari iliopsoas
yaitu rotasi fleksi dan endorotasi femur.<br />
b. Muskulus gluteus medius dan minimus. Fungsinya, abduksi dan endoratasi dari
femur dan bagian medius eksorotasi femur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.
Otot-otot tungkai atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot tungkai atas (otot pada paha), mempunyai selaput pembungkus yang sangat
kuat dan disebut fasia lata yang dibagi atas 3 golongan yaitu:<br />
1. Otot abduktor terdiri dari:<br />
a. Muskulus abduktor maldanus sebelah dalam<br />
b. Muskulus adduktor brevis sebelah tengah<br />
c. Muskulus abduktor longus sebelah luar<br />
Ketiga otot ini menjadi satu yang disebut muskulus abduktor femoralis.
Fungsinya menyelenggarkan gerakan abduksi dari femur.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor (quadriseps femoris) otot berkepala empat. Otot ini
merupakan otot yang terbesar terdiri dari:<br />
1. Muskulus rektus femoris<br />
2. Muskulus vastus lateralis eksternal<br />
3. Muskulus vastus medialis internal<br />
4. Muskulus vastus intermedial<br />
5. Otot fleksor femoris, yang terdapat di bagian belakang paha terdiri dari:<br />
a. Biseps femoris, otot berkepala dua. Fungsinya membengkokkan paha dan
meluruskan tungkai bawah.<br />
b. Muskulus semi membranosus, otot seperti selaput. Fungsinya membengkokkan
tungkai bawah.<br />
c. Muskulus semi tendinosus, otot seprti urat. Fungsinya membengkokkan urat
bawah serta memutarkan ke dalam.<br />
d. Muskulus sartorius, otot penjahit. Bentuknya panjang seperti pita, terdapat
di bagain paha. Fungsi: eksorotasi femur memutar ke luar pada waktu lutut
mengetul, serta membantu gerakan fleksi femur dan membengkokkan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l.
Otot tungkai bawah</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri dari:<br />
1. Otot tulang kering depan muskulus tibialis anterior. Fungsinya mengangkat
pinggir kaki sebelah tengah dan membengkokkan kaki.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor talangus longus. Fungsinya meluruskan jari telunjuk ke
tengah jari, jari manis dan kelingking kaki.<br />
3. Otot kedang jempol, fungsinya dapat meluruskan ibu jari kaki. Urat-urat
tersebut dipaut oleh ikat melintang dan ikat silang sehingga otot itu bisa
membengkokkan kaki ke atas. Otot-otot yang terdapat di belakang mata kaki luar
dipaut oleh ikat silang dan ikat melintang. Fungsinya dapat mengangkat kaki
sebelah luar.<br />
4. Urat akiles (tendo achlilles). Fungsinya meluruskan kaki di sendi tumit dan
membengkokkan tungkai bawah lutut (muskulus popliteus). Yang:<br />
a. Berpangkal pada kondilus tulang kering.<br />
b. Melintang dan melekat di kondilus lateralis tulang paha. Fungsinya memutar
fibia ke dalam (endorotasi). Otot ketul jari (muskulus fleksor falangus
longus). Berpangkal pada tulang kering dan uratnya menuju telapak kaki dan
melekat pada ruas jari kaki. Fungsinya membengkokkan jari dan menggerakkan kaki
ke dalam<br />
5. Otot ketul empu kaki panjang (muskulus falangus longus). Berpangkal pada
betis, uratnya melewati tulang jadi dan melekat pada ruas empu jari. Fungsinya
membengkokkan empu kaki.<br />
6. Otot tulang betis belakang (muskulus tibialis posterior). Berpangkal pada
selaput antara tulang dan melekat pada pangkal tulang kaki. Fungsinya dapat
membengkokkan kaki di sendi tumit dan telapak kaki di sebelah ke dalam.<br />
7. Otot kedang jari bersama. Letaknya di punggung kaki, fungsinya dapat
meluruskan jari kaki (muskulus ekstensor falangus 1-5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot yang lain antara lain:<br />
a. Otot ketul<br />
b. Otot penengah empu kaki, telapak di telapak kaki<br />
c. Otot penepsi, terletak di sebelah punggung kaki. Aponeurosis plantaris,
tapak kaki yang ditutupi oleh selaput</span><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sesi Tanya Jawab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pertanyaan Kelompok penyanggah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah ada dampak
dalam mempletekan jari? Sumber bunyi terdapat dari mana?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">engan membunyikan tulang leher, gerakan membunyikan buku-buku
atau sendi di jari merupakan kebiasaan yang salah karena menyalahi aturan
persendian normalnya dan dapat menghancurkan tulang-tulang rawan di
dalamnya.Jika kebiasaan ini dilakukan terus menerus maka dapat menimbulkan
penyakit sendi yang kronis di kemudian hari</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi kita mengandung sesuatu yang disebut sinovia, yang
membantu melumasi sendi. Cairan sinovia mengandung gas oksigen, nitrogen, dan
karbondioksida Cairan yang berpindah ini menciptakan ruang kosong, yang dengan
cepat terisi dengan gas lagi. Perpindahan gas yang cepat inilah yang
memunculkan bunyi letupan.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah tulang wajah
tiap individu berbeda? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak,Kerangka
tengkorak pada manusia itu sama satu sama lain,yang membedakannya itu adalah
bentuk muka seperti hidung,mata,mulut yang membedakannya.Perbedaan wajah pada
tiap individu dilandasi faktor Gen atau keturunan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana proses
penyembuhan patah tulang? Waktunya berapa lama?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 1 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peradangan
(inflammation) Tulang patah baik terbuka atau tertutup akan menimbulkan
perdarahan sekecil apapun itu dan membuat jaringan di sekitarnya
meradang yang ditandai dengan bengkak, memerah dan teraba hangat serta tentunya
terasa sakit. Tahap ini dimulai pada hari ketika patah tulang terjadi dan
berlangsung sekitar 2 sampai 3 minggu</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 2 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan kalus
halus (soft callus) Antara 2 sampai 3 setelah cedera, rasa sakit dan
pembengkakan akan mulai hilang. Pada tahap penyembuhan patah tulang ini,
terbentuk kalus yang halus di kedua ujung tulang yang patah sebagai cikal bakal
yang menjembatani penyambungan tulang namun kalus ini belum dapat terlihat
melalui rongsen. Tahap ini biasanya berlangsung hingga 4 sampai 8 minggu
setelah cedera</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
3: Pembentukan kalus keras (hard callus) Antara 4 sampai 8 minggu, tulang baru
mulai menjembatani fraktur (soft callus berubah menjadi hard callus) dan dapat
dilihat pada x-rays atau rongsen. Dengan waktu 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah
cedera, tulang baru telah mengisi fraktur.</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
4: Remodeling tulang Dimulai sekitar 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah cedera, sisi
fraktur mengalami remodeling (memperbaiki atau merombak diri) memperbaiki
setiap cacat yang mungkin tetap sebagai akibat dari cedera. Ini tahap akhir
penyembuhan patah tulang yang dapat bertahan hingga beberapa tahun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #535353;"><br />
<span style="background: #F6F4F1;">Bersumber dari:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mediskus.com/kb/penyembuhan-patah-tulang"><span style="background: #F6F4F1; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #3f76d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Penyembuhan Patah Tulang | Mediskus.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nutrisi apa yang
bagus untuk mencegah pengapuran tulang, dan pengkroposan tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencegah pengapuran
dan pengeroposan tulang yaitu dengan mengkonsmsi bahan makanan yang mengandung </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kalsium dan vitamin D. Vitamin D bisa mudah kita
dapatkan juga dengan cara berjemur pada sinar matahari pagi. Vitamin D juga
bisa diperoleh dari makanan antara lain telur, ikan, susu dan keju.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana cara
kerja tulang sesamoid untuk melindungi tendo terhadap kausan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh tulang
sesamoid yaitu tulang patella,yaitu berfungsi melindungi tendo dari kausan atau
benturan dan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">mengurangi
pergeseran dan perubahan arah dari tendo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\user\Documents\tulang patella.jpg" id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 254.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 270.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="tulang patella" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya</span></a><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 pukul 13:00)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem rangka
hidrostatik, pengertian sistem rangka hidrostatik adalah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kerangka
cairan. Artinya, bukannya mendukung tubuh dengan zat keras, baik di dalam atau
di luar, dukungan terdiri dari cairan bertekanan tertutup dalam kompartemen
tubuh. The hidrostatik kerangka memberikan dukungan dan gerakan untuk berbagai hewan,
termasuk sebagian cnidaria, cacing pipih, nematoda, dan Annelida. Hewan ini
bergerak dengan mengerahkan tekanan otot mereka pada kompartemen cairan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik</span></a><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 \pukul 13:45 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan kelompok lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Shinta : Apakah
Tulang Mempengaruhi Tinggi Pendek Seseorang? Penyebab Dan Kandungan Yang Dapat
Mempengaruhi Tinggi Dan Pendek Seseorang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ya,Karena
Tulang adalah patokan untuk pengukuran tinggi badan seseorang yang dapat
diukur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kandungan Yang
Mempengaruhi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Kalsium Contohnya Keju,yogurt,ikan,brokoli,almond,tahu Dan Susu
Kedelai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Vitamin D Contohnya . Udang Jamur,telur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Makanan
Yang Mengandung Magnesium Contohnya Kacang Kacangan,bayam,sereal,gandum,kentang
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://</span></a><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (12 November 2015 pukul 13:55)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikrimah : proses
terjadinya pengapuran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Osteoarthritis
atau pengapuran sendi adalah penyakit yang terjadi pada sendi yang ditandai
dengan adanya penipisan atau pengikisan tulang rawan sendi sehingga bantalan
sendi makin lama akan menjadi semakin tipis yang akhirnya akan menghilang
ataupun gundul sehingga sendi akan merasa nyeri saat sedang digerakkan.Terjadi
karena faktor usia,kelebihan berat badan,dan melakukan pekerjaan yang berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\user\Pictures\pengapuran tulang.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 153pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 369.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Halimah : bagaimana
cara tulang menyerap nutrisi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tulang
menyerap nutrisi yang di bawa oleh darah melalui pembuluh darah.Boron dan adalah dua nutrisi akan meningkatan penyerapan
kalsium dalam darah dan tulang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(13 November
2015 pukul 14:15)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yayah : penyembuhan
tulang kering bila terbentur ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengkompres
dingin pada benjolan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengoleskan
trombopop pada benjolan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mencegah
benturan terulang pada tempat yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015
pukul 14:43)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yunita : pemberian
tegak adakah dampak bagi ruas-ruas tulang belakang pada kasus paskibra?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak ada
pengaruh,karna sikap tegap pada paskibra malah mengurangi dampak kerusakan pada
tuang belakang.Karena bungkuk adalah sikap tubuh yang buruk. Dan sikap tubuh
yang buruk dapat membuat sakit punggung dan sakit pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung</span></a><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(13 November 2015 pukul 15:48)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rotua : efek high
heels pada tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">High Heels
akan mengakibatkan tekanan yang tinggi pada permukaan telapak kaki anda
sehingga akan memicu metatarsalgia yaitu kondisi sakit yang parah atau kram
yang ditimbulkan oleh bagian anterior tulang telapak, biasanya anda akan
mengalami nyeri pada bagian tumit dan mata kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bunions<br />
Ini adalah pertumbuhan tulang yang terjadi di sekitar pangkal jempol kaki dan
dapat menyebabkan jempol kaki bengkok dan mengarah ke jari-jari kaki lainnya
yang menimbulkan rasa nyeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan</span></a><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (
13 November 2015 pukul 15:58 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Destia : manfaaat
alat penyangga bagi korban kecelakaan patah tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penggunaan
gips, korset, dan bahan logam memiliki satu tujuan yang sama, yaitu untuk
mengembalikan posisi tulang atau patahan tulang ke semula. Gips, korset,
dan bahan logam yang berfungsi untuk membantu mempertahankan bentuk tulang,
salah satunya adalah karena ditakutkan apabila tidak ada penyangga yang
menahan, bentuk tulang akan mengalami kelainan bentuk, misalnya bengkok atau
tidak seperti keadaan semula. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang</span></a><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015 pukul 14:13 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Agita : Kenapa
tulang ekor sangat rawan terhadap benturan yang dapat menimbulkan kebutaan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahli
bedah tulang belakang dari Ramsay Spine Center Rumah Sakit Premier Bintaro, dr
Luthfi Gatam, SpOT, meluruskan anggapan keliru ini. Menurutnya, posisi jatuh
terduduk memang berbahaya, tetapi bukan memiliki korelasi terhadap kebutaan,
melainkan pada kelumpuhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 36pt; text-align: center;">Makalah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anatomi Fisiologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem Otot dan Rangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Disusun oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> : Dinar Rachma Kartina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lila Putri Zaskia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dosen Pembimbing : Dr.Maria Poppy Herliyanti M.Epd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Prodi DIII
Jurusan Gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Politeknik
Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Jakarta 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jakarta
2015</span><span class="MsoIntenseReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka </span></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c0504d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent2;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Skelet atau Kerangka terdiri
dari tulang dan tulang rawan. tulang adalah jaringan ikat yang bersifat kaku
dan membentuk bagian besar kerangka serta merupakan jaringan penunjang tubuh
utama. Rangkaian tulang yang mendukung dan melindungi beberapa organ
lunak,terutama dalam tulang tengkorak (cranium) dan panggul .Kerangka juga
berfungsi sebagai alat ungkit pada gerakan dan menyediakan permukaan untuk
kaitan otot-otot rangka,tempat pembuatan sel-sel darah .Rata-rata manusia
dewasa memiliki 206 tulang,walaupun jumlah ini dapat bevariasi antara
individu.Kerangka tubuh manusia terdiri dari susunan berbagai macam tulang yang
satu sama lainnya saling berhubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penggolongan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang di golongkan menurut
bentuknya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
panjang adalah tubular (misalnya humerus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendek adalah kuboidal,dan hanya terdapat di pergelangan kaki (tarsus) dan di
pergelangan tangan (carpus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang pipih
umumnya berguna sebagai pelindung (misalnya tulang pipih cranium melindungi
otak)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang tak
beraturan dengan bentuk aneka ragam (misalnya tulang wajah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
sesamoid (ossa sesamoide),terbentuk dalam tendo tertentu (misalnya patella) dan terdapat di tempat
persilangan tendo dengan ujung tulang panjang extremitas; tulang sesamoid
melindungi tendo terhadap keausan berlebih dan sering kali mengubah sudut tendo
sewaktu menuju ke tempat lekatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ciri-ciri
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Cirri-ciri khusus terjadi pada
tempat lekat tendo,ligaentum,dan fascia.Ciri-ciri dan tanda istimewa pada yang
di beri nama:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Condylus
(daerah persendian yang membulat ) misalnya condylus laterlis ossis femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Crista (rigi
pada tulang) misalnya crista iliaca)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Epicondylus
(tonjolan di atas kondilus)misalnya epicondylus lateralis ossis humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Facies
(permukaan licin dan datar yang merupakan tempat pertemuan dua tulang)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Foramen (lubang
melalui tulang) misalnya foramen obturatum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fosa (lekuk
atau daerah yang melesak) misalnya fossa infraspinata os scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linea
(peninggian berupa garis) misalnya linea musculi solei,linea poplitea ossis
tibiae.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Malleolus
(tonjolan yang membulat) misalnya malleolus lateralis ossis fibulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Protuberantia
(penonjolan) misalnya protuberantia occipitalis externa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Spina (tonjolan
menyerupai duri) misalnya spina scapulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Processus
spinosus (tonjolan yang menyerupai duri) misalnya procesus vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Trochanter
(peninggian besar yang tumpul) misalnya trochanter major femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">m.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberculum
(peninggian kecil ) misalnya tuberculum majus humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberositas
atau tuber (peninggian yang besar dan membulat,membengkakan) misalnya tuber
ischiadicum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perkembangan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulangg berkembang dengan dua
cara:1. Membranosa dan (2) endokondral .Pada cara yang pertama,tulang
berkembang langsungg dari membrane jaringan ikat; pada cara yang kedua
,mula-mula dibentuk model tulang rawan dan kemudian di ganti oleh tulang.Untuk
keterangan lebih mendalam tentang perubahan selular yang terjadi,perlu dibaca
buku teks histology atau embriologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang kubah Cranium berkembang
dengan cepat secara membranosa pada embrio,dan hal ini melindungi otak yang
sedang berkembang yang terletak di bawahnya.Pada waktu lahir,beberapa daerah
kecil di antara tulang-tulang tetap bersifat membrane.Hal ini penting secara
klinik karena memungkinkan tulang-tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">melakukan
gerakan tertentu sehingga tengkorak dapat berubah bentuk waktu turun melewati
jalan lahir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang panjang eksremitas
berkembang secara osifikasi endokondral.Osifikasi ini merupakan proses lambat
dan tidak lengkap sampai usia 18-20 tahun atau malahan lebih lama lagi.Pusat
pembentukan tulang yangditemukan pada batang tulang dinamakan diafisis,pusat
kalsifikasi pada ujung-ujung tulang sebagaiepifisis.Lempeng rawan pada masing
–masing ujung,yang terletak antara epifisis dan diafisis pada tulang yang
sedang tumbuh dinamakan lempeng epifisial.Metafisi merupakan bagian diafisis
yang berbatasan dengan lempeng epifiseal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\DINAR\Downloads\pertumbuhan.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 159.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 310.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="pertumbuhan" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> JENIS-JENIS TULANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ketika
kita masih bayi kita memiliki sekitar 300 tulang. Namun ketika kita beranjak
dewasa beberapa dari tulang-tulang ini ada yang melebur hingga akhirnya menjadi
206 tulang. Dari 206 tulang ini terdapat beberapa jenis tulang. Jenis-jenis
tulang ini ada yang dibedakan berdasarkan matriksnya dan ada yang berdasarkan
jaringan dan sifat fisik (keras tidaknya) tulang. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut
pelajari jenis-jenis tulang di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Berdasarkan jaringan penyusun dan sifat-sifat fisiknya tulang dibedakan menjadi
dua jenis, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.
Tulang Rawan (Kartilago) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan adalah tulang yang tidak mengandung pembuluh darah dan saraf kecuali
lapisan luarnya (perikondrium). Tulang rawan memiliki sifat lentur karena
tulang rawan tersusun atas zat interseluler yang berbentuk jelly yaitu
condroithin sulfat yang didalamnya terdapat serabut kolagen dan elastin. Maka
dari itu tulang rawan bersifat lentur dan lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan
jaringan ikat biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada
zat interseluler tersebut juga terdapat rongga-rongga yang disebut lacuna yang
berisi sel tulang rawan yaitu chondrosit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan terdiri dari tiga tipe yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Tulang rawan hialin: tulang yang berwarna putih sedikit kebiru-biruan,
mengandung serat-serat kolagen dan chondrosit. Tulang rawan hialin dapat kita
temukan pada laring, trakea, bronkus, ujung-ujung tulang panjang, tulang rusuk
bagian depan, cuping hidung dan rangka janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.
Tulang rawan elastis; tulang yang mengandung serabut-serabut elastis. Tulang
rawan elastis dapat kita temukan pada daun telinga, tuba eustachii (pada
telinga) dan laring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.
Tulang rawan fibrosa; tulang yang mengandung banyak sekali bundel-bundel serat
kolagen sehingga tulang rawan fibrosa sangat kuat dan lebih kaku. Tulang ini
dapat kita temukan pada discus diantara tulang vertebrae dan pada simfisis
pubis diantara 2 tulang pubis. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan jumlahnya sangat
sedikit dibandingkan dengan anak-anak. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan hanya
ditemukan beberapa tempat, yaitu cuping hidung, cuping telinga, antar tulang rusuk
(costal cartilage) dan tulang dada, sendi-sendi tulang, antarruas tulang
belakang dan pada cakra epifisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Tulang Keras (Osteon)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
keras atau yang sering kita sebut sebagai tulang berfungsi menyusun berbagai
sistem rangka. Tulang tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoblas: sel pembentuk jaringan tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteosit: sel-sel tulang dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoklas : sel-sel penghancur tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.Berdasarkan
matriksnya tulang dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1).
Tulang Kompak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
kompak terdiri dari sistem-sistem Havers. Setiap sistem Havers terdiri dari
saluran Havers (Canalis= saluran) yaitu suatu saluran yang sejajar dengan sumbu
tulang, di dalam saluran terdapat pembuluh-pembuluh darah dan saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Disekeliling
sistem havers terdapat lamela-lamela yang konsentris dan berlapis-lapis. Lamela
adalah suatu zat interseluler yang berkapur. Pada lamela terdapat rongga-rongga
yang disebut lacuna. Di dalam lacuna terdapat osteosit. Dari lacuna keluar
menuju ke segala arah saluran-saluran kecil yang disebut canaliculi yang
berhubungan dengan lacuna lain atau canalis Havers. Canaliculi penting dalam
nutrisi osteosit. Di antara sistem Havers terdapat lamela interstitial yang
lamella-lamelanya tidak berkaitan dengan sistem Havers.Pembuluh darah dari
periostem menembus tulang kompak melalui saluran volkman dan berhubungan dengan
pembuluh darah saluran Havers. Kedua saluran ini arahnya saling tegak lurus.
Dan tulang spons tidak mengandung sistem Havers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2).
Tulang Spons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang mtriksnya berongga dan tersusun oleh anyaman trabeculae (mirip dengan
pecahan genting)yang pipih dan mengandung serat kolagen.Rongga rongga yang
terdapat pada tulangspons diisi oleh jaringan sumsum tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian Kerangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jumlah Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
aksial <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tengkorak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kranium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hyoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sternum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Iga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Clavicula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ulna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
telapak tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
inominate (panggul)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Femur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patella<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fibula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tibia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: F:\anfis\nama-tulang-manusia.jpg" id="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 364.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 405pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="nama-tulang-manusia" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A.Skeleton aksial </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cranium<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
oksipital terdapat pada daerah tulang
kepala belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
parienta terdapat pada tulang ubun-ubun dan tulang dahi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian sphenoid
terdapat berdekatan dengan tulang rongga mata,seperti tulang baji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
temporal terdapat pada tulang samping tulang kiri kanan kepada dekat telinga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
ethmoid terdapat pada tulang yang menyusun rongga hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Tengkorak tulang-tulang tengkorak
merupakan tulang yang menyusun kerangka kepala.Rongga tengkorak mempunyai
permukaan atas yang dikenal sebagai kubah tengkorak,licin pada permukaan luar
dan pada permukaan luar dan pada permukaan dalam ditandai dengan gili-gili dan
lekukan supaya dapat sesuai dengan otak dan pembulu darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdapat 14
tulang wajah yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 Tulang
nasal (tulang hidung) untuk membentuk lengkung hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
palatum untuk membentuk atap mulut dan dasar hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
lakkrimalis (tulang air mata) untuk membentuk salurn air mata dan bagian dari
tulang rongga mata pada sudut,dalam rongga mata,melalui cerah ini air mta di
salurkan ke hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
zigomatikus (tulang lengkung pipi) untuk membentuk tulang pipih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Satu vomer
(tulang pisau luku) untuk membentuk bagian bawah sekat manulang hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
turbinatum inferior (kerang hidung bawah) merupakan pasangan terbesar dari tiga
pasang lipatan (konka hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 maksilar
untuk membentuk rahang atas dan memuat gigi atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mandibula
(Tulang rahang bawah) terletak di kedua
sisi rahang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Hioid<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang ber bentuk tapal kuda yang unik
karena tidak berartikulasi dengan tulang lain,tulang hyoid di topang oleh
liigamen dan otot dari prosesus temporal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
Pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang martil</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>malleus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang berbentuk seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martil&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Martil (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">martil</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang menyusun tulang
pendengaran pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" title="Telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tengah. Tulang ini terlekat pada
bagian permukaan dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang_telinga" title="Gendang telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gendang telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan ujung lainnya pda<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Kata<i>malleus</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">bahasa Latin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang berarti martil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang ini berfungsi
menghantarkan getaran suara dari gendang telinga ke tulang landasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang landasan</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>incus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah tulang kecil yang berbentuk
seperti landasan. Tulang ini merupakan salah satu tulang pendengaran dan
menghubungkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_martil" title="Tulang martil"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
martil</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_sanggurdi" title="Tulang sanggurdi"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
sanggurdi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang
ini pertama kali dipaparkan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Achillin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alessandro Achillin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white; color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alessandro Achillin</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bologna</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang landasan hanya terdapat di hewan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">mamalia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>stapes</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang menyerupai sanggurdi kuda.
Tulang ini merupakan tulang pendengaran terakhir pada telinga tengah. Tulang
sanggurdi adalah tulang terkecil dan teringan pada tubuh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">manusia</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi menerima
getaran suara dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan diantar ke membran di telinga
dalam melalui<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkap_oval" title="Tingkap oval"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tingkap oval</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.Tulang
sternum (tulang dada)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang dada termasuk tulang
pipih,terletak di bangian tengah dada. Tulang dada atau toraks tersusun atas
tulang dan tulang rawan.pada sisi kiri dan kanan tulang dada terdapat tempat
lekat dari rusuk.bersama-sama dengan rusuk,tulang dada memberikan perlindungan
pada jantung,pau-paru dan pembuluh darah besar ari kerusakan.Tulang dada
tersusun atas 3 tulang yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
hulu/manubrium yang terletak di bagian atas dari tulang dada,tempat melekatnya
tulang rusuk yang pertama dan kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
badan/gladiolus yang terletak di bagian tengah,tempat melekatnyaa tulang rusuk
ke tiga sampai ke tujuh,gabungan tulang rusuk ke delapan sampai sepuluh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang taju
pedang/xiphoid process yang terletak di bagian bawah dari tulang dada.Tulang
ini terbentuk dari tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.Tulang iga<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga berbentuk tipis,pipih
dan melengkung.bersama-sama dengan tulang dada membentuk rongga dada ntuk
melindungijantung dan paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga memiliki beberapa
fungsi diantarannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
jantung dan paru-paru dari goncangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
lambung,limpa dan ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membantu
pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berartikulasi
kerah posterior dengan faset tulang iga pada prosessus transversa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
sejati berjumlah tujuh pasang.Tulang-tulang iga ini pada bagian belakang berhubungan dengan rus-ruas tulang belakang
sedangkan ujung depannya berhubungan dengan tulang tulang dada dengan
perantaraan tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
semu 8-10 pasang.Tulang ini berartikulasi secara tidak langsung dengan sternum
melaluli penyatuan kartilago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
ke 11 dan 12 adalah iga melayang yang tidak memiliki perletakan di sisi
anterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
memiliki eksternal berbentuk konveks untu peletakn oto dansuatu lintasn kostal
untuk mengakomodasi saraf dan pembuluh darah pada permukaan internal,tulang iga
mengandung sumsum tulang merah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.Ruas-ruas
tulang belakang<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ruas-ruas tulang belakang
berfungsi untuk menegakan badan dan menjaga keseimbangan.menyokong kepala dan
tangan,dan tempat melekatnya otot,rusuk dan beberapa organ.Ruas-ruas tulang
belakang disebut juga tulang belakang disusun oleh 33 buah tulang depan bentuk
tidak beraturan.ke 33 buah tulang tersebut terbagi atas 5 bagian yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tujuh ruas
pertama disebut tulang leher.ruas pertama dari tulang leher disebut tulang
atlas,dan ruas kedua berupa tulang pemutar atau poros.bentuk dari tulang atlas
memungkinkan kepala untuk melakukan gerakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dua belas
ruas berikutnya membentuk tulang punggung .Ruas-ruas tulang punggung pada
bagian kiri dan kanannya merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang rusuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
berikutnya merupakan tulang pinggang.Ukuran tulang pinggang lebih besar
dibandingkan tulang punggung.Ruas-ruas tulang pinggang menahan sebagian besar berat tubuh dan banyak
melekat otot-otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
tulang kelangkang (scrum),yang menyatu,berbentuk segitiga terletak dibawah ruas-ruas
tulang pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian bawah
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang disebut tulang ekor(coccyx),tersusun atas 3
sampai dengan 4 ruas tulang belakang yang menyatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.Skeleton
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tersusu atas
tulang tulang yang merupakantambahan dari skeleton aksial.skeleton aksial
terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian akhir
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang seperti sacrum dan tulang coccys.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.Tulang
anggota gerak atas (extremitas superior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
penyusun tulang anggota gerak atas tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus/tulang
lengan atas .termasuk kelompok tulang panjang atau pipa,ujung atasnya
besar,halus,dan dikelilingi oleh tulang belikat.pada bagian bawah memiliki 2
lekukan merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang radius dan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius dan
ulna / pengumpil dan hasta.tulang ulna berukuran lebih besar dibandingkan radius,dan melekat dengan kuat
di humerus.tulang radius memiliki kontribusi yang beasar untuk gerakan lengan
bawah dibandingkan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karpal /
pergelangan tangan.tersusun atas 8 buah tulang yang saling di hubungkan oleh
ligamen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal /
telapak tangan.tersusun atas liba buah tangan.pada bagian atas berhubungan
dengan tulang pergelangan tangan,sedangkan bagian bwah berhubungan dengan
tulang-tulang jari (palanges) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tersusun atas 14 buah tulang setiap jari tersusun atas 3 buah
tulang,kecuali ibu jari yang hanya tersusun atas 2 buah tulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.Tulang
anggota gerak bawah (ekstremuitas inferior ) tulang anggota gerak bawah disusun
oleh tulang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">femur /
tulang paha. Termasuk kelompok tulang panjang terletak dari gelang panggul
sampai kelutut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tibia dan
fibula / tulang kering dan tulang betis. Bagian pagkal berhubungan dengan tulng
lutut bagian ujung berhubungan dengan pergelangan kaki. Ukuran tulang kering
lebih besar dibandingkan tulang betis karna berfungsi untuk menahan beban atau
berat tubuh. Tulang betis merupakan tempat melekatnya beberapa otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patela /
tempurung lutut. Terletak antara femur dengan tibia, bentuk segitiga. Patella
berfungsi melindungi, dan memberikan kekuatan pada tendon yang membentuk lutut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal /
tulang pergelangan kaki .termasuk tulang pendek,dan tersusun atas 8 tulang
dengan salah satunya adalah tulang tumit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal /
tulang telapak kaki.tersusun atas 5 buah tulang yang tersusun mendaftar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tangan.setiap jari tersusun atas 3 tulang kecuali tulang ibu
jari ata 14 tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.Tulang
gelang bahu (klavikula dan scapula ? belikat dan selangka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang selangka berbentuk
seperti huruf “s”,berhubungan dengan tulang lengan atas (humerus) untuk
membentuk persendian yang menghasilkan gerakan lebih bebas,ujung yang satu
berhubungan dengan tulang dada sedangkan ujung lainnya berhubungan tulang
belikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang belikat (scapula)
berukuran besar,bentuk segitiga dan pipih,terletak pada bagian belakang dari
tulang rusuk.Fungsi utama dari gelang bahu adalah tempat melekatnya sejumlah
otot yang memungkinkan terjadinya geerakan pada sendi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang gelang panggul terdiri
atas dua buah tulang pinggung.Pada anank-anak tulang pinggul ini terpisah
terdiri atas tiga buah tulang yaitu illium (bagian atas),tulang ischiun (bagian
bawah) dan tulang pubis (bagian tengah).Dibagian belakang dari gelang panggul
terdapat tulang sacrum yang merupakan bagian dari ruas-ruas tulang
belakang.Pada bagian depan terdapat simfisis pubis merupakan jaringan ikat yang
menghubungkan kedua tulang pubis.Fungsi gelang panggung terutama untuk
mendukung berat badn bersama-sama dengan ruas tulang belakang,melindungi dan
mendukung organ-organ bawah seperti kandung kemih,organ reproduksi,dan sebagai
tempat tumbuh kembangnya janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Secara umum fungsi system rangka
adalah membentuk kerangka yang kaku dengan jaringan-jaringan dan organ-organ
vital seperti otak yang dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak,paru-paru dan jantung
dilindungin oleh tulang dada dan tulang rusuk.Gerakan tubuh terbentuk dari
kerjasama antara system rangka dengan otot ,oleh sebab itu keduanya sering
dikelompokkan menjadi satu nama yaitu system musculo-skeletal.rangka merupakan
tempat melekatnya otot melalui perantara tendon.Antara tulang yang satu dengan
tulang yang lain dikaitkan dengan perantaraan ligamen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Definisi Antropometri</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri merupakan bagian dari ergonomi yang secara khusus mempelajari
ukuran tubuh yang meliputi dimensi linear, serta, isi dan juga meliputi daerah
ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek lain dari gerakan tubuh. Secara devinitif
antropometri dapat dinyatakan sebagai suatu studi yang berkaitan dengan ukuran
dimensi tubuh manusia meliputi daerah ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek
lain dari gerakan tubuh manusia, menurut Stevenson (1989) antropometri adalah
suatu kumpulan data numeric yang berhubungan dengan karakteristik fisik tubuh
manusia ukuran, bentuk, dan kekuatan serta penerapan dari data tersebut untuk
penanganan masalah desain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Salah satu pembatas kinerja tenaga kerja. Guna mengatasi keadaan
tersebut diperlukan data antropometri tenaga kerja sebagai acuan dasar desain
sarana prasarana kerja. Antropometri sebagai salah satu disiplin ilmu yang
digunakan dalam ergonomi memegang peran utama dalam rancang bangun sarana dan
prasarana kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dapat dibagi menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.2pt; margin-left: 22.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antripometri Statis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri statis merupakan ukuran tubuh dan karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan diam (statis) untuk posisi yang telah ditentukan atau standar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Tinggi Badan, Lebar bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.2pt; margin-left: 22.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri Dinamis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dinamis adalah ukuran tubuh atau karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan bergerak, atau memperhatikan gerakan-gerakan yang mungkin terjadi saat
pekerja tersebut melaksanakan kegiatan.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">LILA</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar lengan atas merupakan salah satu pilihan
untuk penentuan status gizi. Tidak memerlukan data umur yang terkadang susah
diperoleh. Memberikan gambaran tentang keadaan jaringan otot dan lapisan lemak
bawah kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara pengukuran lingkar lengan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Usahakan pengukuran dilakukan sejajar dengan
pandanga mata, duduk jika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. dimungkinkan. Anak yang masih terlalu kecil bisa
dipegang oleh ibunya. Minta tolong ibunya untuk menyingkap baju yang menutupi
lengan kiri si anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Ukurlah titik tengah lengan atas sang anak.
Dengan cara sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Lingkarkan pita ukur pada lengan sang anak.
Pastikan bahwa pita benar-benar rata melingkari lengan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Periksalah tekanan pita pada lengan anak, jangan
terlalu kencang atau terlalu longar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. Jika sudah lihat hasil pengukuran dan catat pada
kuesioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 351.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 468pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Kepala<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar kepala adalah standar prosedur dalam ilmu
kedokteran anak secara praktis, yang biasanya untuk memeriksa keadaan patologi
dari besarnya kepala atau peningkatan ukuran kepala.<br />
Lingkar kepala terutama dihubungkan dengan ukuran otak dan tulang tengkorak.
Ukuran otak meningkat secara cepat selama tahun pertama, akan tetapi besar
lingkar kepala tidak menggambarkan keadaan kesehatan dan gizi. Bagaimanapun juga
ukuran otak dan lapisan tulang kepala dan tengkorak dapat bervariasi sesuai
dengan keadaan gizi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Dada<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya dilakukan pada anak yang berumur 2 sampai
3 tahun, karena rasio lingkar kepala dan lingkar dada sama pada umur 6 bulan.
Setelah umur ini, tulang tengkorak tumbuh secara lambat dan pertumbuhan dada
lebih cepat. Umur antara 6 bulan dan 5 tahun, rasio lingkar kepala dan dada
adalah kurang dari satu, hal ini dikarenakan akibat kegagalan perkembangan dan
pertumbuhan, atau kelemahan otot dan lemak pada dinding dada. Ini dapat
digunakan sebagai indikator dalam menentukan KEP pada anak balita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober 2015 pukul 19:52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Pinggang dan Panggul (WHR)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ukuran yang umum digunakan adalah rasio lingkar
pinggang-pinggul. Pengukuran lingkar pinggang dan pinggul harus dilakukan oleh
tenaga terlatih dan posisi pengukuran harus tepat, karena perbedaan posisi
pengukuran memberikan hasil yang berbeda.Untuk memperoleh ukuran lingkar
pinggang:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">tentukan terlebih
dahulu bagian terbawah lengkung aorta dan krista iliaka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar pinggang
diukur melalui titik pertengahan antara kedua lengkung ini mengelilingi perut
yang sejajar dengan tanah, sementara subjek berdiri tegak dengan kaki
direnggangkan selebar kira-kira 25-30 cm. Sebelum pengukuran dilaksanakan,
subjek hendaknya berpuasa sepanjang malam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Perut</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara lain yang biasa dilakukan untuk memantau
resiko kegemukan adalah dengan mengukur lingkar perut. Ukuran lingkar perut
yang baik yaitutidak lebih dari 90 cm untuk laki-laki dan tidak lebih dari 80
cm untuk perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran lingkar perut di lakukan untuk
mengetahui ada tidaknya obesitas abdominal/sentral. Jenis obesitas ini sangat
berpengaruh terhadap kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetes melllitus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran Lingkar Perut, dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan pita ‘meteran’. Caranya
pertama tentukan letak tulang rusuk terbawah dan tulang panggul. Kemudian
tempatkan pita meteran pada jarak pertengahan antarakedua tulang tadi, dan
harus sejajar dengan lantai tanpa memperhatikan letak pusar</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober
2015 pukul 20:06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Putaran sudut tangan, sudut putaran pergelangan kaki</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SISTEM
MUSCULARIS (OTOT TUBUH MANUSIA)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. ANATOMI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ilmu
yang mempelajari tentang otot disebut <i>Myologi</i>. Jaringan otot sangat
penting bagi tubuh karena fungsinya, diantaranya sebagai alat gerak aktif, alat
transportasi pengedar makanan dalam usus, juga pengedaran darah keseluruh
tubuh. Jaringan otot ditandai adanya myofibril-miofibril pada selnya yang
memanjang. Myofibril tersebut yang bertangung jawab atas kontraktilitas sel-sel
otot. Berdasarkan srtukturnya maupun fisiologisnya, otot dibagi menjadi tiga
macam yaitu <i>otot rangka, otot polos dan otot jantung.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. <u>Otot
rangka</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rangka juga disebut otot skelet atau otot serat lintang, otot bercorak, otot
lurik dan musculus striata. Secara mikroskopis, terlihat otot rangka tersebut
terdiri dari sel-sel otot (serabut-serabut otot) yang tebalnya kira-kira
10-199um dan panjangnya kira-kira 15cm. inti terletak tepat di bawah permukaan
sel, selain itu juga Nampak adanya garis-garis terang dan gelap yang melintang,
oleh karena itu disebut otot serat melintang. Satu sel otot diselubungi
oleh <i>fascia propria</i> kemudian beberapa fascicule diselubungi
oelh selaput yang disebut <i>fascia superfisialis</i> yang terdapat
dibawah kulit membentuk <i>fasciculus otot</i>. Di dalam sarcoplasma
terdapat sejumlah mitokondria(sarcosum). Warna otot ditentukan oleh adanya
suplay darah dan kandungan myoglobin, juga kadar air maupun banyaknya
fibril-fibril yang menyusunya. Oleh karena itu otot yang tipis biasanya
warnanya lebih muda karena kandungan air yang sedikit, fibrilnya juga lebih
sedikit serta suplay darahpun sedikit, jika disbanding otot yang tebal akan
berwarna gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bentuk
fasciculus otot ini biasanya berupa kumparan, bagian tengah menggembung yang
disebut <i>empal (ventrikel)</i>, dan kedua ujungnya mengecil yang disebut
dengan <i>urat otot (lendon).</i> Pada umumnya tendon tersebut
melekat pada tulang, sifatnya keran dan liat. Bagian ventrikel penting dalam
fungsi gerak aktif, yaitu terjadi kontraksi (mengkerut). Jika kontraksi terjadi
pada ventrikel otot tersebut maka akan terjadi gerakn tulang dengan perantaraan
persendian dimana otot melekat melalui tendonya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada umumnya otot melekat pada dua
tulang atau lebih, sehingga tiap otot mempunyai dua tempat pelekatan. Istilah
perlekatan pada segmen tulang biasanya digunakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
fixum (origo)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang tidak ikut bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
mobile (insertion)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang istilah lain yang juga sering
digunakan sekarang tanpa mengngat tempat perlekatan tersebut bergerak atau
tidak bergerak yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
distal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah distal (terletak
menjauhi dari semua badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
proximal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah proximal
(terletak lebih dekat dengan sentrum badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. <u>Otot
polos</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot ini juga disebut musculus
nontriata, otot alat dalam, otot tak sadar. Terdiri dari sel-sel
berbentuk spindel dengan panjang 40-200 u.m dan tebal 4-20 u.m, dengan inti
berada di tengah. Miofibrilnya sulit untuk dilihat, tidak mempunyai garis-garis
gelap terangya. Serabut retikuler (bentuk jala) tranvesal menghubungkan sel-sel
otot menbentuk suatu berkas sehingga menjadi satu unit funsional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos tidak melekat pada tulang
tetapi ikut membentuk alat dalam seperti terdapat pada dinding pembuluh darah,
saluran pencernaan, system urogenitalis dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos bekerja tidak dipengaruhi
oleh kehendak, tidak terlalu cepat tetapi berurutan dan tidak cepat lelah. Oleh
pengaruh hormonal, kemungkinan otot polos dapat bertambah panjang dan
berproliferasi (membentuk sel-sel baru) contohnya yaitu pada uterus, serabut
otoitnya dapat mencapai 800 u.m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. <u>Otot
jantung</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut-serabut otot yang mengandung
sarcaoplasma dalam jumlah besar membentuk jala-jala, seperti otot serat lintang
juga terdapat garis-garis melintang gelap dan terang tetapi sarcomernya lebih
pendek, intinya terletak ditengah, sarcosom jauh lebih banyak dari otot rangka,
serabut otot bercabang-cabang. Otot jantung bergerak teratur dan tidak cepat,
tetapi diluar kehendk kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B. BENTUK OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tempat perlekatan insertion atau distal,
sering kali terdapat kepala otot yang bergabung dengan venter (empal0 otot dan
berakhir pada tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bermacam-macam bentuk otot penyususn
tubuh, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fusiformis</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai serabut-serabut panjang dan menghasilkan gerakan yang
luas, tetapi tidak kuat biasanya mempunyai tendo yang relative pendek.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
unipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai tendo panjang walaupun serabut-serabut otot yang
melekat pada tendo tersebut merupakan otot pendek-pendek, otot ini lebih
kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
bipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai struktur sama dengan unipenatus, hanya serabut-serabut
otot melekat pada kedua sisi tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
planus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ialah
otot yang mempunyai tendo tipis atau sponeurosis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasarkan perlekatan pada origo atau
distal tersebut dapat dibedakan otot:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan kepala dua, tiga atau empat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, dimana empalnya bersatu menjadi satu dan
berakhir pada tendo yang sama, contohnya : m.bisep brachii, trisep
brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan satu kepala</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> dan
mempunyai satu atau lebih tendo perantara, dengan dua atau tiga venter
(empal) otot, contohnya pada m.digastricus (otot perut)/ m.abdominis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C. FUNGSI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Diantar fungsi otot adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat gerak
aktif<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat
transportasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentuk
alat-alat dalam<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk fungsi pertama yaitu alat gerak
aktif, terjadi bila venter otot mendapatkan rangsang, kemudian contraksi maka
akan menggerakan tualang-tulang yang dilekatinya, ini dilakukan oleh otot
rangka. Berdasarkan proses tersebut maka otot dapat dikelompokkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D.
Perbedaan otot lurik, otot polos dan otot jantung</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Bentuk dan struktur sel lurik polos Mirip lurik tapi bercabang<br />
2. Keadaan dan letak inti sel dipinggir ditengah ditengah<br />
3. Sifat kerja cepat atau lambat lambat cepat Cepat<br />
4. Aktivitas disadari/tidak disadari disadari Tidak disadari Tidak disadari<br />
5. Letak Pada rangka Pada lambung Pada jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1) Kelompok
otot yang saling memebantu dan berlawanan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling membantu (otot sinergis), yaitu beberapa otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi da saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan semacam. Contohnya
: M. bisep brachii (otot bisep lengan atas) dengan m cocarobrachialis
gerakan fleksi (bengkoknya lengan bawah).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling berlawanan (antagonis), yaitu dua atau lebih otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi dan saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakanya saling
menghambat otot yang satu dengan yang lainya. Contohnya pada otot bisep
lengan atas dengan otot trisep lengan atas (m trisep brachii). Bisep
menyebabkan gerakan fleksi pada lengan sedang trisep menyebabkan gerakan
extensi (meluruskan) lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2) <b>Kelompok
otot berdasarkan gerak dasar tertentu</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan fleksi (membengkokan tulang) misalnya M
bisep brachii membengkokan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: otot
yang menyebabkan gerakan extensi (meluruskan tulan) misalnya : M trisep
brachii meluruskan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
abductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan abduksi (menjauhi tubuh), misalnya m
deltoideus menyebabkan abduksi lengan atas pada sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
adductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan adduksi (mendekati tubuh), misalnya m
pectoralis mayor (otot dada besar) menyebabkan gerakan adduksi lengan atas
pada sendi bahu, jadi berlawanan dengan m deltoideus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pronator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan pronasi (memutar kebawah) misalnya : m
prenator kwadratus memutar telapak tangan sehingga tertelungkup yang
selalu bekerja sama secara sinergis dengan m prenator.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
supinator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan memutar/ke luar (supinasi). Misalnya : m
brachii yang memutar lengan bawah sehingga telapak tangan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rotator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi (memutar). Misalnya : m gluteus
maximus yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi ke dalam tungkai atas pad sendi
pangkal paha.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3) <b>Kelompok
otot yang bekerja pada satu sendi atau lebih</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
monoartikuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang hanya melalui satu sendi dan bekerja pada satu sendi tersebut.
Misalnya : m brachiodialis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
polyarticuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang melewati lebih dari satu sendi dan bekerja lebih dari satu sendi.
Misalnya : m hamstring pada daerah pangkal paha dan bekerja pada sendi
pangkal paha dan lutut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E.
</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OTOT SKELET PEMBENTUK TUBUH MANUSIA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot skelet terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kepala</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pada bagian kepala dibagi atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot kulit
kepala yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
occipitofrontalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os occipetalis dan
venter otot lainya pada os frontalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os temporalis dan lainya pada
os parietalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
kulit wajah yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
nasalis</i> (otot hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oculi</i> (otot lekuk mata)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oris</i> (otot sekitar mulut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (otot pelipis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
frontalis</i> (otot dahi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
sternocleiodomastoideus</i> (otot silang leher)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pengunyah yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
masseter</i>, menutup rahang dengan mengangkat mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i>, elevator rahan bawah yang paling kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
pterygoideus</i>, berperan dalam semua gerakan mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kepala merupakan otot mimic
yaiotu otot yang memancar kedalam kulit wajah maupun kepala, jika kontraksi
menyebabkan penggeseran kulit. Penggeseran tersebut mengakibatkan
lipatan-lipatan dan kerutan, inilah meruakan dasar dari ekspresi wjah
seseorang. Sehingga orang dapat memperlihatkan wajah gembira atau sedih dan
sebagainya. Ekpresi wajah tersebut tergantung pada banyak factor, diantaranya
usia, intelektual, sifat ras, pada orang yang masih muda, kulit masih elastic,
sehingga sifat kulit nasih reversible, tetapi pada orang
yang lebih tua, sifat elastisitet kulit
sudah mulai berkurang maka kerutan mungkin dapat menetap. Otot-otot kulit
kepala merupakan epikranius, sangat longgar dan berikatan dengan kulit kepala.
Terutama pada venter anteriornya dapat menimbulakn kerutan-kerutan pada dahi,
selain itu kontraksi kontraksi kedua venter frontalis dapat mengangkat alis
mata dan kelopak mata ats, hal ini dapat mengakibatkan ekspresi wajah
keheranan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang pada kulit wajah, m orbicularis
oculi berfungsi untuk menimbulkan ekspresi kekuatiran. Muskulus ini ada tiga
bagian yaitu pars orbitalis berfungsi untuk penutupan kelopak mata, pars
pelpebralis berkaitan dengan reflek mengedip, pars lacrimalis untuk
mengeluarkan isi air mata. Akrena hubungan serabut-serabut otot ini sangat erat
sekali dengankulit, maka dihasilkan lipatan-lipatan berbentuk radier pada
daerah sudut lateral mata. Pada usia lanjut daerah tersebut pada umumnya
terjadi lipatan yang permanen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot
badan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot pembentuk badan terdiri atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot
punggung</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung sejati terdapat dua buah
yang rumit susunanya, terletak disebelah belakang yang terdiri dari musculus
intervetrebalis. Otot punggung sejati tersebut dinamakan penegak batang badan
dan sangat penting artinya untuk sikap dan gerak tulang belakang. Biasanya otot
punggung sejati ditutup oleh otot punggung sekunder yang sebenarnya termasuk
otot-otot gerak atas maupun bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot
perut</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dinding depan perut dibentuk oleh otot
lurus perut (musculus rectus abdominis) yang terletak di kanan dan kiri garis
tengah badan (linea alba). Di sisinya terdapat otot lebar perut yang didalamnya
terdapat otot serong luar perut (musculus obliquus externus) dan di lapisan
dalamnya terdapat otot serong dalam perut (musculus obliquus internus) dan otot
lintang perut (musculus tranversus abdominis), otot tersebut terentang antar
gelang pinggul dan rangk adada, merupakan sebuah penututp yang dapat kontraksi
secara aktif sehingga dapat mempengaruhi letak dan gerak rangka dada dan secara
tidak langsung mempengaruhi setiap tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Otot
dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dada dibentuk oleh otot di
sela-sela iga (musculus intercostalis) yang mempengaruhi gerak iga serta
menjaga supaya tidak terjadi tonjolan maupun lekukan sela-sela antar iga yang
dikarenakan selalu berubah-ubah sesuai dengan fungsinya. Selain itu musculus
intercostalis juga berguna untuk menyempurna dinding thorax. Otot-otot leher
terentang antara pinggir atas tulang dada dan tulang lidah, ada pula yang
melekat pada pangkal tulang tengkorak. Otot tersebut penting artinya untuk
gerakan kepala dan leher, juga gerak pangkal tengkorak dan tulang lidah untuk
menelan. Otot-otot leher yang lain terletak didepan da di sisi tulang belakang
dan sebagian melekat pada tulang rusuk atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Otot pelvis (otot gelang
panggul)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong besar (m gluteus maximus).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong tengah ( m gluteus medius).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong kecil ( m gluteus minimus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot psoas yang melekat pada os coxa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot penegak selaput otot lebar ( m tensor fasciae alata).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M gluteus ketiganya berfungsi dalam
gerakan extensi dari extremitas inferior, sedang otot psoas dan m tensor fasciaealata
berfungsi untuk gerakan fleksi dari extremitas inferior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot-otot anggota tubuh
(extremitas)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Extremitas superior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk gerakan anggota atas, maka
diperlukan otot-otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan tas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagian otot gelang bahu terentang
antara rangka badan, tengkorak dan gelang bahu. Otot-otot tersebut adalah
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot belah ketupat ( m rhomboideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gergaji depan ( m serratus anterius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot kerudung ( m trapeizeus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot silang leher ( m sternocleidomastoideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Selain itu untuk menggerakan lengan atas
terhadap gelang bahu adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot deltoid terdapat di sebelah superior lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat kecil ( m caput breve bicep brachii) terdapat dibawah lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat besar ( m caput longum bicep brachii) yang erada di posterior m
caput breve bicep brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot yang terentang antara rangka badan
dengan lengan juga penting untuk gerakan abduksi dan adduksi extremitas
superior diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dada besar ( m pectoralis mayor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot punggung lebar ( m latissium dorsi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedangkan otot yang membentuk lengan
atas adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot flexor yang terletak didepan bidang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bicep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot brachialis ( m coracobrachialis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot extensor, terletak di bidang belakang lengan atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot fleksor (ketul) dan otot extensor
(kedang) tersebut juga dapat menggerakkan lengan di sendi siku dan sebagian
sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot penyusun lengan bawah berlekatan
dengan telapak tangan dan jari-jari dengan perantaraan urat-urat panjang yang
disebut urat pergelangan tangan yang melintang di daerah pergelangan tangan
(sponeurosis Palmaris) untuk menggerakkan pergelangan pergelangan tangan dan jari-jari,
sedang otot yang melekat pada os radius bertanggung jawab menggerakkan lengan
bawah. Menurut letak otot dalam hubunganya satu sama lain maka otot lengan
bawah denganpembatas os ulna dan os radius dengan membrane osseanya juga dapat
dibagi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ventral senagai otot flexor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dorsal sebagai otot extensor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Extremitas inferior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dapat dibedakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot
pangkal paha</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pangkal paha disusun oleh otot yang
sama dengan otot pelvis dan otot yang melekat pada os femoris dan gelang
panggul, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kuadrisep paha ( m
quadrisep femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot silang paha ( m
Sartorius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Optot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang belakang :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ramping ( m gracilis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot separuh selaput paha ( m semimembranus femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bisep paha ( m bisep femoris) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot
tungkai atas dan bawah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot tungkai semuanya melekat pada kai
dan jari-jari kaki dengan perantara tendon (urat-urat panjang), yang semuanya
diikat didaerah pergelangan kai. Terdapat tendo yang terbesar yaitu tendo
akhiles. Otot yang terdapat di tungkai :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golongan
depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot tulang kering
depan (m tibialis anterior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kedang jari (m
extensor digitorium manus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golonganterletak
dibidang luar<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot sisi betis panjang dan pendek ( m peroneus longus dan brevis fibularis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Golongan
belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep betis ( m trisep fibularis)yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perut
betis (m gastronemius)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot betis
(m soleus)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Urat
kering (tendo akhiles)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Golongan
bawah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot ketul dalam pada kaki dan
jari-jari kaki ( m flexor profundipedis et digitorium pedis). Keempat daerah
otot tersebut mempunyai fungsi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan depan untuk mengngkat
ujung kaki dan meregangkan jari-jari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bidang luar (sisi)
untuk menggerakan kaki keluar dari sendi loncat bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan belakan untuk menurunkan
ujung kaki, pada serabut otot tersebut kontraksi, juga untuk mengengkat tubuh
di atas jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bawah berfungsi untuk
menurunkan ujung kaka, membengkokan jari kaki dan menggerakan kak ke dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot
kaki</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kaki pendek dan telapak kaki
melekat pada jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E. FISIOLOGI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karakteristik ototnya adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Exitabilitas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu kemampuan dari jaringan otot untuk
menggadakan jawaban jika dirangsang atau dipacu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Conductivitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk
menghantarkan suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elastisitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk kembali ke
bentuk semula jika kekuatan yang ada padanya berhenti.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Viscositas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu sifat dari jaringan otot mempunyai tahanan
/ tekanan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Contraktilitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk memendek
atau berubah teganganya jika mendapat suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sehubungan dengan fungsi otot sebagai
gerak aktif, maka sifat yang terakhir adalah terpenting yaitu dapat kontraksi
bila mendapatkan stimulus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot sehubungan dengan fungsinya sebagai
alat gerak maupun penghasil panas, melakukan kerjanya dengan kontraksi yaitu
memendekkan otot, kontraksi otot akan terjadi bila mendapatkan rangsang dengan
kekuatan tertentu yang dikenal dengan nilai ambang. Agar terjadi respon, maka
besarnya pacu minimal sama dengan nilai ambang. Rangsang yang pacunya sama
dengan nilai ambang disebut pacu luminal, sedang yang kurang dari nilai ambang
disebut subminimal, kalu lebih dari nilai ambang dinamakan supraliminal. Hokum
“All or nothing” berlaku untuk kontraksi otot tersebut yang artinya bila sel
otot kontraksi maka akan melakukan kontraksi secara penuh, jika nilai ambang
telah tercapai, walaupun ditambah rangsang maka kontraksi tak akan bertambah,
sebaliknya jika rangsang kurang dari nilai ambang, maka sama sekali otot tidak
kontraksi. Namun demikian kondisi pada waktu stimulus berubah maka kekuatan
kontraksipun berubah, misalnya sel otot yang baru diregangkan, diberi suplay
makanan cukup, dioksigenasi dengan baik maka kontraksinya lebih kuat
dibandingkan dengan makan dan oksigenasi yang kurang. Prinsip all or nothing
tersebut hanya berlaku pada sel otot tunggal tetapi berlaku pada segumpal otot
ataupun organ otot (kecuali otot jantung), pada segumpal otot rangsang yang
kuat, juga akan menimbulkan kontraksi yang lebih kuat. Perbedaan tersebut
terjadi karena serabut syaraf motoris yang didistribusikan ke otot. Setiap
serabut otot tunggal dicabangkan menjadi seratus cabang kecil yang
masing-masing berakhir pada ujung otot tertentu yang disebut motor and plate
dan myoneural junction (hubungan otot-syaraf). Jadi satu serabut syaraf
menginervasi seratus serabut otot. Serabut syaraf motor tunggal bersama seratus
cabang serabut otot membentuk suatu motor unit pada terminalnya. Suatu stimulus
yang lebih kuat mengaktifkan beberapa motor unit, dengan demikian menghasilkan
kontraksi yang lebih kuat bila dibandingkan dengan stimulus yang lebih lemah.
Jantung meruppakan suatu organ yang mengikuti prinsip all or nothing karena
struktur percobaan sel otot jantung, maka setiap stimulus menyebar keseluruh
sel, mengaktifkan semua setiap waktu, sehingga dapat dihasilkan kontraksi
maksimum setiap waktu pada kondisi tertentu. Kekuatan setiap kontraksi otot
bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu tergantung beberapa factor :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Intensitas stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Lemah kuatnya stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Besarnya beban yang diterima otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal kontraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Kondisi metabolic yang menyertainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Dasar molekuler kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses yang menyebabkan pemendekan
unsure-unsur kontrasi otot adalah pergeseran filament halus dan filament tebal.
Sewaktu kontraksi, filament halus dari ujung berlawanan dari sarcomer akan
saling mendekati, kadang-kadang filament tersebut saling menetupi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pergeseran pada waktu otot kontraksi
dihasilkan dengan pemutusan dan pembentukan kembali ikatan silang antara myosin
dan aktin. Kepala molekul myosin terikat aktin secara menyudut, menggeser
myosin terhadap aktin secara memutar, melepaskan ikatan dan menyambung kembali
pada titik-titik yang selanjutnya. Tiap siklus pengikatan, penutaran dan
pemutusan memendekkan otot 1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Langkah-langkah kontaksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
muatan dari neuron motorik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
transmitter/asetilkholin pada lempeng ujung motorik/motor end plate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial lempeng ujung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial aksi pada serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penyebaran
depolarisasi ke dalam sepanjang saluran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
ion Ca+ dari reticulum sarkoplasma dan difusi Ca++ ke filament kasar dan halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pengikatan
Ca++ pada troponin C membebaskan daerah pengikatan myosin pada aktin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan
ikatan melintang antara aktin dan myosin dan pergeserkan pada filament kasar,
yang menyebabkan pemendekkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Langkah-langkah
relaksasi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dipompa kembali masuk ke dalam reticulum
sarcoplasma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dari tropin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penghentian
interaksi antara aktin dan myosin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Jenis-jenis
kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adanya
kontraksi otot dapat dilihat dan dicatat dengan alat yang dinamakan <i>kymograph
atau electromyograf</i> sedang hasil gambarnya berupa kymogram (grafik),
yang mempunyai 3 fase :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase kontraksi,
memendekkan serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase relaksasi,
kembali memanjang seperti semula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase laten merupakan
fase sebelum kontrasi, perubahan ini belum terlihat dari luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Secara sistematis ketiga fase
tersebut seperti dibawah ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase laten<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
kontraski<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rangsangan biasanya dating pada otot
secara berturut-turut. Pacu tersebut tergantung pada fase tertentu, dating pada
kedua selanjunya pacu ketiga dan seterusnya. Berdasarkan proses tersebut,
dikenal beberapa tipe grafik :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tunggal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus tak sempurna (klonus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jenis kontraksi otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
isotonis yaitu kontraksi yang melawan beban tetap dengan mendekatkan kedua
ujung otot. Sehingga ke dua otot sama-sama menghasilkan tonus (otot
menggadakan pemendekkan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
isometric, yaitu kontraksi tanpa pemendekkan yang nyata tetapi terjadi penembahan
tonus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Energi
untuk kontraksi otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy untuk pengaktifan otot diperoleh
dari ATP yang tersedia didalam serabut otot. ATP dipecah oleh enzim ATP-ase
menjadi ADP+P dan akibat pemecahan tersebut akan menghasilkan energy. Serabut
otot menyusun ATP dari reaksi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ADP + P + E——à ATP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut otot mempunyai mekanisme dasar
untuk menghasilkan ATP secara berkelanjutan. Proses tersebut memerlukan
beberapa molekul tinggi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phosphooreatin yang terdapat dalam serabut
otot dalam kondisi sentrasi 5 kalinya ATP. Phosphocreatin dipecah menjadi
creatin dan phosphat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Creatin + P + E ——- > ATP—–
> kontraksi otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pemecahan glikogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis merupakan sederetan reaksi
kimia dalam sel untuk mengubah glikon menjadi asam piruvat. Selama perubahan
energy kimia glikogen diubah menjadi ikatan phosphate tenaga tinggi (ATP) yang
dapat disimpan dalam otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikolisis aerobic (siklus kreb)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen O2——–Co2 + H2O +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikogen anaerobic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen ——à asam laktat +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy hasil pemecahan tersebut kemudian
digunakan untuk menyusun ATP melalui pembentukan kembali phosphocreatin. Oksigen
yang berperan dalam oksidasi seperlima asam laktat menghasilkan energy yang
penting dalam perubahan empat perlima bagian asam lektat menjadi glycogen.
Demikian seterusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f. Kelelahan
otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bila otot mendapat rangsangan luminal
atau supraliminal terus menerus maka pada menchanomygram akan tampak bahwa fase
latent menjadi labih lama, begitu pula fase kontraksi dan relaksasi, amplitude
atau tinggi kontraksi lebih rendah yang berarti kerja otot semakin berkurang.
Keadaan tersebut memperlihatkan adanyaa kelelahan otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kelelahan otot dapat diakibatkan karena
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Habisnya
bahan atau zat sebagai sumber energy untuk kontraksi otot, seperti
glokogen dan sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Akumulasi
hasil metabolism karena kontraksi otot, seperti asam laktat. Asam laktat
menghambat motor endplate akibatnya hantaran impuls dari saraf ke otot
terganggu, tetapi bila masih terdapat cadangan glikogen, maka otot
tersebut masih dapat mengadakan kontrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SIFAT
KERJA OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Sifat kerja otot dibedakan atas 2, yaitu:<br />
1. Antagonis<br />
2. Sinergis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Antagonis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot antagonis yaitu dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada suatu sendi dan
saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakannya saling menghambat. Jika salah
satu otot berkontraksi maka otot yang lainnya relaksasi.<br />
Contoh: otot lengan atas yang berfungsi menggerakkan lengan bawah. Untuk
mengangkat lengan bawah atau menurunkannya diperlukan dua otot rangka, yaitu
otot bisep dan otot trisep. Otot bisep berada pada lengan atas bagian depan
sedangkan otot trisep berada pada lengan atas bagian belakang. Jika otot bisep
berkontraksi, maka otot trisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan bawah terangkat.
Jika otot trisep berkontraksi maka otot bisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan
bawah turun dan lurus kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Efek kerja otot antagonis dibedakan
menjadi:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Fleksi dan ekstensi (membengkokkan dan meluruskan). Contohnya pada sendi
siku dan lutut.<br />
2. Abduksi dan adduksi (mendekati dan menjauhi badan)seperti pada sendi lengan
atas dan sendi paha.<br />
3. Pronasi dan supinasi (menengadah dan menelungkup), seperti ketika menengadah
dan menelungkupkan telapak tangan.<br />
4. Depresi dan elevasi (kebawah dan ke atas), misalnya gerak kepala menunduk
dan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Sinergis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot sinergis adalah dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada satu sendi dan
saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan searah. Contohnya gerak otot
pronator teres dan kuadratus yang menimbulkan gerakan menelungkup dan menengadah
pada telapak tangan, Otot bisep lengan atas dan otot pengangkat lengan atas
yang menyebabkan gerakan membengkokkan lengan bawah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(sumber : </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html"><b><i><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html</span></i></b></a></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. OTOT KERANGKA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot merupakan suatu organ/alat yang
memungkinkan tubuh dapat bergerak. Ini adalah suatu sifat penting bagi
organisme. Gerak sel terjadi karena sitoplasma mengubah bentuk (lihat cara
pergerakan amuba). Pada sel-sel, sitoplasma ini merupakan benang-benang halus
yang panjang disebut miofibril. Kalau sel otot mendapat rangsangan maka
miofibril akan memendek. Dengan kata lain sel otot akan memendekkan dirinya ke
arah tertentu (berkontraksi).<br />
<b>B. JENIS OTOT</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot motoritas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, disebut juga otot serat lintang oleh
karena di dalamnya protoplasma mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Pada umumnya
otot ini melekat pada kerangka sehingga disebut juga otot kerangka. Otot ini
dapat bergerak menurut kemauan kita (otot sadar), pergerakannya cepat tetapi
lekas lelah, rangsangan dialirkan melalui saraf motoris.<br />
<b><i>2. Otot otonom</i></b>, disebut juga otot polos karena protoplasmanya
licin tidak mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Otot-otot ini terdapat di
alat-alat dalam seperti ventrikulus, usus, kandung kemih, pembuluh darah dan
lain-lain, dapat bekerja di luar kemauan kita (otot tak sadar) oleh karena
rangsangannya melalui saraf otonom.<br />
<b><i>3. Otot jantung</i></b>, bentuknya menyerupai otot serat lintang di dalam
sel protoplsmanya terdapat serabut-serabut melintang yang bercabang-cabang
tetapi kalau kita melihat fungsinya seperti otot polos, dapat bergerak sendiri
secara otomatis oleh karena ia mendapat rangsangan dari susunan otonom. Otot
semacam ini hanya terdapat pada jantung yang mempunyai fungsi tersendiri.<br />
Sebagian besar otot tubuh ini melekat pada kerangka, dapat bergerak secara
aktif sehingga dapat menggerakkan bagian-bagian kerangka dalam suatu letak yang
tertentu. Jadi Otot kerangka merupakan sebuah alat yang menguasai gerak aktif
dan memelihara sikap tubuh. Dalam keadaan istriahat, keadaannya tidak kendur
sama sekali, tetapi mempunyai ketegangan sedikit yang disebut tonus. Ini pada
masing-masing orang berlainan bergantung pada umur, jenis kelamin, dan keadaan
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
<b>C. BAGIAN-BAGIAN DARI OTOT YAITU :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Kepala otot (muskulus kaput)<br />
2. Empal otot (muskulus venter)<br />
3. Ekor otot (muskulus kaudal)<br />
Kepala dan ekor otot merupakan jaringan ikat yang kuat disebut tendo, yaitu
tempat melekatnya otot pada tulang. Tempat melekatnya kepala otot pada pangkal
tulang disebut origo, dan tempat melekatnya ekor otot dinamakan insersi. Di
bagain tengah bentuknya gembung terdiri dari berkas-berkas otot yang merupakan
bagian aktif dalam berkontraksi yaitu muskulus venter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D. KONTRAKSI OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dapat mengadakan kontraksi dengan
cepat, apabila ia mendapat rangsangan dari luar berupa rangsangan arus listrik,
rangsangan mekanis panas, dingin dan lain-lain. Dalam keadaan sehari-hari otot
ini bekerja atau berkontraksi menurut pengaruh atau perintah yang datang dari
susunan saraf mototris.<br />
Selaput pembungkus. Tiap otot dikelilingi oleh jaringan yang merupakan selaput
pembungkus yang disebut perimisum/fasia. Fasia ini selain sebagai pembungkus
otot juga berfungsi:<br />
1. Menahan dan melindungi otot supaya otot tetap pada tempatnya<br />
2. Tempat asal/origo dari beberapa otot<br />
3. Tempat letaknya pembuluh darah dan saraf untuk jaringan otot<br />
Di antara urat otot dan tulang terdapat kandung lendir yang disebut juga mukosa
bursa yang di dalamnya berisi lendir yang berguna untuk melicinkan urat
tersebut terhadap pergeseran dengan tulang. Di samping itu juga memudahkan
gerak otot terhadap kedudukan tulang.<br />
Retikulum, adalah bagian yang padat dari fasia dalam dan mengikat tendo, yang
berjalan melalui pergelangan mata kaki dan pergelangan tangan.<br />
Diafragma, struktur muskulus tendonium yang memisahkan rongga toraks dengan
rongga abdomen dan membentuk lantai dari rongga toraks atau rongga abdomen.
Diafragma, muncul dari vertebra lumbalis melalui dua ruang kurvautra dari
permukaan dalam prosesus xifoid dan permukaan dalam dari 6 pasang iga terbawah.<br />
<b>E. MACAM-MACAM OTOT</b><br />
1. Menurut bentuk dan serabutnya, meliputi otot serabut sejajar atau bentuk
kumparan, otot bentuk kipas, otot bersirip dan otot melingkar/sfingter<br />
2. Menurut jumlah kepalanya, meliputi otot berkepala dua, otot berkepala
tiga/triseps dan otot berkepala empat/quadriseps<br />
3. Menurut pekerjaannya, meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot sinergis, otot bekerja
bersama-sama<br />
b. Otot antagonis, yaitu otot yang bekerjanya berlawanan<br />
c. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota menjauhi tubuh<br />
d. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota mendekati tubuh<br />
e. Otot fleksor, yaitu otot yang membengkokkan sendi tulang atau melipat sendi<br />
f. Otot ekstensor, otot yang meluruskan kembali sendi tulang kedudukan semula<br />
g. Otot pronator, ketika ulna dan radial dalam keadaan sejajar<br />
h. Otot suponator, ulna dan radial dalam keadaan menyilang<br />
i. Endorotasi, memutar ke dalam<br />
j. Eksorotasi, memutar ke luar<br />
k. Dilatasi, memanjangkan otot<br />
l. Kontraksi, memendekkan otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
4. Menurut letaknya otot-otot tubuh dibagi dalam beberapa golongan yaitu:<br />
a. Otot bagian kepala<br />
b. Otot bagian leher<br />
c. Otot bagian dada<br />
d. Otot bagian perut<br />
e. Otot bagain punggung<br />
f. Otot bahu dan lengan<br />
g. Otot panggul<br />
h. Otot anggota gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot Kepala<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bagian ini dibagi menjadi 5 bagian:<br />
<i>1. Otot pundak kepala</i>, funsinya sebagian kecil membentuk gales
aponeurotika disebut juga muskulus oksipitifrontalis, dibagi menajdi 2 baigan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus frontalis, funsinya
mengerutkan dahi dan menarik dahi mata<br />
b. Oksipitalis terletak di bagian belakang, fungsinya menarik kulit ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot wajah terbagi atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot mata (muskulus rektus okuli) dan
otot bola mata sebanyak 4 buah<br />
b. Muskulus oblikus okuli/otot bola mata sebanyak 2 buah, fungsinya memutar
mata<br />
c. Muskulus orbikularis okuli/otot lingkar mata terdapat di sekliling mata,
funsinya sebagai penutup mata atau otot sfingter mata<br />
d. Muskulus levator palpebra superior terdapat pada kelopak mata. Fungsinya
menarik, mengangkat kelopak mata atas pada waktu membuka mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot mulut bibir dan pipi, terbagi
atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. <i>Muskulus triangularis</i> dan
muskulus orbikularis oris/otot sudut mulut, fungsinya menarik sudut mulut ke
bawah<br />
b<i>. Muskulus quadratus</i> labii superior, otot bibir atas mempunyai
origo penggir lekuk mata menuju bibir atas dan hidung<br />
c. <i>Muskulus quadratus labii inferior,</i> terdapat pada dagu
merupakan kelanjutan pada otot leher. Fungsinya menarik bibir ke bawah atau
membentuk mimik muka ke bawah<br />
d. <i>Muskulus buksinator</i>, membentuk dinding samping rongga mulut.
Origo pada taju mandibula dan insersi muskulus orbikularis oris. Fungsinya
untuk menahan makanan waktu mengunyah.<br />
e. <i>Muskulus zigomatikus/otot pipi</i>, fungsinya untuk mengangkat dagu
mulut ke atas waktu senyum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Otot pengunyah/otot yang bekerja
waktu mengunyah, teerbagi atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus maseter, fungsinya
mengangkat rahang bawah pada waktu mulut terbuka<br />
b. Muskulus temporalis fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke atas dan ke belakang<br />
c. Muskulus pterigoid internus dan eksternus, fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke
depan.<br />
5. Otot lidah sangat berguna dalam membantu pancaindra untuk menunyah, terbagi
atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus genioglosus, fungsinya
mendorong lidah ke depan<br />
b. Muskulus stiloglosus, fungsinya menarik lidah ke atas dan ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot Leher</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
1. Muskulus platisma, terdapat di samping leher menutupi sampai bagian dada.
Fungsinya menekan mandibula, menarik bibir ke bawah dan mengerutkan kulit
bibir.<br />
2. Muskulus sternokleidomastoid di samping kiri kanan leher ada suatu tendo
sangat kuat. Fungsinya menarik kepala ke samping, ke kiri, dan ke kanan,
memutar kepala dan kalau keduanya bekerja sama merupakan fleksi kepala ke depan
disamping itu sebagai alat bantu pernapasan..<br />
3. Muskulus longisimus kapitis, terdiri dari splenius dan semispinalis kapitis.
Ketiga otot ini terdapat di belakang leher, terbentang dari belakang kepala ke
prosesus spinalis korakoid. Fungsinya untuk menarik kepala belakang dan menggelengkan
kepala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.
Otot Bahu<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bahu hanya meliputi sebuah sendi
saja dan membungkus tulang pangkal lengan dan tulang belikat akromion yang
teraba dari luar.<br />
1. M. deltoid (otot segitiga), otot ini membentuk lengkung bahu dan berpangkal
di bagian sisi tulang selangka ujung bahu, balung tulang belikat dan diafise
tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot ini dan taju besar tulang pangkal lengan
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan sampai mendatar.<br />
2. M. subskapularis (otot depan tulang belikat) Otot ini mulai dari bagian
depan tulang belikat, menuju taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan, di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya menengahkan dan memutar tulang humerus ke
dalam.<br />
3. M. supraspinatus (otot atas balung tualang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah atas menuju ke taju besar tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya
mengangkat lengan.<br />
4. M. infraspinatus (otot bawah balung tulang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah bawah balung tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang
pangkal lengan. Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<br />
5. M. teres mayor (ototo lengan bulat besar). Otot ini berpangkal di siku bawah
tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot
lengan bulat kecil dan otot lengan bulat besar terdapat kepala yang panjang
dari muskulus triseps brakii. Fungsinya bisa memutar lengan ke dalam.<br />
6. M. teres minor (otot lengan belikat kecil). Otot ini berpangakal di siku
sebelah luar tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang ke pangkal lengan.
Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.
Otot Dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri atas:<br />
<i>1. Otot dada besar (muskulus pektoralis mayor).</i> Pangkalnya terdapat
di ujung tengah selangka, tulang dada dan rawan iga. Fungsinya dapat memutar
lengan ke dalam dan menengahkan lengan, menarik lengan melalui dada, merapatkan
lengan ke dalam.<br />
<i>2. Otot dada kecil (muskulus pektoralis minor).</i> Terdapat di bawah
otot dada besar, berpangkal di iga III, IV dan V menuju ke prosesus korakoid.
Fungsinya menaikkan tulang belikat dan menekan bahu.<br />
<i>3. Otot bawah selangka (muskulus subklavikula).</i> Terdapat di antara
tulang selangka dan ujung iga I, bagian dada atas sebelah bawah os klavikula.
Fungsinya menetapkan tulang selangka di sendi sebelah tulang dada dan menekan
sendi bahu ke bawah dan ke depan.<br />
4. <i>Otot gergaji depan(muskulus seratus anterior).</i> Berpangkal
di iga I sampai IX dan menuju ke sisi tengah tulang belikat, tetapi yang
terbanyak menuju ke bawah.<br />
5.<i> Otot dada sejati y</i>aitu otot-otot sela iga luar dan otot-otot
sela iga dalam. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan iga waktu bernapas. Otot
dada bagian dalam disebut juga otot dada sejati, yaitu otot dada yang membantu
pernapasan terdiri dari:<br />
– Muskulus interkostalis eksternal dan internal terdapat di antara
tulang-tulang iga. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan tulang iga ke atas dan
ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
– Muskulus diaragmatikus, merupakan alat istimewa yang di tengahnya mempunayi
aponeurosis yang disebut sentrum tendineum. Bentuknya melengkung ke atas
mengahadap ke rongga toraks, mempunyai lobang tempat lalu aorta vena kava dan
esofagus. Fungsinya menjadi batas antara rongga dada dan rongga perut.
Kontraksi dan relaksinya memperkecil serta memperbesar rongga dada waktu
bernapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.
Otot Perut<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri atas:<br />
1. Muskulus abdominis internal (dinding perut). Garis di tengah dinding perut
dinamakan linea alba, otot sebelah luar (muskulus abdominis eksternal). Otot
yang tebal dinamakan aponeurosis, membentuk kandung otot yang terdapat di
sebelah kiri dan kanan linea itu.<br />
2. Lapisan sebelah luar sekali dibentuk otot miring luar (muskulus obliqus
eskternus abdominis). Berpangkal pada igaV sampai iga yang bawah sekali.
Serabut ototnya yang sebelah belakang menuju ke tepi tulang panggul
(kristailiaka). Serabut yang depan menuju linea alba. Serabut yang tengah
membentuk ikat yang terbentang dari spina iliaka anterior superior ke simfisis.<br />
3. Lapisan kedua di bawah otot dibentuk oleh otot perut dalam(M. obliqus
internus abdominis). Serabut miring menuju ke atas dan ke tengah. Aponeurosis
terbagi 2 dan ikut membentuk kandung otot perut lurus sebelah depan dan
belakang muskulus rektus abdominis, otot perut lurus mulai dari pedang rawan
iga III di bawah dan menuju ke simfisi. Otot ini mempunyai 4 buah urat
melintang.<br />
4. Muskulus transversus abdominis, merupakan xifoid menuju artikule ke kosta
III terus ke simfisis. Otot ini membentuk 4 buah urat yang bentuknya melintang
dibungkus oleh muskulus rektus abdominis dan otot vagina.<br />
Otot yang masuk ke dalam formasi bagian bawah dinding perut atau dinding
abdominal posterior :<br />
1. Muskulus psoas, terletak di belakang diafragma bagain bawah mediastinum,
berhubungan dengan quadratus lumborum di dalamnya terdapt arteri, vena dan
kelenjar limfe<br />
2. Muskulus iliakus terdapat pada sisi tulang ilium, sebelah belakang berfungsi
menopang sekum, dan sebelah depan menyentuh kolon desendens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.
Otot Punggung<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung (bagian belakang tubuh),
otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
<i>a. Otot yang ikut menggerakkan lengan</i><br />
1. Trapezius (otot kerudung). Terdapat di semua ruas-ruas tulang punggung.
Berpangkal di tulang kepala belakang. Fungsinya: mengangkat dan menarik sendi
bahu. Bagian atas menarik skapula ke bagian medial dan yang bawah menarik ke
bagian lateral.<br />
2. Muskulus latisimus dorsi (otot pungung lebar), berpangkal pada ruas tulang
punggung yang kelima dari bawah fasia lumboid, tepi tulang punggung dan iga III
di bawah, gunanya menutupi ketiak bagian belakang, menengahkan dan memutar
tulang pangkal lengan ke dalam.<br />
3. Muskulus rumboid (otot belah ketupat), berpangkal dari taju duri, dari tulang
leher V, ruas tulang punggung V, di sisni menuju ke pinggir tengah tulang
belikat. Gunanya menggerakkan tulang belikat ke atas dan ke tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot antara ruas tulang belakang dan iga</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot yang bekerja menggerakkan tulang iga atau otot bantu pernapasan, terdir
dari dua otot yaitu:<br />
1. Muskulus seratus posterior inferior (otot gergaji belakang bawah). Terletak
di bawah otot pungung lebar, berpangkal di fasia lumbodorsalis dan menuju ke
iga V dari bawah. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
2. Muskulus seratus posterior superior, terletak di bawah otot belah ketupat
dan berpangkal di ruas tulang leher keenam dan ketujuh dari ruas tulang
punggung yang kedua. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke atas waktu inspirasi.<br />
<i>c. Otot punggung sejati</i><br />
1. Muskulus interspinalis transversi dan muskulus semispinalis, terdapat di
antara kiri-kanan prosesus transversus dan prosesus spina. Fungsinya untuk
sikap dan pergerakan tulang belakang.<br />
2. Muskulus sakrospinalis (muskulus eraktor spina) terletak di samping ruas
tulang belakang kiri dan kanan. Fungsinya memelihara dan menjaga kedudukan
kolumna vertebra dan pergerakan dari ruas tulang belakang<br />
3. Mukulus quadratus lumborum, terletak antara krista iliaka dan os kosta,
terdiri dari 2 lapisan; fleksi dari vertebra lumbalis dan di samping itu juga
merupakan dinding bagian belakang rongga perut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.
Otot pangkal lengan atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
a. Otot-otot ketul (fleksor):<br />
1. Muskulus biseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 2). Otot ini meliputi 2 buah
sendi dan mempunyai 2 buah kepala (kaput). Kepala yang panjang melekat di dalam
sendi bahu, kepala yang pendek melekatnya di sebelah luar dan yang kedua di
sebelah dalam. Otot itu ke bawah menuju ke tulang pengumpil. Di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku, meratakan
hasta dan mengangkat lengan.<br />
2. Muskulus brakialis (otot lengan dalam). Otot ini berpangkal di bawah otot
segitiga di tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju taju di pangkal tulang hasta.
Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku.<br />
3. Muskulus korakobrakialis. Otot ni berpangkal di prosesus korakoid dan menju
ke tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot-otot kedang (ekstensor):<br />
Muskulus triseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 3)<br />
1. Kepala luar berpangkal di sebelah belakang tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju
ke bawah kemudian bersatu dengan yang lain.<br />
2. Kepala dalam dimulai di sebelah dalam tulang pangkal lengan.<br />
3. Kepala panjang dimulai pada tulang di bawah sendi dan ketiganya mempunyai
sebuah urat yang melekat di olekrani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.
Otot lengan bawah<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kedang yang memainkan
peranannya dalam pengetulan di atas sendi siku, sendi-sendi tangan, sendi-sendi
jari, dan sebagian dalam terak silang hasta:<br />
a. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radialis longus<br />
b. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radiais brevis<br />
c. Muskulus ekstensor karpi ulnaris. Ketiga otot ini fungsinya sebagai ekstensi
lengan (menggerakkan lengan)<br />
d. Digitonum karpi radialis, fungsinya ekstensi jari tangan kecuali ibu jari<br />
e. Muskulus ekstensor policis longus, fungsinya ekstensi ibu jari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot ketul yang mengedangkan
siku dan tangan serta ibu jari dan meratakan hasta tangan. Otot-otot ini
berkumpul sebagai berikut.<br />
a. Otot-otot di sebelah tapak tangan. Otot-otot ini ada 4 lapis. Lapis yang
ke-2 di sebelah luar berpangkal di tulang pangkal lengan. Di dalam lapis yang
pertama terdapat otot-otot yang meliputi sendi siku, sendi antara hasta dan
tulang pengumpil sendi di pergelangan. Fungsinya dapat membengkokkan jari
tangan. Lapis ke-4 ialah otot-otot untuk sendi-sendi antara tulang hasta dan
tulang pengumpil. Di antara otot-otot ini disebut:<br />
– Otot silang hasta bulat (muskulus pronator teres). Fungsinya dapat
mengerjakan silang hasta dan membengkokkan lengan bawah siku<br />
– Otot-otot ketul untuk tangan dan jari tangan: muskulus palmaris ulnaris,
berfungsi mengetulkan lengan; muskulus palmaris longus; muskulus fleksor karpi
radialis, muskulus fleksor digitor sublimis, fungsinya fleksi jari kedua dan
kelingking; muskulus fleksor digitorum profundus, fungsinya fleksi jari
1,2,3,4; muskulus fleksor poicis longus, fungsinya fleksi ibu jari<br />
– Otot yang bekerja memutar radialis (pronator dan supinator) terdiri dari:
muskulus pronator teres equadratus, fungsinya pronasi tangan; muskulus spinator
brevis, fungsinya supinasi tangan<br />
b. Otot-otot di sebelah tulang pengumpil, berfungsi membengkokkan lengan di
siku, membengkokkan tangan ke arah tulang pengumpil atau tulang hasta.<br />
c. Otot-otot di sebelah punggung atas, disebut otot kedang jari bersama yang
meluruskan jari tangan. Otot yang lain meluruskan ibu jari (telunjuk).
Otot-otot lengan bawah mempunyai urat yang panjang di bagaian bawah di dekat
pergelangan dan di tangan. Urat-urat tersebut mempunyai kandung urat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.Otot-otot
tangan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Di tangan terdapat otot-otot tangan pendek terdapat diantara tulang-tulang
tapak tangan atau membantu ibu jantung tangan (thener) dan anak jantung
tangan(hipothener).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.
Otot-otot sekitar panggul</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot ini berasal dari tulang panggul atau kolumna vertebralis menuju ke pangkal
paha.<br />
1. Sebelah depan bagian dalam dari panggul terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus psoas mayor, terbentang dari prosesus transversi lumbalis menuju
trokanter minor dan iliakus<br />
b. Muskulus iliakus, berasal dari fosa iliaka menuju trokanter minor<br />
c. Muskulus psoas minor, yang terletak di muka psoas mayor. Ketiga otot ini
disebut juga otot iliopsoas, fungsinya mengangkat dan memutar tungkai ke bagian
luar<br />
2. Sebelah belakang bagian luar terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus gluteus maksmius merupakan otot yang terbesar yang terdapat di
sebelah luar panggul membentuk bokong. Fungsinya, antagonis dari iliopsoas
yaitu rotasi fleksi dan endorotasi femur.<br />
b. Muskulus gluteus medius dan minimus. Fungsinya, abduksi dan endoratasi dari
femur dan bagian medius eksorotasi femur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.
Otot-otot tungkai atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot tungkai atas (otot pada paha), mempunyai selaput pembungkus yang sangat
kuat dan disebut fasia lata yang dibagi atas 3 golongan yaitu:<br />
1. Otot abduktor terdiri dari:<br />
a. Muskulus abduktor maldanus sebelah dalam<br />
b. Muskulus adduktor brevis sebelah tengah<br />
c. Muskulus abduktor longus sebelah luar<br />
Ketiga otot ini menjadi satu yang disebut muskulus abduktor femoralis.
Fungsinya menyelenggarkan gerakan abduksi dari femur.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor (quadriseps femoris) otot berkepala empat. Otot ini
merupakan otot yang terbesar terdiri dari:<br />
1. Muskulus rektus femoris<br />
2. Muskulus vastus lateralis eksternal<br />
3. Muskulus vastus medialis internal<br />
4. Muskulus vastus intermedial<br />
5. Otot fleksor femoris, yang terdapat di bagian belakang paha terdiri dari:<br />
a. Biseps femoris, otot berkepala dua. Fungsinya membengkokkan paha dan
meluruskan tungkai bawah.<br />
b. Muskulus semi membranosus, otot seperti selaput. Fungsinya membengkokkan
tungkai bawah.<br />
c. Muskulus semi tendinosus, otot seprti urat. Fungsinya membengkokkan urat
bawah serta memutarkan ke dalam.<br />
d. Muskulus sartorius, otot penjahit. Bentuknya panjang seperti pita, terdapat
di bagain paha. Fungsi: eksorotasi femur memutar ke luar pada waktu lutut
mengetul, serta membantu gerakan fleksi femur dan membengkokkan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l.
Otot tungkai bawah</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri dari:<br />
1. Otot tulang kering depan muskulus tibialis anterior. Fungsinya mengangkat
pinggir kaki sebelah tengah dan membengkokkan kaki.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor talangus longus. Fungsinya meluruskan jari telunjuk ke
tengah jari, jari manis dan kelingking kaki.<br />
3. Otot kedang jempol, fungsinya dapat meluruskan ibu jari kaki. Urat-urat
tersebut dipaut oleh ikat melintang dan ikat silang sehingga otot itu bisa
membengkokkan kaki ke atas. Otot-otot yang terdapat di belakang mata kaki luar
dipaut oleh ikat silang dan ikat melintang. Fungsinya dapat mengangkat kaki
sebelah luar.<br />
4. Urat akiles (tendo achlilles). Fungsinya meluruskan kaki di sendi tumit dan
membengkokkan tungkai bawah lutut (muskulus popliteus). Yang:<br />
a. Berpangkal pada kondilus tulang kering.<br />
b. Melintang dan melekat di kondilus lateralis tulang paha. Fungsinya memutar
fibia ke dalam (endorotasi). Otot ketul jari (muskulus fleksor falangus
longus). Berpangkal pada tulang kering dan uratnya menuju telapak kaki dan
melekat pada ruas jari kaki. Fungsinya membengkokkan jari dan menggerakkan kaki
ke dalam<br />
5. Otot ketul empu kaki panjang (muskulus falangus longus). Berpangkal pada
betis, uratnya melewati tulang jadi dan melekat pada ruas empu jari. Fungsinya
membengkokkan empu kaki.<br />
6. Otot tulang betis belakang (muskulus tibialis posterior). Berpangkal pada
selaput antara tulang dan melekat pada pangkal tulang kaki. Fungsinya dapat
membengkokkan kaki di sendi tumit dan telapak kaki di sebelah ke dalam.<br />
7. Otot kedang jari bersama. Letaknya di punggung kaki, fungsinya dapat
meluruskan jari kaki (muskulus ekstensor falangus 1-5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot yang lain antara lain:<br />
a. Otot ketul<br />
b. Otot penengah empu kaki, telapak di telapak kaki<br />
c. Otot penepsi, terletak di sebelah punggung kaki. Aponeurosis plantaris,
tapak kaki yang ditutupi oleh selaput</span><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sesi Tanya Jawab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pertanyaan Kelompok penyanggah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah ada dampak
dalam mempletekan jari? Sumber bunyi terdapat dari mana?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">engan membunyikan tulang leher, gerakan membunyikan buku-buku
atau sendi di jari merupakan kebiasaan yang salah karena menyalahi aturan
persendian normalnya dan dapat menghancurkan tulang-tulang rawan di
dalamnya.Jika kebiasaan ini dilakukan terus menerus maka dapat menimbulkan
penyakit sendi yang kronis di kemudian hari</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi kita mengandung sesuatu yang disebut sinovia, yang
membantu melumasi sendi. Cairan sinovia mengandung gas oksigen, nitrogen, dan
karbondioksida Cairan yang berpindah ini menciptakan ruang kosong, yang dengan
cepat terisi dengan gas lagi. Perpindahan gas yang cepat inilah yang
memunculkan bunyi letupan.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah tulang wajah
tiap individu berbeda? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak,Kerangka
tengkorak pada manusia itu sama satu sama lain,yang membedakannya itu adalah
bentuk muka seperti hidung,mata,mulut yang membedakannya.Perbedaan wajah pada
tiap individu dilandasi faktor Gen atau keturunan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana proses
penyembuhan patah tulang? Waktunya berapa lama?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 1 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peradangan
(inflammation) Tulang patah baik terbuka atau tertutup akan menimbulkan
perdarahan sekecil apapun itu dan membuat jaringan di sekitarnya
meradang yang ditandai dengan bengkak, memerah dan teraba hangat serta tentunya
terasa sakit. Tahap ini dimulai pada hari ketika patah tulang terjadi dan
berlangsung sekitar 2 sampai 3 minggu</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 2 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan kalus
halus (soft callus) Antara 2 sampai 3 setelah cedera, rasa sakit dan
pembengkakan akan mulai hilang. Pada tahap penyembuhan patah tulang ini,
terbentuk kalus yang halus di kedua ujung tulang yang patah sebagai cikal bakal
yang menjembatani penyambungan tulang namun kalus ini belum dapat terlihat
melalui rongsen. Tahap ini biasanya berlangsung hingga 4 sampai 8 minggu
setelah cedera</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
3: Pembentukan kalus keras (hard callus) Antara 4 sampai 8 minggu, tulang baru
mulai menjembatani fraktur (soft callus berubah menjadi hard callus) dan dapat
dilihat pada x-rays atau rongsen. Dengan waktu 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah
cedera, tulang baru telah mengisi fraktur.</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
4: Remodeling tulang Dimulai sekitar 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah cedera, sisi
fraktur mengalami remodeling (memperbaiki atau merombak diri) memperbaiki
setiap cacat yang mungkin tetap sebagai akibat dari cedera. Ini tahap akhir
penyembuhan patah tulang yang dapat bertahan hingga beberapa tahun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #535353;"><br />
<span style="background: #F6F4F1;">Bersumber dari:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mediskus.com/kb/penyembuhan-patah-tulang"><span style="background: #F6F4F1; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #3f76d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Penyembuhan Patah Tulang | Mediskus.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nutrisi apa yang
bagus untuk mencegah pengapuran tulang, dan pengkroposan tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencegah pengapuran
dan pengeroposan tulang yaitu dengan mengkonsmsi bahan makanan yang mengandung </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kalsium dan vitamin D. Vitamin D bisa mudah kita
dapatkan juga dengan cara berjemur pada sinar matahari pagi. Vitamin D juga
bisa diperoleh dari makanan antara lain telur, ikan, susu dan keju.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana cara
kerja tulang sesamoid untuk melindungi tendo terhadap kausan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh tulang
sesamoid yaitu tulang patella,yaitu berfungsi melindungi tendo dari kausan atau
benturan dan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">mengurangi
pergeseran dan perubahan arah dari tendo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\user\Documents\tulang patella.jpg" id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 254.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 270.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="tulang patella" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya</span></a><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 pukul 13:00)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem rangka
hidrostatik, pengertian sistem rangka hidrostatik adalah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kerangka
cairan. Artinya, bukannya mendukung tubuh dengan zat keras, baik di dalam atau
di luar, dukungan terdiri dari cairan bertekanan tertutup dalam kompartemen
tubuh. The hidrostatik kerangka memberikan dukungan dan gerakan untuk berbagai hewan,
termasuk sebagian cnidaria, cacing pipih, nematoda, dan Annelida. Hewan ini
bergerak dengan mengerahkan tekanan otot mereka pada kompartemen cairan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik</span></a><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 \pukul 13:45 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan kelompok lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Shinta : Apakah
Tulang Mempengaruhi Tinggi Pendek Seseorang? Penyebab Dan Kandungan Yang Dapat
Mempengaruhi Tinggi Dan Pendek Seseorang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ya,Karena
Tulang adalah patokan untuk pengukuran tinggi badan seseorang yang dapat
diukur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kandungan Yang
Mempengaruhi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Kalsium Contohnya Keju,yogurt,ikan,brokoli,almond,tahu Dan Susu
Kedelai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Vitamin D Contohnya . Udang Jamur,telur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Makanan
Yang Mengandung Magnesium Contohnya Kacang Kacangan,bayam,sereal,gandum,kentang
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://</span></a><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (12 November 2015 pukul 13:55)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikrimah : proses
terjadinya pengapuran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Osteoarthritis
atau pengapuran sendi adalah penyakit yang terjadi pada sendi yang ditandai
dengan adanya penipisan atau pengikisan tulang rawan sendi sehingga bantalan
sendi makin lama akan menjadi semakin tipis yang akhirnya akan menghilang
ataupun gundul sehingga sendi akan merasa nyeri saat sedang digerakkan.Terjadi
karena faktor usia,kelebihan berat badan,dan melakukan pekerjaan yang berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\user\Pictures\pengapuran tulang.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 153pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 369.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Halimah : bagaimana
cara tulang menyerap nutrisi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tulang
menyerap nutrisi yang di bawa oleh darah melalui pembuluh darah.Boron dan adalah dua nutrisi akan meningkatan penyerapan
kalsium dalam darah dan tulang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(13 November
2015 pukul 14:15)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yayah : penyembuhan
tulang kering bila terbentur ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengkompres
dingin pada benjolan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengoleskan
trombopop pada benjolan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mencegah
benturan terulang pada tempat yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015
pukul 14:43)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yunita : pemberian
tegak adakah dampak bagi ruas-ruas tulang belakang pada kasus paskibra?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak ada
pengaruh,karna sikap tegap pada paskibra malah mengurangi dampak kerusakan pada
tuang belakang.Karena bungkuk adalah sikap tubuh yang buruk. Dan sikap tubuh
yang buruk dapat membuat sakit punggung dan sakit pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung</span></a><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(13 November 2015 pukul 15:48)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rotua : efek high
heels pada tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">High Heels
akan mengakibatkan tekanan yang tinggi pada permukaan telapak kaki anda
sehingga akan memicu metatarsalgia yaitu kondisi sakit yang parah atau kram
yang ditimbulkan oleh bagian anterior tulang telapak, biasanya anda akan
mengalami nyeri pada bagian tumit dan mata kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bunions<br />
Ini adalah pertumbuhan tulang yang terjadi di sekitar pangkal jempol kaki dan
dapat menyebabkan jempol kaki bengkok dan mengarah ke jari-jari kaki lainnya
yang menimbulkan rasa nyeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan</span></a><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (
13 November 2015 pukul 15:58 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Destia : manfaaat
alat penyangga bagi korban kecelakaan patah tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penggunaan
gips, korset, dan bahan logam memiliki satu tujuan yang sama, yaitu untuk
mengembalikan posisi tulang atau patahan tulang ke semula. Gips, korset,
dan bahan logam yang berfungsi untuk membantu mempertahankan bentuk tulang,
salah satunya adalah karena ditakutkan apabila tidak ada penyangga yang
menahan, bentuk tulang akan mengalami kelainan bentuk, misalnya bengkok atau
tidak seperti keadaan semula. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang</span></a><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015 pukul 14:13 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Agita : Kenapa
tulang ekor sangat rawan terhadap benturan yang dapat menimbulkan kebutaan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahli
bedah tulang belakang dari Ramsay Spine Center Rumah Sakit Premier Bintaro, dr
Luthfi Gatam, SpOT, meluruskan anggapan keliru ini. Menurutnya, posisi jatuh
terduduk memang berbahaya, tetapi bukan memiliki korelasi terhadap kebutaan,
melainkan pada kelumpuhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-10006720813226710122016-02-01T12:34:00.001+07:002016-02-01T12:34:38.683+07:00<div align="center" class="MsoPlainText" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt;">Makalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anatomi Fisiologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem Otot dan Rangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Disusun oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> : Dinar Rachma Kartina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lila Putri Zaskia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dosen Pembimbing : Dr.Maria Poppy Herliyanti M.Epd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Prodi DIII
Jurusan Gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Politeknik
Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Jakarta 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jakarta
2015</span><span class="MsoIntenseReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka </span></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c0504d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent2;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Skelet atau Kerangka terdiri
dari tulang dan tulang rawan. tulang adalah jaringan ikat yang bersifat kaku
dan membentuk bagian besar kerangka serta merupakan jaringan penunjang tubuh
utama. Rangkaian tulang yang mendukung dan melindungi beberapa organ
lunak,terutama dalam tulang tengkorak (cranium) dan panggul .Kerangka juga
berfungsi sebagai alat ungkit pada gerakan dan menyediakan permukaan untuk
kaitan otot-otot rangka,tempat pembuatan sel-sel darah .Rata-rata manusia
dewasa memiliki 206 tulang,walaupun jumlah ini dapat bevariasi antara
individu.Kerangka tubuh manusia terdiri dari susunan berbagai macam tulang yang
satu sama lainnya saling berhubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penggolongan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang di golongkan menurut
bentuknya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
panjang adalah tubular (misalnya humerus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendek adalah kuboidal,dan hanya terdapat di pergelangan kaki (tarsus) dan di
pergelangan tangan (carpus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang pipih
umumnya berguna sebagai pelindung (misalnya tulang pipih cranium melindungi
otak)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l42 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang tak
beraturan dengan bentuk aneka ragam (misalnya tulang wajah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l42 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
sesamoid (ossa sesamoide),terbentuk dalam tendo tertentu (misalnya patella) dan terdapat di tempat
persilangan tendo dengan ujung tulang panjang extremitas; tulang sesamoid
melindungi tendo terhadap keausan berlebih dan sering kali mengubah sudut tendo
sewaktu menuju ke tempat lekatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ciri-ciri
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Cirri-ciri khusus terjadi pada
tempat lekat tendo,ligaentum,dan fascia.Ciri-ciri dan tanda istimewa pada yang
di beri nama:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Condylus
(daerah persendian yang membulat ) misalnya condylus laterlis ossis femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Crista (rigi
pada tulang) misalnya crista iliaca)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Epicondylus
(tonjolan di atas kondilus)misalnya epicondylus lateralis ossis humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Facies
(permukaan licin dan datar yang merupakan tempat pertemuan dua tulang)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Foramen (lubang
melalui tulang) misalnya foramen obturatum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fosa (lekuk
atau daerah yang melesak) misalnya fossa infraspinata os scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linea
(peninggian berupa garis) misalnya linea musculi solei,linea poplitea ossis
tibiae.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Malleolus
(tonjolan yang membulat) misalnya malleolus lateralis ossis fibulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Protuberantia
(penonjolan) misalnya protuberantia occipitalis externa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Spina (tonjolan
menyerupai duri) misalnya spina scapulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Processus
spinosus (tonjolan yang menyerupai duri) misalnya procesus vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Trochanter
(peninggian besar yang tumpul) misalnya trochanter major femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">m.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberculum
(peninggian kecil ) misalnya tuberculum majus humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberositas
atau tuber (peninggian yang besar dan membulat,membengkakan) misalnya tuber
ischiadicum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perkembangan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulangg berkembang dengan dua
cara:1. Membranosa dan (2) endokondral .Pada cara yang pertama,tulang
berkembang langsungg dari membrane jaringan ikat; pada cara yang kedua
,mula-mula dibentuk model tulang rawan dan kemudian di ganti oleh tulang.Untuk
keterangan lebih mendalam tentang perubahan selular yang terjadi,perlu dibaca
buku teks histology atau embriologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang kubah Cranium berkembang
dengan cepat secara membranosa pada embrio,dan hal ini melindungi otak yang
sedang berkembang yang terletak di bawahnya.Pada waktu lahir,beberapa daerah
kecil di antara tulang-tulang tetap bersifat membrane.Hal ini penting secara
klinik karena memungkinkan tulang-tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">melakukan
gerakan tertentu sehingga tengkorak dapat berubah bentuk waktu turun melewati
jalan lahir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang panjang eksremitas
berkembang secara osifikasi endokondral.Osifikasi ini merupakan proses lambat
dan tidak lengkap sampai usia 18-20 tahun atau malahan lebih lama lagi.Pusat
pembentukan tulang yangditemukan pada batang tulang dinamakan diafisis,pusat
kalsifikasi pada ujung-ujung tulang sebagaiepifisis.Lempeng rawan pada masing
–masing ujung,yang terletak antara epifisis dan diafisis pada tulang yang
sedang tumbuh dinamakan lempeng epifisial.Metafisi merupakan bagian diafisis
yang berbatasan dengan lempeng epifiseal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\DINAR\Downloads\pertumbuhan.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 159.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 310.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="pertumbuhan" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> JENIS-JENIS TULANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ketika
kita masih bayi kita memiliki sekitar 300 tulang. Namun ketika kita beranjak
dewasa beberapa dari tulang-tulang ini ada yang melebur hingga akhirnya menjadi
206 tulang. Dari 206 tulang ini terdapat beberapa jenis tulang. Jenis-jenis
tulang ini ada yang dibedakan berdasarkan matriksnya dan ada yang berdasarkan
jaringan dan sifat fisik (keras tidaknya) tulang. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut
pelajari jenis-jenis tulang di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Berdasarkan jaringan penyusun dan sifat-sifat fisiknya tulang dibedakan menjadi
dua jenis, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.
Tulang Rawan (Kartilago) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan adalah tulang yang tidak mengandung pembuluh darah dan saraf kecuali
lapisan luarnya (perikondrium). Tulang rawan memiliki sifat lentur karena
tulang rawan tersusun atas zat interseluler yang berbentuk jelly yaitu
condroithin sulfat yang didalamnya terdapat serabut kolagen dan elastin. Maka
dari itu tulang rawan bersifat lentur dan lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan
jaringan ikat biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada
zat interseluler tersebut juga terdapat rongga-rongga yang disebut lacuna yang
berisi sel tulang rawan yaitu chondrosit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan terdiri dari tiga tipe yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Tulang rawan hialin: tulang yang berwarna putih sedikit kebiru-biruan,
mengandung serat-serat kolagen dan chondrosit. Tulang rawan hialin dapat kita
temukan pada laring, trakea, bronkus, ujung-ujung tulang panjang, tulang rusuk
bagian depan, cuping hidung dan rangka janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.
Tulang rawan elastis; tulang yang mengandung serabut-serabut elastis. Tulang
rawan elastis dapat kita temukan pada daun telinga, tuba eustachii (pada
telinga) dan laring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.
Tulang rawan fibrosa; tulang yang mengandung banyak sekali bundel-bundel serat
kolagen sehingga tulang rawan fibrosa sangat kuat dan lebih kaku. Tulang ini
dapat kita temukan pada discus diantara tulang vertebrae dan pada simfisis
pubis diantara 2 tulang pubis. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan jumlahnya sangat
sedikit dibandingkan dengan anak-anak. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan hanya
ditemukan beberapa tempat, yaitu cuping hidung, cuping telinga, antar tulang rusuk
(costal cartilage) dan tulang dada, sendi-sendi tulang, antarruas tulang
belakang dan pada cakra epifisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Tulang Keras (Osteon)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
keras atau yang sering kita sebut sebagai tulang berfungsi menyusun berbagai
sistem rangka. Tulang tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoblas: sel pembentuk jaringan tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteosit: sel-sel tulang dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoklas : sel-sel penghancur tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.Berdasarkan
matriksnya tulang dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1).
Tulang Kompak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
kompak terdiri dari sistem-sistem Havers. Setiap sistem Havers terdiri dari
saluran Havers (Canalis= saluran) yaitu suatu saluran yang sejajar dengan sumbu
tulang, di dalam saluran terdapat pembuluh-pembuluh darah dan saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Disekeliling
sistem havers terdapat lamela-lamela yang konsentris dan berlapis-lapis. Lamela
adalah suatu zat interseluler yang berkapur. Pada lamela terdapat rongga-rongga
yang disebut lacuna. Di dalam lacuna terdapat osteosit. Dari lacuna keluar
menuju ke segala arah saluran-saluran kecil yang disebut canaliculi yang
berhubungan dengan lacuna lain atau canalis Havers. Canaliculi penting dalam
nutrisi osteosit. Di antara sistem Havers terdapat lamela interstitial yang
lamella-lamelanya tidak berkaitan dengan sistem Havers.Pembuluh darah dari
periostem menembus tulang kompak melalui saluran volkman dan berhubungan dengan
pembuluh darah saluran Havers. Kedua saluran ini arahnya saling tegak lurus.
Dan tulang spons tidak mengandung sistem Havers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2).
Tulang Spons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang mtriksnya berongga dan tersusun oleh anyaman trabeculae (mirip dengan
pecahan genting)yang pipih dan mengandung serat kolagen.Rongga rongga yang
terdapat pada tulangspons diisi oleh jaringan sumsum tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian Kerangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jumlah Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
aksial <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tengkorak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kranium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hyoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sternum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Iga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Clavicula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ulna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
telapak tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
inominate (panggul)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Femur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patella<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fibula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tibia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: F:\anfis\nama-tulang-manusia.jpg" id="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 364.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 405pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="nama-tulang-manusia" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A.Skeleton aksial </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cranium<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
oksipital terdapat pada daerah tulang
kepala belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
parienta terdapat pada tulang ubun-ubun dan tulang dahi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian sphenoid
terdapat berdekatan dengan tulang rongga mata,seperti tulang baji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
temporal terdapat pada tulang samping tulang kiri kanan kepada dekat telinga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
ethmoid terdapat pada tulang yang menyusun rongga hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Tengkorak tulang-tulang tengkorak
merupakan tulang yang menyusun kerangka kepala.Rongga tengkorak mempunyai
permukaan atas yang dikenal sebagai kubah tengkorak,licin pada permukaan luar
dan pada permukaan luar dan pada permukaan dalam ditandai dengan gili-gili dan
lekukan supaya dapat sesuai dengan otak dan pembulu darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdapat 14
tulang wajah yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 Tulang
nasal (tulang hidung) untuk membentuk lengkung hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
palatum untuk membentuk atap mulut dan dasar hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
lakkrimalis (tulang air mata) untuk membentuk salurn air mata dan bagian dari
tulang rongga mata pada sudut,dalam rongga mata,melalui cerah ini air mta di
salurkan ke hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
zigomatikus (tulang lengkung pipi) untuk membentuk tulang pipih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Satu vomer
(tulang pisau luku) untuk membentuk bagian bawah sekat manulang hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
turbinatum inferior (kerang hidung bawah) merupakan pasangan terbesar dari tiga
pasang lipatan (konka hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 maksilar
untuk membentuk rahang atas dan memuat gigi atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mandibula
(Tulang rahang bawah) terletak di kedua
sisi rahang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Hioid<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang ber bentuk tapal kuda yang unik
karena tidak berartikulasi dengan tulang lain,tulang hyoid di topang oleh
liigamen dan otot dari prosesus temporal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
Pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang martil</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>malleus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang berbentuk seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martil&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Martil (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">martil</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang menyusun tulang
pendengaran pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" title="Telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tengah. Tulang ini terlekat pada
bagian permukaan dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang_telinga" title="Gendang telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gendang telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan ujung lainnya pda<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Kata<i>malleus</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">bahasa Latin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang berarti martil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang ini berfungsi
menghantarkan getaran suara dari gendang telinga ke tulang landasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang landasan</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>incus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah tulang kecil yang berbentuk
seperti landasan. Tulang ini merupakan salah satu tulang pendengaran dan
menghubungkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_martil" title="Tulang martil"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
martil</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_sanggurdi" title="Tulang sanggurdi"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
sanggurdi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang
ini pertama kali dipaparkan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Achillin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alessandro Achillin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white; color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alessandro Achillin</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bologna</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang landasan hanya terdapat di hewan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">mamalia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>stapes</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang menyerupai sanggurdi kuda.
Tulang ini merupakan tulang pendengaran terakhir pada telinga tengah. Tulang
sanggurdi adalah tulang terkecil dan teringan pada tubuh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">manusia</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi menerima
getaran suara dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan diantar ke membran di telinga
dalam melalui<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkap_oval" title="Tingkap oval"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tingkap oval</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.Tulang
sternum (tulang dada)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang dada termasuk tulang
pipih,terletak di bangian tengah dada. Tulang dada atau toraks tersusun atas
tulang dan tulang rawan.pada sisi kiri dan kanan tulang dada terdapat tempat
lekat dari rusuk.bersama-sama dengan rusuk,tulang dada memberikan perlindungan
pada jantung,pau-paru dan pembuluh darah besar ari kerusakan.Tulang dada
tersusun atas 3 tulang yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
hulu/manubrium yang terletak di bagian atas dari tulang dada,tempat melekatnya
tulang rusuk yang pertama dan kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
badan/gladiolus yang terletak di bagian tengah,tempat melekatnyaa tulang rusuk
ke tiga sampai ke tujuh,gabungan tulang rusuk ke delapan sampai sepuluh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang taju
pedang/xiphoid process yang terletak di bagian bawah dari tulang dada.Tulang
ini terbentuk dari tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.Tulang iga<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga berbentuk tipis,pipih
dan melengkung.bersama-sama dengan tulang dada membentuk rongga dada ntuk
melindungijantung dan paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga memiliki beberapa
fungsi diantarannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
jantung dan paru-paru dari goncangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
lambung,limpa dan ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membantu
pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berartikulasi
kerah posterior dengan faset tulang iga pada prosessus transversa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
sejati berjumlah tujuh pasang.Tulang-tulang iga ini pada bagian belakang berhubungan dengan rus-ruas tulang belakang
sedangkan ujung depannya berhubungan dengan tulang tulang dada dengan
perantaraan tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
semu 8-10 pasang.Tulang ini berartikulasi secara tidak langsung dengan sternum
melaluli penyatuan kartilago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
ke 11 dan 12 adalah iga melayang yang tidak memiliki perletakan di sisi
anterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
memiliki eksternal berbentuk konveks untu peletakn oto dansuatu lintasn kostal
untuk mengakomodasi saraf dan pembuluh darah pada permukaan internal,tulang iga
mengandung sumsum tulang merah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.Ruas-ruas
tulang belakang<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ruas-ruas tulang belakang
berfungsi untuk menegakan badan dan menjaga keseimbangan.menyokong kepala dan
tangan,dan tempat melekatnya otot,rusuk dan beberapa organ.Ruas-ruas tulang
belakang disebut juga tulang belakang disusun oleh 33 buah tulang depan bentuk
tidak beraturan.ke 33 buah tulang tersebut terbagi atas 5 bagian yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tujuh ruas
pertama disebut tulang leher.ruas pertama dari tulang leher disebut tulang
atlas,dan ruas kedua berupa tulang pemutar atau poros.bentuk dari tulang atlas
memungkinkan kepala untuk melakukan gerakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dua belas
ruas berikutnya membentuk tulang punggung .Ruas-ruas tulang punggung pada
bagian kiri dan kanannya merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang rusuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
berikutnya merupakan tulang pinggang.Ukuran tulang pinggang lebih besar
dibandingkan tulang punggung.Ruas-ruas tulang pinggang menahan sebagian besar berat tubuh dan banyak
melekat otot-otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
tulang kelangkang (scrum),yang menyatu,berbentuk segitiga terletak dibawah ruas-ruas
tulang pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian bawah
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang disebut tulang ekor(coccyx),tersusun atas 3
sampai dengan 4 ruas tulang belakang yang menyatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.Skeleton
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tersusu atas
tulang tulang yang merupakantambahan dari skeleton aksial.skeleton aksial
terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian akhir
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang seperti sacrum dan tulang coccys.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.Tulang
anggota gerak atas (extremitas superior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
penyusun tulang anggota gerak atas tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus/tulang
lengan atas .termasuk kelompok tulang panjang atau pipa,ujung atasnya
besar,halus,dan dikelilingi oleh tulang belikat.pada bagian bawah memiliki 2
lekukan merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang radius dan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius dan
ulna / pengumpil dan hasta.tulang ulna berukuran lebih besar dibandingkan radius,dan melekat dengan kuat
di humerus.tulang radius memiliki kontribusi yang beasar untuk gerakan lengan
bawah dibandingkan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karpal /
pergelangan tangan.tersusun atas 8 buah tulang yang saling di hubungkan oleh
ligamen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal /
telapak tangan.tersusun atas liba buah tangan.pada bagian atas berhubungan
dengan tulang pergelangan tangan,sedangkan bagian bwah berhubungan dengan
tulang-tulang jari (palanges) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tersusun atas 14 buah tulang setiap jari tersusun atas 3 buah
tulang,kecuali ibu jari yang hanya tersusun atas 2 buah tulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.Tulang
anggota gerak bawah (ekstremuitas inferior ) tulang anggota gerak bawah disusun
oleh tulang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">femur /
tulang paha. Termasuk kelompok tulang panjang terletak dari gelang panggul
sampai kelutut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tibia dan
fibula / tulang kering dan tulang betis. Bagian pagkal berhubungan dengan tulng
lutut bagian ujung berhubungan dengan pergelangan kaki. Ukuran tulang kering
lebih besar dibandingkan tulang betis karna berfungsi untuk menahan beban atau
berat tubuh. Tulang betis merupakan tempat melekatnya beberapa otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patela /
tempurung lutut. Terletak antara femur dengan tibia, bentuk segitiga. Patella
berfungsi melindungi, dan memberikan kekuatan pada tendon yang membentuk lutut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal /
tulang pergelangan kaki .termasuk tulang pendek,dan tersusun atas 8 tulang
dengan salah satunya adalah tulang tumit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal /
tulang telapak kaki.tersusun atas 5 buah tulang yang tersusun mendaftar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tangan.setiap jari tersusun atas 3 tulang kecuali tulang ibu
jari ata 14 tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.Tulang
gelang bahu (klavikula dan scapula ? belikat dan selangka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang selangka berbentuk
seperti huruf “s”,berhubungan dengan tulang lengan atas (humerus) untuk
membentuk persendian yang menghasilkan gerakan lebih bebas,ujung yang satu
berhubungan dengan tulang dada sedangkan ujung lainnya berhubungan tulang
belikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang belikat (scapula)
berukuran besar,bentuk segitiga dan pipih,terletak pada bagian belakang dari
tulang rusuk.Fungsi utama dari gelang bahu adalah tempat melekatnya sejumlah
otot yang memungkinkan terjadinya geerakan pada sendi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang gelang panggul terdiri
atas dua buah tulang pinggung.Pada anank-anak tulang pinggul ini terpisah
terdiri atas tiga buah tulang yaitu illium (bagian atas),tulang ischiun (bagian
bawah) dan tulang pubis (bagian tengah).Dibagian belakang dari gelang panggul
terdapat tulang sacrum yang merupakan bagian dari ruas-ruas tulang
belakang.Pada bagian depan terdapat simfisis pubis merupakan jaringan ikat yang
menghubungkan kedua tulang pubis.Fungsi gelang panggung terutama untuk
mendukung berat badn bersama-sama dengan ruas tulang belakang,melindungi dan
mendukung organ-organ bawah seperti kandung kemih,organ reproduksi,dan sebagai
tempat tumbuh kembangnya janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Secara umum fungsi system rangka
adalah membentuk kerangka yang kaku dengan jaringan-jaringan dan organ-organ
vital seperti otak yang dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak,paru-paru dan jantung
dilindungin oleh tulang dada dan tulang rusuk.Gerakan tubuh terbentuk dari
kerjasama antara system rangka dengan otot ,oleh sebab itu keduanya sering
dikelompokkan menjadi satu nama yaitu system musculo-skeletal.rangka merupakan
tempat melekatnya otot melalui perantara tendon.Antara tulang yang satu dengan
tulang yang lain dikaitkan dengan perantaraan ligamen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Definisi Antropometri</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri merupakan bagian dari ergonomi yang secara khusus mempelajari
ukuran tubuh yang meliputi dimensi linear, serta, isi dan juga meliputi daerah
ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek lain dari gerakan tubuh. Secara devinitif
antropometri dapat dinyatakan sebagai suatu studi yang berkaitan dengan ukuran
dimensi tubuh manusia meliputi daerah ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek
lain dari gerakan tubuh manusia, menurut Stevenson (1989) antropometri adalah
suatu kumpulan data numeric yang berhubungan dengan karakteristik fisik tubuh
manusia ukuran, bentuk, dan kekuatan serta penerapan dari data tersebut untuk
penanganan masalah desain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Salah satu pembatas kinerja tenaga kerja. Guna mengatasi keadaan
tersebut diperlukan data antropometri tenaga kerja sebagai acuan dasar desain
sarana prasarana kerja. Antropometri sebagai salah satu disiplin ilmu yang
digunakan dalam ergonomi memegang peran utama dalam rancang bangun sarana dan
prasarana kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dapat dibagi menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.2pt; margin-left: 22.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antripometri Statis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri statis merupakan ukuran tubuh dan karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan diam (statis) untuk posisi yang telah ditentukan atau standar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Tinggi Badan, Lebar bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri Dinamis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dinamis adalah ukuran tubuh atau karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan bergerak, atau memperhatikan gerakan-gerakan yang mungkin terjadi saat
pekerja tersebut melaksanakan kegiatan.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">LILA</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar lengan atas merupakan salah satu pilihan
untuk penentuan status gizi. Tidak memerlukan data umur yang terkadang susah
diperoleh. Memberikan gambaran tentang keadaan jaringan otot dan lapisan lemak
bawah kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara pengukuran lingkar lengan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Usahakan pengukuran dilakukan sejajar dengan
pandanga mata, duduk jika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. dimungkinkan. Anak yang masih terlalu kecil bisa
dipegang oleh ibunya. Minta tolong ibunya untuk menyingkap baju yang menutupi
lengan kiri si anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Ukurlah titik tengah lengan atas sang anak.
Dengan cara sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Lingkarkan pita ukur pada lengan sang anak.
Pastikan bahwa pita benar-benar rata melingkari lengan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Periksalah tekanan pita pada lengan anak, jangan
terlalu kencang atau terlalu longar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. Jika sudah lihat hasil pengukuran dan catat pada
kuesioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 351.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 468pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Kepala<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar kepala adalah standar prosedur dalam ilmu
kedokteran anak secara praktis, yang biasanya untuk memeriksa keadaan patologi
dari besarnya kepala atau peningkatan ukuran kepala.<br />
Lingkar kepala terutama dihubungkan dengan ukuran otak dan tulang tengkorak.
Ukuran otak meningkat secara cepat selama tahun pertama, akan tetapi besar
lingkar kepala tidak menggambarkan keadaan kesehatan dan gizi. Bagaimanapun juga
ukuran otak dan lapisan tulang kepala dan tengkorak dapat bervariasi sesuai
dengan keadaan gizi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Dada<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya dilakukan pada anak yang berumur 2 sampai
3 tahun, karena rasio lingkar kepala dan lingkar dada sama pada umur 6 bulan.
Setelah umur ini, tulang tengkorak tumbuh secara lambat dan pertumbuhan dada
lebih cepat. Umur antara 6 bulan dan 5 tahun, rasio lingkar kepala dan dada
adalah kurang dari satu, hal ini dikarenakan akibat kegagalan perkembangan dan
pertumbuhan, atau kelemahan otot dan lemak pada dinding dada. Ini dapat
digunakan sebagai indikator dalam menentukan KEP pada anak balita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober 2015 pukul 19:52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Pinggang dan Panggul (WHR)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ukuran yang umum digunakan adalah rasio lingkar
pinggang-pinggul. Pengukuran lingkar pinggang dan pinggul harus dilakukan oleh
tenaga terlatih dan posisi pengukuran harus tepat, karena perbedaan posisi
pengukuran memberikan hasil yang berbeda.Untuk memperoleh ukuran lingkar
pinggang:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">tentukan terlebih
dahulu bagian terbawah lengkung aorta dan krista iliaka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar pinggang
diukur melalui titik pertengahan antara kedua lengkung ini mengelilingi perut
yang sejajar dengan tanah, sementara subjek berdiri tegak dengan kaki
direnggangkan selebar kira-kira 25-30 cm. Sebelum pengukuran dilaksanakan,
subjek hendaknya berpuasa sepanjang malam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Perut</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara lain yang biasa dilakukan untuk memantau
resiko kegemukan adalah dengan mengukur lingkar perut. Ukuran lingkar perut
yang baik yaitutidak lebih dari 90 cm untuk laki-laki dan tidak lebih dari 80
cm untuk perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran lingkar perut di lakukan untuk
mengetahui ada tidaknya obesitas abdominal/sentral. Jenis obesitas ini sangat
berpengaruh terhadap kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetes melllitus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran Lingkar Perut, dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan pita ‘meteran’. Caranya
pertama tentukan letak tulang rusuk terbawah dan tulang panggul. Kemudian
tempatkan pita meteran pada jarak pertengahan antarakedua tulang tadi, dan
harus sejajar dengan lantai tanpa memperhatikan letak pusar</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober
2015 pukul 20:06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Putaran sudut tangan, sudut putaran pergelangan kaki</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: antro.png" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 240pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 195.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="antro" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="Description: images (3).jpg" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 158.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 208.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="images (3)" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="Description: Antropometri6.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 182.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 273.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Antropometri6" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SISTEM
MUSCULARIS (OTOT TUBUH MANUSIA)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. ANATOMI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ilmu
yang mempelajari tentang otot disebut <i>Myologi</i>. Jaringan otot sangat
penting bagi tubuh karena fungsinya, diantaranya sebagai alat gerak aktif, alat
transportasi pengedar makanan dalam usus, juga pengedaran darah keseluruh
tubuh. Jaringan otot ditandai adanya myofibril-miofibril pada selnya yang
memanjang. Myofibril tersebut yang bertangung jawab atas kontraktilitas sel-sel
otot. Berdasarkan srtukturnya maupun fisiologisnya, otot dibagi menjadi tiga
macam yaitu <i>otot rangka, otot polos dan otot jantung.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. <u>Otot
rangka</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rangka juga disebut otot skelet atau otot serat lintang, otot bercorak, otot
lurik dan musculus striata. Secara mikroskopis, terlihat otot rangka tersebut
terdiri dari sel-sel otot (serabut-serabut otot) yang tebalnya kira-kira
10-199um dan panjangnya kira-kira 15cm. inti terletak tepat di bawah permukaan
sel, selain itu juga Nampak adanya garis-garis terang dan gelap yang melintang,
oleh karena itu disebut otot serat melintang. Satu sel otot diselubungi
oleh <i>fascia propria</i> kemudian beberapa fascicule diselubungi
oelh selaput yang disebut <i>fascia superfisialis</i> yang terdapat
dibawah kulit membentuk <i>fasciculus otot</i>. Di dalam sarcoplasma
terdapat sejumlah mitokondria(sarcosum). Warna otot ditentukan oleh adanya
suplay darah dan kandungan myoglobin, juga kadar air maupun banyaknya
fibril-fibril yang menyusunya. Oleh karena itu otot yang tipis biasanya
warnanya lebih muda karena kandungan air yang sedikit, fibrilnya juga lebih
sedikit serta suplay darahpun sedikit, jika disbanding otot yang tebal akan
berwarna gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bentuk
fasciculus otot ini biasanya berupa kumparan, bagian tengah menggembung yang
disebut <i>empal (ventrikel)</i>, dan kedua ujungnya mengecil yang disebut
dengan <i>urat otot (lendon).</i> Pada umumnya tendon tersebut
melekat pada tulang, sifatnya keran dan liat. Bagian ventrikel penting dalam
fungsi gerak aktif, yaitu terjadi kontraksi (mengkerut). Jika kontraksi terjadi
pada ventrikel otot tersebut maka akan terjadi gerakn tulang dengan perantaraan
persendian dimana otot melekat melalui tendonya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada umumnya otot melekat pada dua
tulang atau lebih, sehingga tiap otot mempunyai dua tempat pelekatan. Istilah
perlekatan pada segmen tulang biasanya digunakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
fixum (origo)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang tidak ikut bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
mobile (insertion)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang istilah lain yang juga sering
digunakan sekarang tanpa mengngat tempat perlekatan tersebut bergerak atau
tidak bergerak yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
distal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah distal (terletak
menjauhi dari semua badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
proximal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah proximal
(terletak lebih dekat dengan sentrum badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. <u>Otot
polos</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot ini juga disebut musculus
nontriata, otot alat dalam, otot tak sadar. Terdiri dari sel-sel
berbentuk spindel dengan panjang 40-200 u.m dan tebal 4-20 u.m, dengan inti
berada di tengah. Miofibrilnya sulit untuk dilihat, tidak mempunyai garis-garis
gelap terangya. Serabut retikuler (bentuk jala) tranvesal menghubungkan sel-sel
otot menbentuk suatu berkas sehingga menjadi satu unit funsional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos tidak melekat pada tulang
tetapi ikut membentuk alat dalam seperti terdapat pada dinding pembuluh darah,
saluran pencernaan, system urogenitalis dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos bekerja tidak dipengaruhi
oleh kehendak, tidak terlalu cepat tetapi berurutan dan tidak cepat lelah. Oleh
pengaruh hormonal, kemungkinan otot polos dapat bertambah panjang dan
berproliferasi (membentuk sel-sel baru) contohnya yaitu pada uterus, serabut
otoitnya dapat mencapai 800 u.m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. <u>Otot
jantung</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut-serabut otot yang mengandung
sarcaoplasma dalam jumlah besar membentuk jala-jala, seperti otot serat lintang
juga terdapat garis-garis melintang gelap dan terang tetapi sarcomernya lebih
pendek, intinya terletak ditengah, sarcosom jauh lebih banyak dari otot rangka,
serabut otot bercabang-cabang. Otot jantung bergerak teratur dan tidak cepat,
tetapi diluar kehendk kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B. BENTUK OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tempat perlekatan insertion atau distal,
sering kali terdapat kepala otot yang bergabung dengan venter (empal0 otot dan
berakhir pada tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bermacam-macam bentuk otot penyususn
tubuh, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fusiformis</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai serabut-serabut panjang dan menghasilkan gerakan yang
luas, tetapi tidak kuat biasanya mempunyai tendo yang relative pendek.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
unipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai tendo panjang walaupun serabut-serabut otot yang
melekat pada tendo tersebut merupakan otot pendek-pendek, otot ini lebih
kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
bipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai struktur sama dengan unipenatus, hanya serabut-serabut
otot melekat pada kedua sisi tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
planus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ialah
otot yang mempunyai tendo tipis atau sponeurosis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasarkan perlekatan pada origo atau
distal tersebut dapat dibedakan otot:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan kepala dua, tiga atau empat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, dimana empalnya bersatu menjadi satu dan
berakhir pada tendo yang sama, contohnya : m.bisep brachii, trisep
brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan satu kepala</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> dan
mempunyai satu atau lebih tendo perantara, dengan dua atau tiga venter
(empal) otot, contohnya pada m.digastricus (otot perut)/ m.abdominis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C. FUNGSI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Diantar fungsi otot adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat gerak
aktif<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat
transportasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentuk
alat-alat dalam<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk fungsi pertama yaitu alat gerak
aktif, terjadi bila venter otot mendapatkan rangsang, kemudian contraksi maka
akan menggerakan tualang-tulang yang dilekatinya, ini dilakukan oleh otot
rangka. Berdasarkan proses tersebut maka otot dapat dikelompokkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D.
Perbedaan otot lurik, otot polos dan otot jantung</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Bentuk dan struktur sel lurik polos Mirip lurik tapi bercabang<br />
2. Keadaan dan letak inti sel dipinggir ditengah ditengah<br />
3. Sifat kerja cepat atau lambat lambat cepat Cepat<br />
4. Aktivitas disadari/tidak disadari disadari Tidak disadari Tidak disadari<br />
5. Letak Pada rangka Pada lambung Pada jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1) Kelompok
otot yang saling memebantu dan berlawanan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling membantu (otot sinergis), yaitu beberapa otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi da saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan semacam. Contohnya
: M. bisep brachii (otot bisep lengan atas) dengan m cocarobrachialis
gerakan fleksi (bengkoknya lengan bawah).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling berlawanan (antagonis), yaitu dua atau lebih otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi dan saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakanya saling
menghambat otot yang satu dengan yang lainya. Contohnya pada otot bisep
lengan atas dengan otot trisep lengan atas (m trisep brachii). Bisep
menyebabkan gerakan fleksi pada lengan sedang trisep menyebabkan gerakan
extensi (meluruskan) lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2) <b>Kelompok
otot berdasarkan gerak dasar tertentu</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan fleksi (membengkokan tulang) misalnya M
bisep brachii membengkokan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: otot
yang menyebabkan gerakan extensi (meluruskan tulan) misalnya : M trisep
brachii meluruskan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
abductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan abduksi (menjauhi tubuh), misalnya m
deltoideus menyebabkan abduksi lengan atas pada sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
adductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan adduksi (mendekati tubuh), misalnya m
pectoralis mayor (otot dada besar) menyebabkan gerakan adduksi lengan atas
pada sendi bahu, jadi berlawanan dengan m deltoideus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pronator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan pronasi (memutar kebawah) misalnya : m
prenator kwadratus memutar telapak tangan sehingga tertelungkup yang
selalu bekerja sama secara sinergis dengan m prenator.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
supinator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan memutar/ke luar (supinasi). Misalnya : m
brachii yang memutar lengan bawah sehingga telapak tangan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rotator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi (memutar). Misalnya : m gluteus
maximus yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi ke dalam tungkai atas pad sendi
pangkal paha.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3) <b>Kelompok
otot yang bekerja pada satu sendi atau lebih</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
monoartikuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang hanya melalui satu sendi dan bekerja pada satu sendi tersebut.
Misalnya : m brachiodialis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
polyarticuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang melewati lebih dari satu sendi dan bekerja lebih dari satu sendi.
Misalnya : m hamstring pada daerah pangkal paha dan bekerja pada sendi
pangkal paha dan lutut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E.
</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OTOT SKELET PEMBENTUK TUBUH MANUSIA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot skelet terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kepala</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pada bagian kepala dibagi atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot kulit
kepala yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
occipitofrontalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os occipetalis dan
venter otot lainya pada os frontalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os temporalis dan lainya pada
os parietalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
kulit wajah yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
nasalis</i> (otot hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oculi</i> (otot lekuk mata)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oris</i> (otot sekitar mulut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (otot pelipis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
frontalis</i> (otot dahi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
sternocleiodomastoideus</i> (otot silang leher)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pengunyah yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
masseter</i>, menutup rahang dengan mengangkat mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i>, elevator rahan bawah yang paling kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
pterygoideus</i>, berperan dalam semua gerakan mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kepala merupakan otot mimic
yaiotu otot yang memancar kedalam kulit wajah maupun kepala, jika kontraksi
menyebabkan penggeseran kulit. Penggeseran tersebut mengakibatkan
lipatan-lipatan dan kerutan, inilah meruakan dasar dari ekspresi wjah
seseorang. Sehingga orang dapat memperlihatkan wajah gembira atau sedih dan
sebagainya. Ekpresi wajah tersebut tergantung pada banyak factor, diantaranya
usia, intelektual, sifat ras, pada orang yang masih muda, kulit masih elastic,
sehingga sifat kulit nasih reversible, tetapi pada orang
yang lebih tua, sifat elastisitet kulit
sudah mulai berkurang maka kerutan mungkin dapat menetap. Otot-otot kulit
kepala merupakan epikranius, sangat longgar dan berikatan dengan kulit kepala.
Terutama pada venter anteriornya dapat menimbulakn kerutan-kerutan pada dahi,
selain itu kontraksi kontraksi kedua venter frontalis dapat mengangkat alis
mata dan kelopak mata ats, hal ini dapat mengakibatkan ekspresi wajah
keheranan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang pada kulit wajah, m orbicularis
oculi berfungsi untuk menimbulkan ekspresi kekuatiran. Muskulus ini ada tiga
bagian yaitu pars orbitalis berfungsi untuk penutupan kelopak mata, pars
pelpebralis berkaitan dengan reflek mengedip, pars lacrimalis untuk
mengeluarkan isi air mata. Akrena hubungan serabut-serabut otot ini sangat erat
sekali dengankulit, maka dihasilkan lipatan-lipatan berbentuk radier pada
daerah sudut lateral mata. Pada usia lanjut daerah tersebut pada umumnya
terjadi lipatan yang permanen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot
badan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot pembentuk badan terdiri atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot
punggung</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung sejati terdapat dua buah
yang rumit susunanya, terletak disebelah belakang yang terdiri dari musculus
intervetrebalis. Otot punggung sejati tersebut dinamakan penegak batang badan
dan sangat penting artinya untuk sikap dan gerak tulang belakang. Biasanya otot
punggung sejati ditutup oleh otot punggung sekunder yang sebenarnya termasuk
otot-otot gerak atas maupun bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot
perut</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dinding depan perut dibentuk oleh otot
lurus perut (musculus rectus abdominis) yang terletak di kanan dan kiri garis
tengah badan (linea alba). Di sisinya terdapat otot lebar perut yang didalamnya
terdapat otot serong luar perut (musculus obliquus externus) dan di lapisan
dalamnya terdapat otot serong dalam perut (musculus obliquus internus) dan otot
lintang perut (musculus tranversus abdominis), otot tersebut terentang antar
gelang pinggul dan rangk adada, merupakan sebuah penututp yang dapat kontraksi
secara aktif sehingga dapat mempengaruhi letak dan gerak rangka dada dan secara
tidak langsung mempengaruhi setiap tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Otot
dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dada dibentuk oleh otot di
sela-sela iga (musculus intercostalis) yang mempengaruhi gerak iga serta
menjaga supaya tidak terjadi tonjolan maupun lekukan sela-sela antar iga yang
dikarenakan selalu berubah-ubah sesuai dengan fungsinya. Selain itu musculus
intercostalis juga berguna untuk menyempurna dinding thorax. Otot-otot leher
terentang antara pinggir atas tulang dada dan tulang lidah, ada pula yang
melekat pada pangkal tulang tengkorak. Otot tersebut penting artinya untuk
gerakan kepala dan leher, juga gerak pangkal tengkorak dan tulang lidah untuk
menelan. Otot-otot leher yang lain terletak didepan da di sisi tulang belakang
dan sebagian melekat pada tulang rusuk atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Otot pelvis (otot gelang
panggul)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong besar (m gluteus maximus).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong tengah ( m gluteus medius).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong kecil ( m gluteus minimus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot psoas yang melekat pada os coxa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot penegak selaput otot lebar ( m tensor fasciae alata).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M gluteus ketiganya berfungsi dalam
gerakan extensi dari extremitas inferior, sedang otot psoas dan m tensor fasciaealata
berfungsi untuk gerakan fleksi dari extremitas inferior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot-otot anggota tubuh
(extremitas)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Extremitas superior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk gerakan anggota atas, maka
diperlukan otot-otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan tas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagian otot gelang bahu terentang
antara rangka badan, tengkorak dan gelang bahu. Otot-otot tersebut adalah
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot belah ketupat ( m rhomboideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gergaji depan ( m serratus anterius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot kerudung ( m trapeizeus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot silang leher ( m sternocleidomastoideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Selain itu untuk menggerakan lengan atas
terhadap gelang bahu adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot deltoid terdapat di sebelah superior lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat kecil ( m caput breve bicep brachii) terdapat dibawah lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat besar ( m caput longum bicep brachii) yang erada di posterior m
caput breve bicep brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot yang terentang antara rangka badan
dengan lengan juga penting untuk gerakan abduksi dan adduksi extremitas
superior diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dada besar ( m pectoralis mayor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot punggung lebar ( m latissium dorsi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedangkan otot yang membentuk lengan
atas adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot flexor yang terletak didepan bidang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bicep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot brachialis ( m coracobrachialis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot extensor, terletak di bidang belakang lengan atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot fleksor (ketul) dan otot extensor
(kedang) tersebut juga dapat menggerakkan lengan di sendi siku dan sebagian
sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot penyusun lengan bawah berlekatan
dengan telapak tangan dan jari-jari dengan perantaraan urat-urat panjang yang
disebut urat pergelangan tangan yang melintang di daerah pergelangan tangan
(sponeurosis Palmaris) untuk menggerakkan pergelangan pergelangan tangan dan jari-jari,
sedang otot yang melekat pada os radius bertanggung jawab menggerakkan lengan
bawah. Menurut letak otot dalam hubunganya satu sama lain maka otot lengan
bawah denganpembatas os ulna dan os radius dengan membrane osseanya juga dapat
dibagi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ventral senagai otot flexor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dorsal sebagai otot extensor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Extremitas inferior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dapat dibedakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot
pangkal paha</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pangkal paha disusun oleh otot yang
sama dengan otot pelvis dan otot yang melekat pada os femoris dan gelang
panggul, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kuadrisep paha ( m
quadrisep femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot silang paha ( m
Sartorius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Optot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang belakang :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ramping ( m gracilis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot separuh selaput paha ( m semimembranus femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bisep paha ( m bisep femoris) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot
tungkai atas dan bawah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot tungkai semuanya melekat pada kai
dan jari-jari kaki dengan perantara tendon (urat-urat panjang), yang semuanya
diikat didaerah pergelangan kai. Terdapat tendo yang terbesar yaitu tendo
akhiles. Otot yang terdapat di tungkai :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golongan
depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot tulang kering
depan (m tibialis anterior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kedang jari (m
extensor digitorium manus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golonganterletak
dibidang luar<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot sisi betis panjang dan pendek ( m peroneus longus dan brevis fibularis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Golongan
belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep betis ( m trisep fibularis)yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perut
betis (m gastronemius)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot betis
(m soleus)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Urat
kering (tendo akhiles)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Golongan
bawah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot ketul dalam pada kaki dan
jari-jari kaki ( m flexor profundipedis et digitorium pedis). Keempat daerah
otot tersebut mempunyai fungsi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan depan untuk mengngkat
ujung kaki dan meregangkan jari-jari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bidang luar (sisi)
untuk menggerakan kaki keluar dari sendi loncat bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan belakan untuk menurunkan
ujung kaki, pada serabut otot tersebut kontraksi, juga untuk mengengkat tubuh
di atas jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bawah berfungsi untuk
menurunkan ujung kaka, membengkokan jari kaki dan menggerakan kak ke dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot
kaki</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kaki pendek dan telapak kaki
melekat pada jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E. FISIOLOGI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karakteristik ototnya adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Exitabilitas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu kemampuan dari jaringan otot untuk
menggadakan jawaban jika dirangsang atau dipacu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Conductivitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk
menghantarkan suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elastisitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk kembali ke
bentuk semula jika kekuatan yang ada padanya berhenti.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Viscositas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu sifat dari jaringan otot mempunyai tahanan
/ tekanan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Contraktilitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk memendek
atau berubah teganganya jika mendapat suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sehubungan dengan fungsi otot sebagai
gerak aktif, maka sifat yang terakhir adalah terpenting yaitu dapat kontraksi
bila mendapatkan stimulus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot sehubungan dengan fungsinya sebagai
alat gerak maupun penghasil panas, melakukan kerjanya dengan kontraksi yaitu
memendekkan otot, kontraksi otot akan terjadi bila mendapatkan rangsang dengan
kekuatan tertentu yang dikenal dengan nilai ambang. Agar terjadi respon, maka
besarnya pacu minimal sama dengan nilai ambang. Rangsang yang pacunya sama
dengan nilai ambang disebut pacu luminal, sedang yang kurang dari nilai ambang
disebut subminimal, kalu lebih dari nilai ambang dinamakan supraliminal. Hokum
“All or nothing” berlaku untuk kontraksi otot tersebut yang artinya bila sel
otot kontraksi maka akan melakukan kontraksi secara penuh, jika nilai ambang
telah tercapai, walaupun ditambah rangsang maka kontraksi tak akan bertambah,
sebaliknya jika rangsang kurang dari nilai ambang, maka sama sekali otot tidak
kontraksi. Namun demikian kondisi pada waktu stimulus berubah maka kekuatan
kontraksipun berubah, misalnya sel otot yang baru diregangkan, diberi suplay
makanan cukup, dioksigenasi dengan baik maka kontraksinya lebih kuat
dibandingkan dengan makan dan oksigenasi yang kurang. Prinsip all or nothing
tersebut hanya berlaku pada sel otot tunggal tetapi berlaku pada segumpal otot
ataupun organ otot (kecuali otot jantung), pada segumpal otot rangsang yang
kuat, juga akan menimbulkan kontraksi yang lebih kuat. Perbedaan tersebut
terjadi karena serabut syaraf motoris yang didistribusikan ke otot. Setiap
serabut otot tunggal dicabangkan menjadi seratus cabang kecil yang
masing-masing berakhir pada ujung otot tertentu yang disebut motor and plate
dan myoneural junction (hubungan otot-syaraf). Jadi satu serabut syaraf
menginervasi seratus serabut otot. Serabut syaraf motor tunggal bersama seratus
cabang serabut otot membentuk suatu motor unit pada terminalnya. Suatu stimulus
yang lebih kuat mengaktifkan beberapa motor unit, dengan demikian menghasilkan
kontraksi yang lebih kuat bila dibandingkan dengan stimulus yang lebih lemah.
Jantung meruppakan suatu organ yang mengikuti prinsip all or nothing karena
struktur percobaan sel otot jantung, maka setiap stimulus menyebar keseluruh
sel, mengaktifkan semua setiap waktu, sehingga dapat dihasilkan kontraksi
maksimum setiap waktu pada kondisi tertentu. Kekuatan setiap kontraksi otot
bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu tergantung beberapa factor :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Intensitas stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Lemah kuatnya stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Besarnya beban yang diterima otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal kontraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Kondisi metabolic yang menyertainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Dasar molekuler kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses yang menyebabkan pemendekan
unsure-unsur kontrasi otot adalah pergeseran filament halus dan filament tebal.
Sewaktu kontraksi, filament halus dari ujung berlawanan dari sarcomer akan
saling mendekati, kadang-kadang filament tersebut saling menetupi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pergeseran pada waktu otot kontraksi
dihasilkan dengan pemutusan dan pembentukan kembali ikatan silang antara myosin
dan aktin. Kepala molekul myosin terikat aktin secara menyudut, menggeser
myosin terhadap aktin secara memutar, melepaskan ikatan dan menyambung kembali
pada titik-titik yang selanjutnya. Tiap siklus pengikatan, penutaran dan
pemutusan memendekkan otot 1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Langkah-langkah kontaksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
muatan dari neuron motorik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
transmitter/asetilkholin pada lempeng ujung motorik/motor end plate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial lempeng ujung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial aksi pada serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penyebaran
depolarisasi ke dalam sepanjang saluran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
ion Ca+ dari reticulum sarkoplasma dan difusi Ca++ ke filament kasar dan halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pengikatan
Ca++ pada troponin C membebaskan daerah pengikatan myosin pada aktin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan
ikatan melintang antara aktin dan myosin dan pergeserkan pada filament kasar,
yang menyebabkan pemendekkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Langkah-langkah
relaksasi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dipompa kembali masuk ke dalam reticulum
sarcoplasma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dari tropin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penghentian
interaksi antara aktin dan myosin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Jenis-jenis
kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adanya
kontraksi otot dapat dilihat dan dicatat dengan alat yang dinamakan <i>kymograph
atau electromyograf</i> sedang hasil gambarnya berupa kymogram (grafik),
yang mempunyai 3 fase :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase kontraksi,
memendekkan serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase relaksasi,
kembali memanjang seperti semula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase laten merupakan
fase sebelum kontrasi, perubahan ini belum terlihat dari luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Secara sistematis ketiga fase
tersebut seperti dibawah ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase laten<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
kontraski<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rangsangan biasanya dating pada otot
secara berturut-turut. Pacu tersebut tergantung pada fase tertentu, dating pada
kedua selanjunya pacu ketiga dan seterusnya. Berdasarkan proses tersebut,
dikenal beberapa tipe grafik :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tunggal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus tak sempurna (klonus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jenis kontraksi otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
isotonis yaitu kontraksi yang melawan beban tetap dengan mendekatkan kedua
ujung otot. Sehingga ke dua otot sama-sama menghasilkan tonus (otot
menggadakan pemendekkan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
isometric, yaitu kontraksi tanpa pemendekkan yang nyata tetapi terjadi penembahan
tonus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Energi
untuk kontraksi otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy untuk pengaktifan otot diperoleh
dari ATP yang tersedia didalam serabut otot. ATP dipecah oleh enzim ATP-ase
menjadi ADP+P dan akibat pemecahan tersebut akan menghasilkan energy. Serabut
otot menyusun ATP dari reaksi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ADP + P + E——à ATP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut otot mempunyai mekanisme dasar
untuk menghasilkan ATP secara berkelanjutan. Proses tersebut memerlukan
beberapa molekul tinggi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phosphooreatin yang terdapat dalam serabut
otot dalam kondisi sentrasi 5 kalinya ATP. Phosphocreatin dipecah menjadi
creatin dan phosphat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Creatin + P + E ——- > ATP—–
> kontraksi otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pemecahan glikogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis merupakan sederetan reaksi
kimia dalam sel untuk mengubah glikon menjadi asam piruvat. Selama perubahan
energy kimia glikogen diubah menjadi ikatan phosphate tenaga tinggi (ATP) yang
dapat disimpan dalam otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikolisis aerobic (siklus kreb)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen O2——–Co2 + H2O +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikogen anaerobic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen ——à asam laktat +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy hasil pemecahan tersebut kemudian
digunakan untuk menyusun ATP melalui pembentukan kembali phosphocreatin. Oksigen
yang berperan dalam oksidasi seperlima asam laktat menghasilkan energy yang
penting dalam perubahan empat perlima bagian asam lektat menjadi glycogen.
Demikian seterusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f. Kelelahan
otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bila otot mendapat rangsangan luminal
atau supraliminal terus menerus maka pada menchanomygram akan tampak bahwa fase
latent menjadi labih lama, begitu pula fase kontraksi dan relaksasi, amplitude
atau tinggi kontraksi lebih rendah yang berarti kerja otot semakin berkurang.
Keadaan tersebut memperlihatkan adanyaa kelelahan otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kelelahan otot dapat diakibatkan karena
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Habisnya
bahan atau zat sebagai sumber energy untuk kontraksi otot, seperti
glokogen dan sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Akumulasi
hasil metabolism karena kontraksi otot, seperti asam laktat. Asam laktat
menghambat motor endplate akibatnya hantaran impuls dari saraf ke otot
terganggu, tetapi bila masih terdapat cadangan glikogen, maka otot
tersebut masih dapat mengadakan kontrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SIFAT
KERJA OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Sifat kerja otot dibedakan atas 2, yaitu:<br />
1. Antagonis<br />
2. Sinergis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Antagonis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot antagonis yaitu dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada suatu sendi dan
saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakannya saling menghambat. Jika salah
satu otot berkontraksi maka otot yang lainnya relaksasi.<br />
Contoh: otot lengan atas yang berfungsi menggerakkan lengan bawah. Untuk
mengangkat lengan bawah atau menurunkannya diperlukan dua otot rangka, yaitu
otot bisep dan otot trisep. Otot bisep berada pada lengan atas bagian depan
sedangkan otot trisep berada pada lengan atas bagian belakang. Jika otot bisep
berkontraksi, maka otot trisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan bawah terangkat.
Jika otot trisep berkontraksi maka otot bisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan
bawah turun dan lurus kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Efek kerja otot antagonis dibedakan
menjadi:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Fleksi dan ekstensi (membengkokkan dan meluruskan). Contohnya pada sendi
siku dan lutut.<br />
2. Abduksi dan adduksi (mendekati dan menjauhi badan)seperti pada sendi lengan
atas dan sendi paha.<br />
3. Pronasi dan supinasi (menengadah dan menelungkup), seperti ketika menengadah
dan menelungkupkan telapak tangan.<br />
4. Depresi dan elevasi (kebawah dan ke atas), misalnya gerak kepala menunduk
dan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Sinergis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot sinergis adalah dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada satu sendi dan
saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan searah. Contohnya gerak otot
pronator teres dan kuadratus yang menimbulkan gerakan menelungkup dan menengadah
pada telapak tangan, Otot bisep lengan atas dan otot pengangkat lengan atas
yang menyebabkan gerakan membengkokkan lengan bawah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(sumber : </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html"><b><i><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html</span></i></b></a></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. OTOT KERANGKA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot merupakan suatu organ/alat yang
memungkinkan tubuh dapat bergerak. Ini adalah suatu sifat penting bagi
organisme. Gerak sel terjadi karena sitoplasma mengubah bentuk (lihat cara
pergerakan amuba). Pada sel-sel, sitoplasma ini merupakan benang-benang halus
yang panjang disebut miofibril. Kalau sel otot mendapat rangsangan maka
miofibril akan memendek. Dengan kata lain sel otot akan memendekkan dirinya ke
arah tertentu (berkontraksi).<br />
<b>B. JENIS OTOT</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot motoritas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, disebut juga otot serat lintang oleh
karena di dalamnya protoplasma mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Pada umumnya
otot ini melekat pada kerangka sehingga disebut juga otot kerangka. Otot ini
dapat bergerak menurut kemauan kita (otot sadar), pergerakannya cepat tetapi
lekas lelah, rangsangan dialirkan melalui saraf motoris.<br />
<b><i>2. Otot otonom</i></b>, disebut juga otot polos karena protoplasmanya
licin tidak mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Otot-otot ini terdapat di
alat-alat dalam seperti ventrikulus, usus, kandung kemih, pembuluh darah dan
lain-lain, dapat bekerja di luar kemauan kita (otot tak sadar) oleh karena
rangsangannya melalui saraf otonom.<br />
<b><i>3. Otot jantung</i></b>, bentuknya menyerupai otot serat lintang di dalam
sel protoplsmanya terdapat serabut-serabut melintang yang bercabang-cabang
tetapi kalau kita melihat fungsinya seperti otot polos, dapat bergerak sendiri
secara otomatis oleh karena ia mendapat rangsangan dari susunan otonom. Otot
semacam ini hanya terdapat pada jantung yang mempunyai fungsi tersendiri.<br />
Sebagian besar otot tubuh ini melekat pada kerangka, dapat bergerak secara
aktif sehingga dapat menggerakkan bagian-bagian kerangka dalam suatu letak yang
tertentu. Jadi Otot kerangka merupakan sebuah alat yang menguasai gerak aktif
dan memelihara sikap tubuh. Dalam keadaan istriahat, keadaannya tidak kendur
sama sekali, tetapi mempunyai ketegangan sedikit yang disebut tonus. Ini pada
masing-masing orang berlainan bergantung pada umur, jenis kelamin, dan keadaan
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
<b>C. BAGIAN-BAGIAN DARI OTOT YAITU :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Kepala otot (muskulus kaput)<br />
2. Empal otot (muskulus venter)<br />
3. Ekor otot (muskulus kaudal)<br />
Kepala dan ekor otot merupakan jaringan ikat yang kuat disebut tendo, yaitu
tempat melekatnya otot pada tulang. Tempat melekatnya kepala otot pada pangkal
tulang disebut origo, dan tempat melekatnya ekor otot dinamakan insersi. Di
bagain tengah bentuknya gembung terdiri dari berkas-berkas otot yang merupakan
bagian aktif dalam berkontraksi yaitu muskulus venter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D. KONTRAKSI OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dapat mengadakan kontraksi dengan
cepat, apabila ia mendapat rangsangan dari luar berupa rangsangan arus listrik,
rangsangan mekanis panas, dingin dan lain-lain. Dalam keadaan sehari-hari otot
ini bekerja atau berkontraksi menurut pengaruh atau perintah yang datang dari
susunan saraf mototris.<br />
Selaput pembungkus. Tiap otot dikelilingi oleh jaringan yang merupakan selaput
pembungkus yang disebut perimisum/fasia. Fasia ini selain sebagai pembungkus
otot juga berfungsi:<br />
1. Menahan dan melindungi otot supaya otot tetap pada tempatnya<br />
2. Tempat asal/origo dari beberapa otot<br />
3. Tempat letaknya pembuluh darah dan saraf untuk jaringan otot<br />
Di antara urat otot dan tulang terdapat kandung lendir yang disebut juga mukosa
bursa yang di dalamnya berisi lendir yang berguna untuk melicinkan urat
tersebut terhadap pergeseran dengan tulang. Di samping itu juga memudahkan
gerak otot terhadap kedudukan tulang.<br />
Retikulum, adalah bagian yang padat dari fasia dalam dan mengikat tendo, yang
berjalan melalui pergelangan mata kaki dan pergelangan tangan.<br />
Diafragma, struktur muskulus tendonium yang memisahkan rongga toraks dengan
rongga abdomen dan membentuk lantai dari rongga toraks atau rongga abdomen.
Diafragma, muncul dari vertebra lumbalis melalui dua ruang kurvautra dari
permukaan dalam prosesus xifoid dan permukaan dalam dari 6 pasang iga terbawah.<br />
<b>E. MACAM-MACAM OTOT</b><br />
1. Menurut bentuk dan serabutnya, meliputi otot serabut sejajar atau bentuk
kumparan, otot bentuk kipas, otot bersirip dan otot melingkar/sfingter<br />
2. Menurut jumlah kepalanya, meliputi otot berkepala dua, otot berkepala
tiga/triseps dan otot berkepala empat/quadriseps<br />
3. Menurut pekerjaannya, meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot sinergis, otot bekerja
bersama-sama<br />
b. Otot antagonis, yaitu otot yang bekerjanya berlawanan<br />
c. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota menjauhi tubuh<br />
d. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota mendekati tubuh<br />
e. Otot fleksor, yaitu otot yang membengkokkan sendi tulang atau melipat sendi<br />
f. Otot ekstensor, otot yang meluruskan kembali sendi tulang kedudukan semula<br />
g. Otot pronator, ketika ulna dan radial dalam keadaan sejajar<br />
h. Otot suponator, ulna dan radial dalam keadaan menyilang<br />
i. Endorotasi, memutar ke dalam<br />
j. Eksorotasi, memutar ke luar<br />
k. Dilatasi, memanjangkan otot<br />
l. Kontraksi, memendekkan otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
4. Menurut letaknya otot-otot tubuh dibagi dalam beberapa golongan yaitu:<br />
a. Otot bagian kepala<br />
b. Otot bagian leher<br />
c. Otot bagian dada<br />
d. Otot bagian perut<br />
e. Otot bagain punggung<br />
f. Otot bahu dan lengan<br />
g. Otot panggul<br />
h. Otot anggota gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot Kepala<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bagian ini dibagi menjadi 5 bagian:<br />
<i>1. Otot pundak kepala</i>, funsinya sebagian kecil membentuk gales
aponeurotika disebut juga muskulus oksipitifrontalis, dibagi menajdi 2 baigan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus frontalis, funsinya
mengerutkan dahi dan menarik dahi mata<br />
b. Oksipitalis terletak di bagian belakang, fungsinya menarik kulit ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot wajah terbagi atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot mata (muskulus rektus okuli) dan
otot bola mata sebanyak 4 buah<br />
b. Muskulus oblikus okuli/otot bola mata sebanyak 2 buah, fungsinya memutar
mata<br />
c. Muskulus orbikularis okuli/otot lingkar mata terdapat di sekliling mata,
funsinya sebagai penutup mata atau otot sfingter mata<br />
d. Muskulus levator palpebra superior terdapat pada kelopak mata. Fungsinya
menarik, mengangkat kelopak mata atas pada waktu membuka mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot mulut bibir dan pipi, terbagi
atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. <i>Muskulus triangularis</i> dan
muskulus orbikularis oris/otot sudut mulut, fungsinya menarik sudut mulut ke
bawah<br />
b<i>. Muskulus quadratus</i> labii superior, otot bibir atas mempunyai
origo penggir lekuk mata menuju bibir atas dan hidung<br />
c. <i>Muskulus quadratus labii inferior,</i> terdapat pada dagu
merupakan kelanjutan pada otot leher. Fungsinya menarik bibir ke bawah atau
membentuk mimik muka ke bawah<br />
d. <i>Muskulus buksinator</i>, membentuk dinding samping rongga mulut.
Origo pada taju mandibula dan insersi muskulus orbikularis oris. Fungsinya
untuk menahan makanan waktu mengunyah.<br />
e. <i>Muskulus zigomatikus/otot pipi</i>, fungsinya untuk mengangkat dagu
mulut ke atas waktu senyum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Otot pengunyah/otot yang bekerja
waktu mengunyah, teerbagi atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus maseter, fungsinya
mengangkat rahang bawah pada waktu mulut terbuka<br />
b. Muskulus temporalis fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke atas dan ke belakang<br />
c. Muskulus pterigoid internus dan eksternus, fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke
depan.<br />
5. Otot lidah sangat berguna dalam membantu pancaindra untuk menunyah, terbagi
atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus genioglosus, fungsinya
mendorong lidah ke depan<br />
b. Muskulus stiloglosus, fungsinya menarik lidah ke atas dan ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot Leher</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
1. Muskulus platisma, terdapat di samping leher menutupi sampai bagian dada.
Fungsinya menekan mandibula, menarik bibir ke bawah dan mengerutkan kulit
bibir.<br />
2. Muskulus sternokleidomastoid di samping kiri kanan leher ada suatu tendo
sangat kuat. Fungsinya menarik kepala ke samping, ke kiri, dan ke kanan,
memutar kepala dan kalau keduanya bekerja sama merupakan fleksi kepala ke depan
disamping itu sebagai alat bantu pernapasan..<br />
3. Muskulus longisimus kapitis, terdiri dari splenius dan semispinalis kapitis.
Ketiga otot ini terdapat di belakang leher, terbentang dari belakang kepala ke
prosesus spinalis korakoid. Fungsinya untuk menarik kepala belakang dan menggelengkan
kepala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.
Otot Bahu<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bahu hanya meliputi sebuah sendi
saja dan membungkus tulang pangkal lengan dan tulang belikat akromion yang
teraba dari luar.<br />
1. M. deltoid (otot segitiga), otot ini membentuk lengkung bahu dan berpangkal
di bagian sisi tulang selangka ujung bahu, balung tulang belikat dan diafise
tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot ini dan taju besar tulang pangkal lengan
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan sampai mendatar.<br />
2. M. subskapularis (otot depan tulang belikat) Otot ini mulai dari bagian
depan tulang belikat, menuju taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan, di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya menengahkan dan memutar tulang humerus ke
dalam.<br />
3. M. supraspinatus (otot atas balung tualang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah atas menuju ke taju besar tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya
mengangkat lengan.<br />
4. M. infraspinatus (otot bawah balung tulang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah bawah balung tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang
pangkal lengan. Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<br />
5. M. teres mayor (ototo lengan bulat besar). Otot ini berpangkal di siku bawah
tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot
lengan bulat kecil dan otot lengan bulat besar terdapat kepala yang panjang
dari muskulus triseps brakii. Fungsinya bisa memutar lengan ke dalam.<br />
6. M. teres minor (otot lengan belikat kecil). Otot ini berpangakal di siku
sebelah luar tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang ke pangkal lengan.
Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.
Otot Dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri atas:<br />
<i>1. Otot dada besar (muskulus pektoralis mayor).</i> Pangkalnya terdapat
di ujung tengah selangka, tulang dada dan rawan iga. Fungsinya dapat memutar
lengan ke dalam dan menengahkan lengan, menarik lengan melalui dada, merapatkan
lengan ke dalam.<br />
<i>2. Otot dada kecil (muskulus pektoralis minor).</i> Terdapat di bawah
otot dada besar, berpangkal di iga III, IV dan V menuju ke prosesus korakoid.
Fungsinya menaikkan tulang belikat dan menekan bahu.<br />
<i>3. Otot bawah selangka (muskulus subklavikula).</i> Terdapat di antara
tulang selangka dan ujung iga I, bagian dada atas sebelah bawah os klavikula.
Fungsinya menetapkan tulang selangka di sendi sebelah tulang dada dan menekan
sendi bahu ke bawah dan ke depan.<br />
4. <i>Otot gergaji depan(muskulus seratus anterior).</i> Berpangkal
di iga I sampai IX dan menuju ke sisi tengah tulang belikat, tetapi yang
terbanyak menuju ke bawah.<br />
5.<i> Otot dada sejati y</i>aitu otot-otot sela iga luar dan otot-otot
sela iga dalam. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan iga waktu bernapas. Otot
dada bagian dalam disebut juga otot dada sejati, yaitu otot dada yang membantu
pernapasan terdiri dari:<br />
– Muskulus interkostalis eksternal dan internal terdapat di antara
tulang-tulang iga. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan tulang iga ke atas dan
ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
– Muskulus diaragmatikus, merupakan alat istimewa yang di tengahnya mempunayi
aponeurosis yang disebut sentrum tendineum. Bentuknya melengkung ke atas
mengahadap ke rongga toraks, mempunyai lobang tempat lalu aorta vena kava dan
esofagus. Fungsinya menjadi batas antara rongga dada dan rongga perut.
Kontraksi dan relaksinya memperkecil serta memperbesar rongga dada waktu
bernapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.
Otot Perut<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri atas:<br />
1. Muskulus abdominis internal (dinding perut). Garis di tengah dinding perut
dinamakan linea alba, otot sebelah luar (muskulus abdominis eksternal). Otot
yang tebal dinamakan aponeurosis, membentuk kandung otot yang terdapat di
sebelah kiri dan kanan linea itu.<br />
2. Lapisan sebelah luar sekali dibentuk otot miring luar (muskulus obliqus
eskternus abdominis). Berpangkal pada igaV sampai iga yang bawah sekali.
Serabut ototnya yang sebelah belakang menuju ke tepi tulang panggul
(kristailiaka). Serabut yang depan menuju linea alba. Serabut yang tengah
membentuk ikat yang terbentang dari spina iliaka anterior superior ke simfisis.<br />
3. Lapisan kedua di bawah otot dibentuk oleh otot perut dalam(M. obliqus
internus abdominis). Serabut miring menuju ke atas dan ke tengah. Aponeurosis
terbagi 2 dan ikut membentuk kandung otot perut lurus sebelah depan dan
belakang muskulus rektus abdominis, otot perut lurus mulai dari pedang rawan
iga III di bawah dan menuju ke simfisi. Otot ini mempunyai 4 buah urat
melintang.<br />
4. Muskulus transversus abdominis, merupakan xifoid menuju artikule ke kosta
III terus ke simfisis. Otot ini membentuk 4 buah urat yang bentuknya melintang
dibungkus oleh muskulus rektus abdominis dan otot vagina.<br />
Otot yang masuk ke dalam formasi bagian bawah dinding perut atau dinding
abdominal posterior :<br />
1. Muskulus psoas, terletak di belakang diafragma bagain bawah mediastinum,
berhubungan dengan quadratus lumborum di dalamnya terdapt arteri, vena dan
kelenjar limfe<br />
2. Muskulus iliakus terdapat pada sisi tulang ilium, sebelah belakang berfungsi
menopang sekum, dan sebelah depan menyentuh kolon desendens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.
Otot Punggung<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung (bagian belakang tubuh),
otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
<i>a. Otot yang ikut menggerakkan lengan</i><br />
1. Trapezius (otot kerudung). Terdapat di semua ruas-ruas tulang punggung.
Berpangkal di tulang kepala belakang. Fungsinya: mengangkat dan menarik sendi
bahu. Bagian atas menarik skapula ke bagian medial dan yang bawah menarik ke
bagian lateral.<br />
2. Muskulus latisimus dorsi (otot pungung lebar), berpangkal pada ruas tulang
punggung yang kelima dari bawah fasia lumboid, tepi tulang punggung dan iga III
di bawah, gunanya menutupi ketiak bagian belakang, menengahkan dan memutar
tulang pangkal lengan ke dalam.<br />
3. Muskulus rumboid (otot belah ketupat), berpangkal dari taju duri, dari tulang
leher V, ruas tulang punggung V, di sisni menuju ke pinggir tengah tulang
belikat. Gunanya menggerakkan tulang belikat ke atas dan ke tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot antara ruas tulang belakang dan iga</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot yang bekerja menggerakkan tulang iga atau otot bantu pernapasan, terdir
dari dua otot yaitu:<br />
1. Muskulus seratus posterior inferior (otot gergaji belakang bawah). Terletak
di bawah otot pungung lebar, berpangkal di fasia lumbodorsalis dan menuju ke
iga V dari bawah. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
2. Muskulus seratus posterior superior, terletak di bawah otot belah ketupat
dan berpangkal di ruas tulang leher keenam dan ketujuh dari ruas tulang
punggung yang kedua. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke atas waktu inspirasi.<br />
<i>c. Otot punggung sejati</i><br />
1. Muskulus interspinalis transversi dan muskulus semispinalis, terdapat di
antara kiri-kanan prosesus transversus dan prosesus spina. Fungsinya untuk
sikap dan pergerakan tulang belakang.<br />
2. Muskulus sakrospinalis (muskulus eraktor spina) terletak di samping ruas
tulang belakang kiri dan kanan. Fungsinya memelihara dan menjaga kedudukan
kolumna vertebra dan pergerakan dari ruas tulang belakang<br />
3. Mukulus quadratus lumborum, terletak antara krista iliaka dan os kosta,
terdiri dari 2 lapisan; fleksi dari vertebra lumbalis dan di samping itu juga
merupakan dinding bagian belakang rongga perut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.
Otot pangkal lengan atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
a. Otot-otot ketul (fleksor):<br />
1. Muskulus biseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 2). Otot ini meliputi 2 buah
sendi dan mempunyai 2 buah kepala (kaput). Kepala yang panjang melekat di dalam
sendi bahu, kepala yang pendek melekatnya di sebelah luar dan yang kedua di
sebelah dalam. Otot itu ke bawah menuju ke tulang pengumpil. Di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku, meratakan
hasta dan mengangkat lengan.<br />
2. Muskulus brakialis (otot lengan dalam). Otot ini berpangkal di bawah otot
segitiga di tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju taju di pangkal tulang hasta.
Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku.<br />
3. Muskulus korakobrakialis. Otot ni berpangkal di prosesus korakoid dan menju
ke tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot-otot kedang (ekstensor):<br />
Muskulus triseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 3)<br />
1. Kepala luar berpangkal di sebelah belakang tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju
ke bawah kemudian bersatu dengan yang lain.<br />
2. Kepala dalam dimulai di sebelah dalam tulang pangkal lengan.<br />
3. Kepala panjang dimulai pada tulang di bawah sendi dan ketiganya mempunyai
sebuah urat yang melekat di olekrani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.
Otot lengan bawah<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kedang yang memainkan
peranannya dalam pengetulan di atas sendi siku, sendi-sendi tangan, sendi-sendi
jari, dan sebagian dalam terak silang hasta:<br />
a. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radialis longus<br />
b. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radiais brevis<br />
c. Muskulus ekstensor karpi ulnaris. Ketiga otot ini fungsinya sebagai ekstensi
lengan (menggerakkan lengan)<br />
d. Digitonum karpi radialis, fungsinya ekstensi jari tangan kecuali ibu jari<br />
e. Muskulus ekstensor policis longus, fungsinya ekstensi ibu jari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot ketul yang mengedangkan
siku dan tangan serta ibu jari dan meratakan hasta tangan. Otot-otot ini
berkumpul sebagai berikut.<br />
a. Otot-otot di sebelah tapak tangan. Otot-otot ini ada 4 lapis. Lapis yang
ke-2 di sebelah luar berpangkal di tulang pangkal lengan. Di dalam lapis yang
pertama terdapat otot-otot yang meliputi sendi siku, sendi antara hasta dan
tulang pengumpil sendi di pergelangan. Fungsinya dapat membengkokkan jari
tangan. Lapis ke-4 ialah otot-otot untuk sendi-sendi antara tulang hasta dan
tulang pengumpil. Di antara otot-otot ini disebut:<br />
– Otot silang hasta bulat (muskulus pronator teres). Fungsinya dapat
mengerjakan silang hasta dan membengkokkan lengan bawah siku<br />
– Otot-otot ketul untuk tangan dan jari tangan: muskulus palmaris ulnaris,
berfungsi mengetulkan lengan; muskulus palmaris longus; muskulus fleksor karpi
radialis, muskulus fleksor digitor sublimis, fungsinya fleksi jari kedua dan
kelingking; muskulus fleksor digitorum profundus, fungsinya fleksi jari
1,2,3,4; muskulus fleksor poicis longus, fungsinya fleksi ibu jari<br />
– Otot yang bekerja memutar radialis (pronator dan supinator) terdiri dari:
muskulus pronator teres equadratus, fungsinya pronasi tangan; muskulus spinator
brevis, fungsinya supinasi tangan<br />
b. Otot-otot di sebelah tulang pengumpil, berfungsi membengkokkan lengan di
siku, membengkokkan tangan ke arah tulang pengumpil atau tulang hasta.<br />
c. Otot-otot di sebelah punggung atas, disebut otot kedang jari bersama yang
meluruskan jari tangan. Otot yang lain meluruskan ibu jari (telunjuk).
Otot-otot lengan bawah mempunyai urat yang panjang di bagaian bawah di dekat
pergelangan dan di tangan. Urat-urat tersebut mempunyai kandung urat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.Otot-otot
tangan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Di tangan terdapat otot-otot tangan pendek terdapat diantara tulang-tulang
tapak tangan atau membantu ibu jantung tangan (thener) dan anak jantung
tangan(hipothener).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.
Otot-otot sekitar panggul</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot ini berasal dari tulang panggul atau kolumna vertebralis menuju ke pangkal
paha.<br />
1. Sebelah depan bagian dalam dari panggul terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus psoas mayor, terbentang dari prosesus transversi lumbalis menuju
trokanter minor dan iliakus<br />
b. Muskulus iliakus, berasal dari fosa iliaka menuju trokanter minor<br />
c. Muskulus psoas minor, yang terletak di muka psoas mayor. Ketiga otot ini
disebut juga otot iliopsoas, fungsinya mengangkat dan memutar tungkai ke bagian
luar<br />
2. Sebelah belakang bagian luar terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus gluteus maksmius merupakan otot yang terbesar yang terdapat di
sebelah luar panggul membentuk bokong. Fungsinya, antagonis dari iliopsoas
yaitu rotasi fleksi dan endorotasi femur.<br />
b. Muskulus gluteus medius dan minimus. Fungsinya, abduksi dan endoratasi dari
femur dan bagian medius eksorotasi femur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.
Otot-otot tungkai atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot tungkai atas (otot pada paha), mempunyai selaput pembungkus yang sangat
kuat dan disebut fasia lata yang dibagi atas 3 golongan yaitu:<br />
1. Otot abduktor terdiri dari:<br />
a. Muskulus abduktor maldanus sebelah dalam<br />
b. Muskulus adduktor brevis sebelah tengah<br />
c. Muskulus abduktor longus sebelah luar<br />
Ketiga otot ini menjadi satu yang disebut muskulus abduktor femoralis.
Fungsinya menyelenggarkan gerakan abduksi dari femur.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor (quadriseps femoris) otot berkepala empat. Otot ini
merupakan otot yang terbesar terdiri dari:<br />
1. Muskulus rektus femoris<br />
2. Muskulus vastus lateralis eksternal<br />
3. Muskulus vastus medialis internal<br />
4. Muskulus vastus intermedial<br />
5. Otot fleksor femoris, yang terdapat di bagian belakang paha terdiri dari:<br />
a. Biseps femoris, otot berkepala dua. Fungsinya membengkokkan paha dan
meluruskan tungkai bawah.<br />
b. Muskulus semi membranosus, otot seperti selaput. Fungsinya membengkokkan
tungkai bawah.<br />
c. Muskulus semi tendinosus, otot seprti urat. Fungsinya membengkokkan urat
bawah serta memutarkan ke dalam.<br />
d. Muskulus sartorius, otot penjahit. Bentuknya panjang seperti pita, terdapat
di bagain paha. Fungsi: eksorotasi femur memutar ke luar pada waktu lutut
mengetul, serta membantu gerakan fleksi femur dan membengkokkan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l.
Otot tungkai bawah</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri dari:<br />
1. Otot tulang kering depan muskulus tibialis anterior. Fungsinya mengangkat
pinggir kaki sebelah tengah dan membengkokkan kaki.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor talangus longus. Fungsinya meluruskan jari telunjuk ke
tengah jari, jari manis dan kelingking kaki.<br />
3. Otot kedang jempol, fungsinya dapat meluruskan ibu jari kaki. Urat-urat
tersebut dipaut oleh ikat melintang dan ikat silang sehingga otot itu bisa
membengkokkan kaki ke atas. Otot-otot yang terdapat di belakang mata kaki luar
dipaut oleh ikat silang dan ikat melintang. Fungsinya dapat mengangkat kaki
sebelah luar.<br />
4. Urat akiles (tendo achlilles). Fungsinya meluruskan kaki di sendi tumit dan
membengkokkan tungkai bawah lutut (muskulus popliteus). Yang:<br />
a. Berpangkal pada kondilus tulang kering.<br />
b. Melintang dan melekat di kondilus lateralis tulang paha. Fungsinya memutar
fibia ke dalam (endorotasi). Otot ketul jari (muskulus fleksor falangus
longus). Berpangkal pada tulang kering dan uratnya menuju telapak kaki dan
melekat pada ruas jari kaki. Fungsinya membengkokkan jari dan menggerakkan kaki
ke dalam<br />
5. Otot ketul empu kaki panjang (muskulus falangus longus). Berpangkal pada
betis, uratnya melewati tulang jadi dan melekat pada ruas empu jari. Fungsinya
membengkokkan empu kaki.<br />
6. Otot tulang betis belakang (muskulus tibialis posterior). Berpangkal pada
selaput antara tulang dan melekat pada pangkal tulang kaki. Fungsinya dapat
membengkokkan kaki di sendi tumit dan telapak kaki di sebelah ke dalam.<br />
7. Otot kedang jari bersama. Letaknya di punggung kaki, fungsinya dapat
meluruskan jari kaki (muskulus ekstensor falangus 1-5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot yang lain antara lain:<br />
a. Otot ketul<br />
b. Otot penengah empu kaki, telapak di telapak kaki<br />
c. Otot penepsi, terletak di sebelah punggung kaki. Aponeurosis plantaris,
tapak kaki yang ditutupi oleh selaput</span><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sesi Tanya Jawab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pertanyaan Kelompok penyanggah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah ada dampak
dalam mempletekan jari? Sumber bunyi terdapat dari mana?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">engan membunyikan tulang leher, gerakan membunyikan buku-buku
atau sendi di jari merupakan kebiasaan yang salah karena menyalahi aturan
persendian normalnya dan dapat menghancurkan tulang-tulang rawan di
dalamnya.Jika kebiasaan ini dilakukan terus menerus maka dapat menimbulkan
penyakit sendi yang kronis di kemudian hari</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi kita mengandung sesuatu yang disebut sinovia, yang
membantu melumasi sendi. Cairan sinovia mengandung gas oksigen, nitrogen, dan
karbondioksida Cairan yang berpindah ini menciptakan ruang kosong, yang dengan
cepat terisi dengan gas lagi. Perpindahan gas yang cepat inilah yang
memunculkan bunyi letupan.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah tulang wajah
tiap individu berbeda? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak,Kerangka
tengkorak pada manusia itu sama satu sama lain,yang membedakannya itu adalah
bentuk muka seperti hidung,mata,mulut yang membedakannya.Perbedaan wajah pada
tiap individu dilandasi faktor Gen atau keturunan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana proses
penyembuhan patah tulang? Waktunya berapa lama?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 1 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peradangan
(inflammation) Tulang patah baik terbuka atau tertutup akan menimbulkan
perdarahan sekecil apapun itu dan membuat jaringan di sekitarnya
meradang yang ditandai dengan bengkak, memerah dan teraba hangat serta tentunya
terasa sakit. Tahap ini dimulai pada hari ketika patah tulang terjadi dan
berlangsung sekitar 2 sampai 3 minggu</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 2 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan kalus
halus (soft callus) Antara 2 sampai 3 setelah cedera, rasa sakit dan
pembengkakan akan mulai hilang. Pada tahap penyembuhan patah tulang ini,
terbentuk kalus yang halus di kedua ujung tulang yang patah sebagai cikal bakal
yang menjembatani penyambungan tulang namun kalus ini belum dapat terlihat
melalui rongsen. Tahap ini biasanya berlangsung hingga 4 sampai 8 minggu
setelah cedera</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
3: Pembentukan kalus keras (hard callus) Antara 4 sampai 8 minggu, tulang baru
mulai menjembatani fraktur (soft callus berubah menjadi hard callus) dan dapat
dilihat pada x-rays atau rongsen. Dengan waktu 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah
cedera, tulang baru telah mengisi fraktur.</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
4: Remodeling tulang Dimulai sekitar 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah cedera, sisi
fraktur mengalami remodeling (memperbaiki atau merombak diri) memperbaiki
setiap cacat yang mungkin tetap sebagai akibat dari cedera. Ini tahap akhir
penyembuhan patah tulang yang dapat bertahan hingga beberapa tahun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #535353;"><br />
<span style="background: #F6F4F1;">Bersumber dari:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mediskus.com/kb/penyembuhan-patah-tulang"><span style="background: #F6F4F1; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #3f76d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Penyembuhan Patah Tulang | Mediskus.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nutrisi apa yang
bagus untuk mencegah pengapuran tulang, dan pengkroposan tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencegah pengapuran
dan pengeroposan tulang yaitu dengan mengkonsmsi bahan makanan yang mengandung </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kalsium dan vitamin D. Vitamin D bisa mudah kita
dapatkan juga dengan cara berjemur pada sinar matahari pagi. Vitamin D juga
bisa diperoleh dari makanan antara lain telur, ikan, susu dan keju.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana cara
kerja tulang sesamoid untuk melindungi tendo terhadap kausan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh tulang
sesamoid yaitu tulang patella,yaitu berfungsi melindungi tendo dari kausan atau
benturan dan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">mengurangi
pergeseran dan perubahan arah dari tendo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\user\Documents\tulang patella.jpg" id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 254.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 270.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="tulang patella" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya</span></a><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 pukul 13:00)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem rangka
hidrostatik, pengertian sistem rangka hidrostatik adalah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kerangka
cairan. Artinya, bukannya mendukung tubuh dengan zat keras, baik di dalam atau
di luar, dukungan terdiri dari cairan bertekanan tertutup dalam kompartemen
tubuh. The hidrostatik kerangka memberikan dukungan dan gerakan untuk berbagai hewan,
termasuk sebagian cnidaria, cacing pipih, nematoda, dan Annelida. Hewan ini
bergerak dengan mengerahkan tekanan otot mereka pada kompartemen cairan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik</span></a><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 \pukul 13:45 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan kelompok lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Shinta : Apakah
Tulang Mempengaruhi Tinggi Pendek Seseorang? Penyebab Dan Kandungan Yang Dapat
Mempengaruhi Tinggi Dan Pendek Seseorang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ya,Karena
Tulang adalah patokan untuk pengukuran tinggi badan seseorang yang dapat
diukur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kandungan Yang
Mempengaruhi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Kalsium Contohnya Keju,yogurt,ikan,brokoli,almond,tahu Dan Susu
Kedelai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Vitamin D Contohnya . Udang Jamur,telur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Makanan
Yang Mengandung Magnesium Contohnya Kacang Kacangan,bayam,sereal,gandum,kentang
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://</span></a><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (12 November 2015 pukul 13:55)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikrimah : proses
terjadinya pengapuran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Osteoarthritis
atau pengapuran sendi adalah penyakit yang terjadi pada sendi yang ditandai
dengan adanya penipisan atau pengikisan tulang rawan sendi sehingga bantalan
sendi makin lama akan menjadi semakin tipis yang akhirnya akan menghilang
ataupun gundul sehingga sendi akan merasa nyeri saat sedang digerakkan.Terjadi
karena faktor usia,kelebihan berat badan,dan melakukan pekerjaan yang berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Halimah : bagaimana
cara tulang menyerap nutrisi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tulang
menyerap nutrisi yang di bawa oleh darah melalui pembuluh darah.Boron dan adalah dua nutrisi akan meningkatan penyerapan
kalsium dalam darah dan tulang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(13 November
2015 pukul 14:15)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yayah : penyembuhan
tulang kering bila terbentur ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengkompres
dingin pada benjolan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengoleskan
trombopop pada benjolan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mencegah
benturan terulang pada tempat yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015
pukul 14:43)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yunita : pemberian
tegak adakah dampak bagi ruas-ruas tulang belakang pada kasus paskibra?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak ada
pengaruh,karna sikap tegap pada paskibra malah mengurangi dampak kerusakan pada
tuang belakang.Karena bungkuk adalah sikap tubuh yang buruk. Dan sikap tubuh
yang buruk dapat membuat sakit punggung dan sakit pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung</span></a><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(13 November 2015 pukul 15:48)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rotua : efek high
heels pada tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">High Heels
akan mengakibatkan tekanan yang tinggi pada permukaan telapak kaki anda
sehingga akan memicu metatarsalgia yaitu kondisi sakit yang parah atau kram
yang ditimbulkan oleh bagian anterior tulang telapak, biasanya anda akan
mengalami nyeri pada bagian tumit dan mata kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bunions<br />
Ini adalah pertumbuhan tulang yang terjadi di sekitar pangkal jempol kaki dan
dapat menyebabkan jempol kaki bengkok dan mengarah ke jari-jari kaki lainnya
yang menimbulkan rasa nyeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan</span></a><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (
13 November 2015 pukul 15:58 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Destia : manfaaat
alat penyangga bagi korban kecelakaan patah tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penggunaan
gips, korset, dan bahan logam memiliki satu tujuan yang sama, yaitu untuk
mengembalikan posisi tulang atau patahan tulang ke semula. Gips, korset,
dan bahan logam yang berfungsi untuk membantu mempertahankan bentuk tulang,
salah satunya adalah karena ditakutkan apabila tidak ada penyangga yang
menahan, bentuk tulang akan mengalami kelainan bentuk, misalnya bengkok atau
tidak seperti keadaan semula. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang</span></a><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015 pukul 14:13 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Agita : Kenapa
tulang ekor sangat rawan terhadap benturan yang dapat menimbulkan kebutaan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahli
bedah tulang belakang dari Ramsay Spine Center Rumah Sakit Premier Bintaro, dr
Luthfi Gatam, SpOT, meluruskan anggapan keliru ini. Menurutnya, posisi jatuh
terduduk memang berbahaya, tetapi bukan memiliki korelasi terhadap kebutaan,
melainkan pada kelumpuhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 36pt; text-align: center;">Makalah</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anatomi Fisiologi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem Otot dan Rangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Disusun oleh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> : Dinar Rachma Kartina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Lila Putri Zaskia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dosen Pembimbing : Dr.Maria Poppy Herliyanti M.Epd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Prodi DIII
Jurusan Gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt;">Politeknik
Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Jakarta 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jakarta
2015</span><span class="MsoIntenseReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka </span></b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #c0504d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; letter-spacing: .25pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: accent2;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Skelet atau Kerangka terdiri
dari tulang dan tulang rawan. tulang adalah jaringan ikat yang bersifat kaku
dan membentuk bagian besar kerangka serta merupakan jaringan penunjang tubuh
utama. Rangkaian tulang yang mendukung dan melindungi beberapa organ
lunak,terutama dalam tulang tengkorak (cranium) dan panggul .Kerangka juga
berfungsi sebagai alat ungkit pada gerakan dan menyediakan permukaan untuk
kaitan otot-otot rangka,tempat pembuatan sel-sel darah .Rata-rata manusia
dewasa memiliki 206 tulang,walaupun jumlah ini dapat bevariasi antara
individu.Kerangka tubuh manusia terdiri dari susunan berbagai macam tulang yang
satu sama lainnya saling berhubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penggolongan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang di golongkan menurut
bentuknya yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
panjang adalah tubular (misalnya humerus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendek adalah kuboidal,dan hanya terdapat di pergelangan kaki (tarsus) dan di
pergelangan tangan (carpus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang pipih
umumnya berguna sebagai pelindung (misalnya tulang pipih cranium melindungi
otak)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang tak
beraturan dengan bentuk aneka ragam (misalnya tulang wajah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
sesamoid (ossa sesamoide),terbentuk dalam tendo tertentu (misalnya patella) dan terdapat di tempat
persilangan tendo dengan ujung tulang panjang extremitas; tulang sesamoid
melindungi tendo terhadap keausan berlebih dan sering kali mengubah sudut tendo
sewaktu menuju ke tempat lekatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Cirri-ciri khusus terjadi pada
tempat lekat tendo,ligaentum,dan fascia.Ciri-ciri dan tanda istimewa pada yang
di beri nama:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Condylus
(daerah persendian yang membulat ) misalnya condylus laterlis ossis femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Crista (rigi
pada tulang) misalnya crista iliaca)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Epicondylus
(tonjolan di atas kondilus)misalnya epicondylus lateralis ossis humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Facies
(permukaan licin dan datar yang merupakan tempat pertemuan dua tulang)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Foramen (lubang
melalui tulang) misalnya foramen obturatum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fosa (lekuk
atau daerah yang melesak) misalnya fossa infraspinata os scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Linea
(peninggian berupa garis) misalnya linea musculi solei,linea poplitea ossis
tibiae.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Malleolus
(tonjolan yang membulat) misalnya malleolus lateralis ossis fibulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Protuberantia
(penonjolan) misalnya protuberantia occipitalis externa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Spina (tonjolan
menyerupai duri) misalnya spina scapulae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Processus
spinosus (tonjolan yang menyerupai duri) misalnya procesus vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Trochanter
(peninggian besar yang tumpul) misalnya trochanter major femoris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">m.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberculum
(peninggian kecil ) misalnya tuberculum majus humeri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level2 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">n.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tuberositas
atau tuber (peninggian yang besar dan membulat,membengkakan) misalnya tuber
ischiadicum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perkembangan
tulang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulangg berkembang dengan dua
cara:1. Membranosa dan (2) endokondral .Pada cara yang pertama,tulang
berkembang langsungg dari membrane jaringan ikat; pada cara yang kedua
,mula-mula dibentuk model tulang rawan dan kemudian di ganti oleh tulang.Untuk
keterangan lebih mendalam tentang perubahan selular yang terjadi,perlu dibaca
buku teks histology atau embriologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang kubah Cranium berkembang
dengan cepat secara membranosa pada embrio,dan hal ini melindungi otak yang
sedang berkembang yang terletak di bawahnya.Pada waktu lahir,beberapa daerah
kecil di antara tulang-tulang tetap bersifat membrane.Hal ini penting secara
klinik karena memungkinkan tulang-tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">melakukan
gerakan tertentu sehingga tengkorak dapat berubah bentuk waktu turun melewati
jalan lahir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang panjang eksremitas
berkembang secara osifikasi endokondral.Osifikasi ini merupakan proses lambat
dan tidak lengkap sampai usia 18-20 tahun atau malahan lebih lama lagi.Pusat
pembentukan tulang yangditemukan pada batang tulang dinamakan diafisis,pusat
kalsifikasi pada ujung-ujung tulang sebagaiepifisis.Lempeng rawan pada masing
–masing ujung,yang terletak antara epifisis dan diafisis pada tulang yang
sedang tumbuh dinamakan lempeng epifisial.Metafisi merupakan bagian diafisis
yang berbatasan dengan lempeng epifiseal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\DINAR\Downloads\pertumbuhan.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1032" style="height: 159.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 310.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="pertumbuhan" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> JENIS-JENIS TULANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ketika
kita masih bayi kita memiliki sekitar 300 tulang. Namun ketika kita beranjak
dewasa beberapa dari tulang-tulang ini ada yang melebur hingga akhirnya menjadi
206 tulang. Dari 206 tulang ini terdapat beberapa jenis tulang. Jenis-jenis
tulang ini ada yang dibedakan berdasarkan matriksnya dan ada yang berdasarkan
jaringan dan sifat fisik (keras tidaknya) tulang. Untuk mengetahui lebih lanjut
pelajari jenis-jenis tulang di bawah ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Berdasarkan jaringan penyusun dan sifat-sifat fisiknya tulang dibedakan menjadi
dua jenis, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.
Tulang Rawan (Kartilago) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan adalah tulang yang tidak mengandung pembuluh darah dan saraf kecuali
lapisan luarnya (perikondrium). Tulang rawan memiliki sifat lentur karena
tulang rawan tersusun atas zat interseluler yang berbentuk jelly yaitu
condroithin sulfat yang didalamnya terdapat serabut kolagen dan elastin. Maka
dari itu tulang rawan bersifat lentur dan lebih kuat dibandingkan dengan
jaringan ikat biasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada
zat interseluler tersebut juga terdapat rongga-rongga yang disebut lacuna yang
berisi sel tulang rawan yaitu chondrosit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
rawan terdiri dari tiga tipe yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.
Tulang rawan hialin: tulang yang berwarna putih sedikit kebiru-biruan,
mengandung serat-serat kolagen dan chondrosit. Tulang rawan hialin dapat kita
temukan pada laring, trakea, bronkus, ujung-ujung tulang panjang, tulang rusuk
bagian depan, cuping hidung dan rangka janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.
Tulang rawan elastis; tulang yang mengandung serabut-serabut elastis. Tulang
rawan elastis dapat kita temukan pada daun telinga, tuba eustachii (pada
telinga) dan laring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.
Tulang rawan fibrosa; tulang yang mengandung banyak sekali bundel-bundel serat
kolagen sehingga tulang rawan fibrosa sangat kuat dan lebih kaku. Tulang ini
dapat kita temukan pada discus diantara tulang vertebrae dan pada simfisis
pubis diantara 2 tulang pubis. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan jumlahnya sangat
sedikit dibandingkan dengan anak-anak. Pada orang dewasa tulang rawan hanya
ditemukan beberapa tempat, yaitu cuping hidung, cuping telinga, antar tulang rusuk
(costal cartilage) dan tulang dada, sendi-sendi tulang, antarruas tulang
belakang dan pada cakra epifisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Tulang Keras (Osteon)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
keras atau yang sering kita sebut sebagai tulang berfungsi menyusun berbagai
sistem rangka. Tulang tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoblas: sel pembentuk jaringan tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteosit: sel-sel tulang dewasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Osteoklas : sel-sel penghancur tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.Berdasarkan
matriksnya tulang dibedakan menjadi 2, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1).
Tulang Kompak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
kompak terdiri dari sistem-sistem Havers. Setiap sistem Havers terdiri dari
saluran Havers (Canalis= saluran) yaitu suatu saluran yang sejajar dengan sumbu
tulang, di dalam saluran terdapat pembuluh-pembuluh darah dan saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Disekeliling
sistem havers terdapat lamela-lamela yang konsentris dan berlapis-lapis. Lamela
adalah suatu zat interseluler yang berkapur. Pada lamela terdapat rongga-rongga
yang disebut lacuna. Di dalam lacuna terdapat osteosit. Dari lacuna keluar
menuju ke segala arah saluran-saluran kecil yang disebut canaliculi yang
berhubungan dengan lacuna lain atau canalis Havers. Canaliculi penting dalam
nutrisi osteosit. Di antara sistem Havers terdapat lamela interstitial yang
lamella-lamelanya tidak berkaitan dengan sistem Havers.Pembuluh darah dari
periostem menembus tulang kompak melalui saluran volkman dan berhubungan dengan
pembuluh darah saluran Havers. Kedua saluran ini arahnya saling tegak lurus.
Dan tulang spons tidak mengandung sistem Havers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2).
Tulang Spons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang mtriksnya berongga dan tersusun oleh anyaman trabeculae (mirip dengan
pecahan genting)yang pipih dan mengandung serat kolagen.Rongga rongga yang
terdapat pada tulangspons diisi oleh jaringan sumsum tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 24.25pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian Kerangka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 24.25pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jumlah Tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
aksial <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tengkorak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kranium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Hyoid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Vertebrae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">26<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sternum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Iga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kerangka
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Clavicula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Scapula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ulna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
telapak tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">16<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
inominate (panggul)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ekstremitas
bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Femur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patella<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fibula<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tibia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">10<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 222.75pt;" valign="top" width="297">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phalank<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 220.05pt;" valign="top" width="293">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: F:\anfis\nama-tulang-manusia.jpg" id="_x0000_i1031" style="height: 364.5pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 405pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="nama-tulang-manusia" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A.Skeleton aksial </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Cranium<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
oksipital terdapat pada daerah tulang
kepala belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
parienta terdapat pada tulang ubun-ubun dan tulang dahi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian sphenoid
terdapat berdekatan dengan tulang rongga mata,seperti tulang baji<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
temporal terdapat pada tulang samping tulang kiri kanan kepada dekat telinga<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l39 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian
ethmoid terdapat pada tulang yang menyusun rongga hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Tengkorak tulang-tulang tengkorak
merupakan tulang yang menyusun kerangka kepala.Rongga tengkorak mempunyai
permukaan atas yang dikenal sebagai kubah tengkorak,licin pada permukaan luar
dan pada permukaan luar dan pada permukaan dalam ditandai dengan gili-gili dan
lekukan supaya dapat sesuai dengan otak dan pembulu darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdapat 14
tulang wajah yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 Tulang
nasal (tulang hidung) untuk membentuk lengkung hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
palatum untuk membentuk atap mulut dan dasar hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
lakkrimalis (tulang air mata) untuk membentuk salurn air mata dan bagian dari
tulang rongga mata pada sudut,dalam rongga mata,melalui cerah ini air mta di
salurkan ke hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
zigomatikus (tulang lengkung pipi) untuk membentuk tulang pipih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Satu vomer
(tulang pisau luku) untuk membentuk bagian bawah sekat manulang hidung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 tulang
turbinatum inferior (kerang hidung bawah) merupakan pasangan terbesar dari tiga
pasang lipatan (konka hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2 maksilar
untuk membentuk rahang atas dan memuat gigi atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Mandibula
(Tulang rahang bawah) terletak di kedua
sisi rahang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang Hioid<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
yang ber bentuk tapal kuda yang unik
karena tidak berartikulasi dengan tulang lain,tulang hyoid di topang oleh
liigamen dan otot dari prosesus temporal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
Pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang martil</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>malleus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang berbentuk seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martil&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Martil (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">martil</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang menyusun tulang
pendengaran pada<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" title="Telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tengah. Tulang ini terlekat pada
bagian permukaan dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gendang_telinga" title="Gendang telinga"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">gendang telinga</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan ujung lainnya pda<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Kata<i>malleus</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Latin" title="Bahasa Latin"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">bahasa Latin</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yang berarti martil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang ini berfungsi
menghantarkan getaran suara dari gendang telinga ke tulang landasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang landasan</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>incus</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>adalah tulang kecil yang berbentuk
seperti landasan. Tulang ini merupakan salah satu tulang pendengaran dan
menghubungkan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_martil" title="Tulang martil"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
martil</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_sanggurdi" title="Tulang sanggurdi"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang
sanggurdi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang
ini pertama kali dipaparkan oleh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alessandro_Achillin&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Alessandro Achillin (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="background: white; color: #a55858; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alessandro Achillin</span></a></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bologna</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. Tulang landasan hanya terdapat di hewan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamalia" title="Mamalia"><span style="background: white; color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">mamalia</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<b><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi</span></b><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><b>stapes</b><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang" title="Tulang"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">kecil yang menyerupai sanggurdi kuda.
Tulang ini merupakan tulang pendengaran terakhir pada telinga tengah. Tulang
sanggurdi adalah tulang terkecil dan teringan pada tubuh<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" title="Manusia"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">manusia</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="background: white; line-height: 18.75pt; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 6.0pt;">
<span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang sanggurdi menerima
getaran suara dari<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulang_landasan" title="Tulang landasan"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tulang landasan</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">dan diantar ke membran di telinga
dalam melalui<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingkap_oval" title="Tingkap oval"><span style="color: #0b0080; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tingkap oval</span></a><span style="color: #252525; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.Tulang
sternum (tulang dada)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang dada termasuk tulang
pipih,terletak di bangian tengah dada. Tulang dada atau toraks tersusun atas
tulang dan tulang rawan.pada sisi kiri dan kanan tulang dada terdapat tempat
lekat dari rusuk.bersama-sama dengan rusuk,tulang dada memberikan perlindungan
pada jantung,pau-paru dan pembuluh darah besar ari kerusakan.Tulang dada
tersusun atas 3 tulang yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
hulu/manubrium yang terletak di bagian atas dari tulang dada,tempat melekatnya
tulang rusuk yang pertama dan kedua.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
badan/gladiolus yang terletak di bagian tengah,tempat melekatnyaa tulang rusuk
ke tiga sampai ke tujuh,gabungan tulang rusuk ke delapan sampai sepuluh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang taju
pedang/xiphoid process yang terletak di bagian bawah dari tulang dada.Tulang
ini terbentuk dari tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.Tulang iga<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga berbentuk tipis,pipih
dan melengkung.bersama-sama dengan tulang dada membentuk rongga dada ntuk
melindungijantung dan paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang iga memiliki beberapa
fungsi diantarannya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
jantung dan paru-paru dari goncangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Melindungi
lambung,limpa dan ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l25 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Membantu
pernafasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berartikulasi
kerah posterior dengan faset tulang iga pada prosessus transversa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
sejati berjumlah tujuh pasang.Tulang-tulang iga ini pada bagian belakang berhubungan dengan rus-ruas tulang belakang
sedangkan ujung depannya berhubungan dengan tulang tulang dada dengan
perantaraan tulang rawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
semu 8-10 pasang.Tulang ini berartikulasi secara tidak langsung dengan sternum
melaluli penyatuan kartilago.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
ke 11 dan 12 adalah iga melayang yang tidak memiliki perletakan di sisi
anterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang iga
memiliki eksternal berbentuk konveks untu peletakn oto dansuatu lintasn kostal
untuk mengakomodasi saraf dan pembuluh darah pada permukaan internal,tulang iga
mengandung sumsum tulang merah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.Ruas-ruas
tulang belakang<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Ruas-ruas tulang belakang
berfungsi untuk menegakan badan dan menjaga keseimbangan.menyokong kepala dan
tangan,dan tempat melekatnya otot,rusuk dan beberapa organ.Ruas-ruas tulang
belakang disebut juga tulang belakang disusun oleh 33 buah tulang depan bentuk
tidak beraturan.ke 33 buah tulang tersebut terbagi atas 5 bagian yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tujuh ruas
pertama disebut tulang leher.ruas pertama dari tulang leher disebut tulang
atlas,dan ruas kedua berupa tulang pemutar atau poros.bentuk dari tulang atlas
memungkinkan kepala untuk melakukan gerakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dua belas
ruas berikutnya membentuk tulang punggung .Ruas-ruas tulang punggung pada
bagian kiri dan kanannya merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang rusuk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
berikutnya merupakan tulang pinggang.Ukuran tulang pinggang lebih besar
dibandingkan tulang punggung.Ruas-ruas tulang pinggang menahan sebagian besar berat tubuh dan banyak
melekat otot-otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Lima ruas
tulang kelangkang (scrum),yang menyatu,berbentuk segitiga terletak dibawah ruas-ruas
tulang pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 37.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian bawah
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang disebut tulang ekor(coccyx),tersusun atas 3
sampai dengan 4 ruas tulang belakang yang menyatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B.Skeleton
apendikular<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tersusu atas
tulang tulang yang merupakantambahan dari skeleton aksial.skeleton aksial
terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Anggota
gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Gelang
panggung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian akhir
dari ruas-ruas tulang belakang seperti sacrum dan tulang coccys.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.Tulang
anggota gerak atas (extremitas superior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tulang
penyusun tulang anggota gerak atas tersusun atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Humerus/tulang
lengan atas .termasuk kelompok tulang panjang atau pipa,ujung atasnya
besar,halus,dan dikelilingi oleh tulang belikat.pada bagian bawah memiliki 2
lekukan merupakan tempat melekatnya tulang radius dan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Radius dan
ulna / pengumpil dan hasta.tulang ulna berukuran lebih besar dibandingkan radius,dan melekat dengan kuat
di humerus.tulang radius memiliki kontribusi yang beasar untuk gerakan lengan
bawah dibandingkan ulna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karpal /
pergelangan tangan.tersusun atas 8 buah tulang yang saling di hubungkan oleh
ligamen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metacarpal /
telapak tangan.tersusun atas liba buah tangan.pada bagian atas berhubungan
dengan tulang pergelangan tangan,sedangkan bagian bwah berhubungan dengan
tulang-tulang jari (palanges) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tersusun atas 14 buah tulang setiap jari tersusun atas 3 buah
tulang,kecuali ibu jari yang hanya tersusun atas 2 buah tulan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.Tulang
anggota gerak bawah (ekstremuitas inferior ) tulang anggota gerak bawah disusun
oleh tulang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">femur /
tulang paha. Termasuk kelompok tulang panjang terletak dari gelang panggul
sampai kelutut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">tibia dan
fibula / tulang kering dan tulang betis. Bagian pagkal berhubungan dengan tulng
lutut bagian ujung berhubungan dengan pergelangan kaki. Ukuran tulang kering
lebih besar dibandingkan tulang betis karna berfungsi untuk menahan beban atau
berat tubuh. Tulang betis merupakan tempat melekatnya beberapa otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Patela /
tempurung lutut. Terletak antara femur dengan tibia, bentuk segitiga. Patella
berfungsi melindungi, dan memberikan kekuatan pada tendon yang membentuk lutut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tarsal /
tulang pergelangan kaki .termasuk tulang pendek,dan tersusun atas 8 tulang
dengan salah satunya adalah tulang tumit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Metatarsal /
tulang telapak kaki.tersusun atas 5 buah tulang yang tersusun mendaftar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 73.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Palanges /
tulang jari-jari tangan.setiap jari tersusun atas 3 tulang kecuali tulang ibu
jari ata 14 tulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.Tulang
gelang bahu (klavikula dan scapula ? belikat dan selangka)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang selangka berbentuk
seperti huruf “s”,berhubungan dengan tulang lengan atas (humerus) untuk
membentuk persendian yang menghasilkan gerakan lebih bebas,ujung yang satu
berhubungan dengan tulang dada sedangkan ujung lainnya berhubungan tulang
belikat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang belikat (scapula)
berukuran besar,bentuk segitiga dan pipih,terletak pada bagian belakang dari
tulang rusuk.Fungsi utama dari gelang bahu adalah tempat melekatnya sejumlah
otot yang memungkinkan terjadinya geerakan pada sendi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.Gelang
panggul<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Tulang gelang panggul terdiri
atas dua buah tulang pinggung.Pada anank-anak tulang pinggul ini terpisah
terdiri atas tiga buah tulang yaitu illium (bagian atas),tulang ischiun (bagian
bawah) dan tulang pubis (bagian tengah).Dibagian belakang dari gelang panggul
terdapat tulang sacrum yang merupakan bagian dari ruas-ruas tulang
belakang.Pada bagian depan terdapat simfisis pubis merupakan jaringan ikat yang
menghubungkan kedua tulang pubis.Fungsi gelang panggung terutama untuk
mendukung berat badn bersama-sama dengan ruas tulang belakang,melindungi dan
mendukung organ-organ bawah seperti kandung kemih,organ reproduksi,dan sebagai
tempat tumbuh kembangnya janin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Secara umum fungsi system rangka
adalah membentuk kerangka yang kaku dengan jaringan-jaringan dan organ-organ
vital seperti otak yang dilindungi oleh tulang tengkorak,paru-paru dan jantung
dilindungin oleh tulang dada dan tulang rusuk.Gerakan tubuh terbentuk dari
kerjasama antara system rangka dengan otot ,oleh sebab itu keduanya sering
dikelompokkan menjadi satu nama yaitu system musculo-skeletal.rangka merupakan
tempat melekatnya otot melalui perantara tendon.Antara tulang yang satu dengan
tulang yang lain dikaitkan dengan perantaraan ligamen. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Definisi Antropometri</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri merupakan bagian dari ergonomi yang secara khusus mempelajari
ukuran tubuh yang meliputi dimensi linear, serta, isi dan juga meliputi daerah
ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek lain dari gerakan tubuh. Secara devinitif
antropometri dapat dinyatakan sebagai suatu studi yang berkaitan dengan ukuran
dimensi tubuh manusia meliputi daerah ukuran, kekuatan, kecepatan dan aspek
lain dari gerakan tubuh manusia, menurut Stevenson (1989) antropometri adalah
suatu kumpulan data numeric yang berhubungan dengan karakteristik fisik tubuh
manusia ukuran, bentuk, dan kekuatan serta penerapan dari data tersebut untuk
penanganan masalah desain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Salah satu pembatas kinerja tenaga kerja. Guna mengatasi keadaan
tersebut diperlukan data antropometri tenaga kerja sebagai acuan dasar desain
sarana prasarana kerja. Antropometri sebagai salah satu disiplin ilmu yang
digunakan dalam ergonomi memegang peran utama dalam rancang bangun sarana dan
prasarana kerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dapat dibagi menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 7.2pt; margin-left: 22.6pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antripometri Statis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri statis merupakan ukuran tubuh dan karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan diam (statis) untuk posisi yang telah ditentukan atau standar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Tinggi Badan, Lebar bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri Dinamis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Antropometri dinamis adalah ukuran tubuh atau karakteristik tubuh dalam
keadaan bergerak, atau memperhatikan gerakan-gerakan yang mungkin terjadi saat
pekerja tersebut melaksanakan kegiatan.</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">LILA</span></b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar lengan atas merupakan salah satu pilihan
untuk penentuan status gizi. Tidak memerlukan data umur yang terkadang susah
diperoleh. Memberikan gambaran tentang keadaan jaringan otot dan lapisan lemak
bawah kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara pengukuran lingkar lengan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Usahakan pengukuran dilakukan sejajar dengan
pandanga mata, duduk jika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. dimungkinkan. Anak yang masih terlalu kecil bisa
dipegang oleh ibunya. Minta tolong ibunya untuk menyingkap baju yang menutupi
lengan kiri si anak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Ukurlah titik tengah lengan atas sang anak.
Dengan cara sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Lingkarkan pita ukur pada lengan sang anak.
Pastikan bahwa pita benar-benar rata melingkari lengan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Periksalah tekanan pita pada lengan anak, jangan
terlalu kencang atau terlalu longar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. Jika sudah lihat hasil pengukuran dan catat pada
kuesioner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 12pt 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><v:shape id="_x0000_i1030" style="height: 351.75pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 468pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Kepala<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar kepala adalah standar prosedur dalam ilmu
kedokteran anak secara praktis, yang biasanya untuk memeriksa keadaan patologi
dari besarnya kepala atau peningkatan ukuran kepala.<br />
Lingkar kepala terutama dihubungkan dengan ukuran otak dan tulang tengkorak.
Ukuran otak meningkat secara cepat selama tahun pertama, akan tetapi besar
lingkar kepala tidak menggambarkan keadaan kesehatan dan gizi. Bagaimanapun juga
ukuran otak dan lapisan tulang kepala dan tengkorak dapat bervariasi sesuai
dengan keadaan gizi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Dada<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Biasanya dilakukan pada anak yang berumur 2 sampai
3 tahun, karena rasio lingkar kepala dan lingkar dada sama pada umur 6 bulan.
Setelah umur ini, tulang tengkorak tumbuh secara lambat dan pertumbuhan dada
lebih cepat. Umur antara 6 bulan dan 5 tahun, rasio lingkar kepala dan dada
adalah kurang dari satu, hal ini dikarenakan akibat kegagalan perkembangan dan
pertumbuhan, atau kelemahan otot dan lemak pada dinding dada. Ini dapat
digunakan sebagai indikator dalam menentukan KEP pada anak balita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://wangonerr.blogspot.co.id/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober 2015 pukul 19:52<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Pinggang dan Panggul (WHR)</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ukuran yang umum digunakan adalah rasio lingkar
pinggang-pinggul. Pengukuran lingkar pinggang dan pinggul harus dilakukan oleh
tenaga terlatih dan posisi pengukuran harus tepat, karena perbedaan posisi
pengukuran memberikan hasil yang berbeda.Untuk memperoleh ukuran lingkar
pinggang:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">tentukan terlebih
dahulu bagian terbawah lengkung aorta dan krista iliaka. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar pinggang
diukur melalui titik pertengahan antara kedua lengkung ini mengelilingi perut
yang sejajar dengan tanah, sementara subjek berdiri tegak dengan kaki
direnggangkan selebar kira-kira 25-30 cm. Sebelum pengukuran dilaksanakan,
subjek hendaknya berpuasa sepanjang malam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lingkar Perut</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cara lain yang biasa dilakukan untuk memantau
resiko kegemukan adalah dengan mengukur lingkar perut. Ukuran lingkar perut
yang baik yaitutidak lebih dari 90 cm untuk laki-laki dan tidak lebih dari 80
cm untuk perempuan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran lingkar perut di lakukan untuk
mengetahui ada tidaknya obesitas abdominal/sentral. Jenis obesitas ini sangat
berpengaruh terhadap kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular dan diabetes melllitus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pengukuran Lingkar Perut, dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan pita ‘meteran’. Caranya
pertama tentukan letak tulang rusuk terbawah dan tulang panggul. Kemudian
tempatkan pita meteran pada jarak pertengahan antarakedua tulang tadi, dan
harus sejajar dengan lantai tanpa memperhatikan letak pusar</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html"><span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans Unicode"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://yudiansyahamazi.blogspot.co.id/2015/03/penilaian-status-gizi-mengukur-dimensi.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 24 Oktober
2015 pukul 20:06<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;">Contoh: Putaran sudut tangan, sudut putaran pergelangan kaki</span><span style="font-family: Cambria, serif; font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: antro.png" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1029" style="height: 240pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 195.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="antro" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="Description: images (3).jpg" id="Picture_x0020_5" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 158.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 208.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="images (3)" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape alt="Description: Antropometri6.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 182.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 273.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Antropometri6" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SISTEM
MUSCULARIS (OTOT TUBUH MANUSIA)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. ANATOMI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ilmu
yang mempelajari tentang otot disebut <i>Myologi</i>. Jaringan otot sangat
penting bagi tubuh karena fungsinya, diantaranya sebagai alat gerak aktif, alat
transportasi pengedar makanan dalam usus, juga pengedaran darah keseluruh
tubuh. Jaringan otot ditandai adanya myofibril-miofibril pada selnya yang
memanjang. Myofibril tersebut yang bertangung jawab atas kontraktilitas sel-sel
otot. Berdasarkan srtukturnya maupun fisiologisnya, otot dibagi menjadi tiga
macam yaitu <i>otot rangka, otot polos dan otot jantung.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. <u>Otot
rangka</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rangka juga disebut otot skelet atau otot serat lintang, otot bercorak, otot
lurik dan musculus striata. Secara mikroskopis, terlihat otot rangka tersebut
terdiri dari sel-sel otot (serabut-serabut otot) yang tebalnya kira-kira
10-199um dan panjangnya kira-kira 15cm. inti terletak tepat di bawah permukaan
sel, selain itu juga Nampak adanya garis-garis terang dan gelap yang melintang,
oleh karena itu disebut otot serat melintang. Satu sel otot diselubungi
oleh <i>fascia propria</i> kemudian beberapa fascicule diselubungi
oelh selaput yang disebut <i>fascia superfisialis</i> yang terdapat
dibawah kulit membentuk <i>fasciculus otot</i>. Di dalam sarcoplasma
terdapat sejumlah mitokondria(sarcosum). Warna otot ditentukan oleh adanya
suplay darah dan kandungan myoglobin, juga kadar air maupun banyaknya
fibril-fibril yang menyusunya. Oleh karena itu otot yang tipis biasanya
warnanya lebih muda karena kandungan air yang sedikit, fibrilnya juga lebih
sedikit serta suplay darahpun sedikit, jika disbanding otot yang tebal akan
berwarna gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bentuk
fasciculus otot ini biasanya berupa kumparan, bagian tengah menggembung yang
disebut <i>empal (ventrikel)</i>, dan kedua ujungnya mengecil yang disebut
dengan <i>urat otot (lendon).</i> Pada umumnya tendon tersebut
melekat pada tulang, sifatnya keran dan liat. Bagian ventrikel penting dalam
fungsi gerak aktif, yaitu terjadi kontraksi (mengkerut). Jika kontraksi terjadi
pada ventrikel otot tersebut maka akan terjadi gerakn tulang dengan perantaraan
persendian dimana otot melekat melalui tendonya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pada umumnya otot melekat pada dua
tulang atau lebih, sehingga tiap otot mempunyai dua tempat pelekatan. Istilah
perlekatan pada segmen tulang biasanya digunakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
fixum (origo)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang tidak ikut bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Punctum
mobile (insertion)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang istilah lain yang juga sering
digunakan sekarang tanpa mengngat tempat perlekatan tersebut bergerak atau
tidak bergerak yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
distal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah distal (terletak
menjauhi dari semua badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perlekatan
proximal</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, yaitu
perlekatan otot pada segmen tulang yang berada disebelah proximal
(terletak lebih dekat dengan sentrum badan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. <u>Otot
polos</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot ini juga disebut musculus
nontriata, otot alat dalam, otot tak sadar. Terdiri dari sel-sel
berbentuk spindel dengan panjang 40-200 u.m dan tebal 4-20 u.m, dengan inti
berada di tengah. Miofibrilnya sulit untuk dilihat, tidak mempunyai garis-garis
gelap terangya. Serabut retikuler (bentuk jala) tranvesal menghubungkan sel-sel
otot menbentuk suatu berkas sehingga menjadi satu unit funsional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos tidak melekat pada tulang
tetapi ikut membentuk alat dalam seperti terdapat pada dinding pembuluh darah,
saluran pencernaan, system urogenitalis dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot polos bekerja tidak dipengaruhi
oleh kehendak, tidak terlalu cepat tetapi berurutan dan tidak cepat lelah. Oleh
pengaruh hormonal, kemungkinan otot polos dapat bertambah panjang dan
berproliferasi (membentuk sel-sel baru) contohnya yaitu pada uterus, serabut
otoitnya dapat mencapai 800 u.m<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. <u>Otot
jantung</u></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut-serabut otot yang mengandung
sarcaoplasma dalam jumlah besar membentuk jala-jala, seperti otot serat lintang
juga terdapat garis-garis melintang gelap dan terang tetapi sarcomernya lebih
pendek, intinya terletak ditengah, sarcosom jauh lebih banyak dari otot rangka,
serabut otot bercabang-cabang. Otot jantung bergerak teratur dan tidak cepat,
tetapi diluar kehendk kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">B. BENTUK OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Tempat perlekatan insertion atau distal,
sering kali terdapat kepala otot yang bergabung dengan venter (empal0 otot dan
berakhir pada tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bermacam-macam bentuk otot penyususn
tubuh, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fusiformis</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai serabut-serabut panjang dan menghasilkan gerakan yang
luas, tetapi tidak kuat biasanya mempunyai tendo yang relative pendek.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
unipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai tendo panjang walaupun serabut-serabut otot yang
melekat pada tendo tersebut merupakan otot pendek-pendek, otot ini lebih
kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
bipenatus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu
otot yang mempunyai struktur sama dengan unipenatus, hanya serabut-serabut
otot melekat pada kedua sisi tendo.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
planus</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> ialah
otot yang mempunyai tendo tipis atau sponeurosis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Berdasarkan perlekatan pada origo atau
distal tersebut dapat dibedakan otot:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan kepala dua, tiga atau empat</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, dimana empalnya bersatu menjadi satu dan
berakhir pada tendo yang sama, contohnya : m.bisep brachii, trisep
brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
dengan satu kepala</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> dan
mempunyai satu atau lebih tendo perantara, dengan dua atau tiga venter
(empal) otot, contohnya pada m.digastricus (otot perut)/ m.abdominis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">C. FUNGSI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Diantar fungsi otot adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat gerak
aktif<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Alat
transportasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentuk
alat-alat dalam<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk fungsi pertama yaitu alat gerak
aktif, terjadi bila venter otot mendapatkan rangsang, kemudian contraksi maka
akan menggerakan tualang-tulang yang dilekatinya, ini dilakukan oleh otot
rangka. Berdasarkan proses tersebut maka otot dapat dikelompokkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D.
Perbedaan otot lurik, otot polos dan otot jantung</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Bentuk dan struktur sel lurik polos Mirip lurik tapi bercabang<br />
2. Keadaan dan letak inti sel dipinggir ditengah ditengah<br />
3. Sifat kerja cepat atau lambat lambat cepat Cepat<br />
4. Aktivitas disadari/tidak disadari disadari Tidak disadari Tidak disadari<br />
5. Letak Pada rangka Pada lambung Pada jantung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1) Kelompok
otot yang saling memebantu dan berlawanan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling membantu (otot sinergis), yaitu beberapa otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi da saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan semacam. Contohnya
: M. bisep brachii (otot bisep lengan atas) dengan m cocarobrachialis
gerakan fleksi (bengkoknya lengan bawah).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
saling berlawanan (antagonis), yaitu dua atau lebih otot yang bekerja pada
satu sendi dan saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakanya saling
menghambat otot yang satu dengan yang lainya. Contohnya pada otot bisep
lengan atas dengan otot trisep lengan atas (m trisep brachii). Bisep
menyebabkan gerakan fleksi pada lengan sedang trisep menyebabkan gerakan
extensi (meluruskan) lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2) <b>Kelompok
otot berdasarkan gerak dasar tertentu</b> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan fleksi (membengkokan tulang) misalnya M
bisep brachii membengkokan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">: otot
yang menyebabkan gerakan extensi (meluruskan tulan) misalnya : M trisep
brachii meluruskan lengan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
abductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan abduksi (menjauhi tubuh), misalnya m
deltoideus menyebabkan abduksi lengan atas pada sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
adductor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan adduksi (mendekati tubuh), misalnya m
pectoralis mayor (otot dada besar) menyebabkan gerakan adduksi lengan atas
pada sendi bahu, jadi berlawanan dengan m deltoideus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pronator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan pronasi (memutar kebawah) misalnya : m
prenator kwadratus memutar telapak tangan sehingga tertelungkup yang
selalu bekerja sama secara sinergis dengan m prenator.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
supinator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan memutar/ke luar (supinasi). Misalnya : m
brachii yang memutar lengan bawah sehingga telapak tangan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
rotator</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> :
otot yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi (memutar). Misalnya : m gluteus
maximus yang menyebabkan gerakan rotasi ke dalam tungkai atas pad sendi
pangkal paha.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3) <b>Kelompok
otot yang bekerja pada satu sendi atau lebih</b>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
monoartikuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang hanya melalui satu sendi dan bekerja pada satu sendi tersebut.
Misalnya : m brachiodialis.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
polyarticuler</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, otot
yang melewati lebih dari satu sendi dan bekerja lebih dari satu sendi.
Misalnya : m hamstring pada daerah pangkal paha dan bekerja pada sendi
pangkal paha dan lutut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E.
</span></i><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">OTOT SKELET PEMBENTUK TUBUH MANUSIA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot skelet terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kepala</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pada bagian kepala dibagi atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot kulit
kepala yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
occipitofrontalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os occipetalis dan
venter otot lainya pada os frontalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (venter otot yang satu pada os temporalis dan lainya pada
os parietalis).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
kulit wajah yang terhimpun diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
nasalis</i> (otot hidung)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oculi</i> (otot lekuk mata)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
orbicularis oris</i> (otot sekitar mulut)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i> (otot pelipis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
frontalis</i> (otot dahi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
sternocleiodomastoideus</i> (otot silang leher)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
pengunyah yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
masseter</i>, menutup rahang dengan mengangkat mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
temporalis</i>, elevator rahan bawah yang paling kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– <i>M
pterygoideus</i>, berperan dalam semua gerakan mandibula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kepala merupakan otot mimic
yaiotu otot yang memancar kedalam kulit wajah maupun kepala, jika kontraksi
menyebabkan penggeseran kulit. Penggeseran tersebut mengakibatkan
lipatan-lipatan dan kerutan, inilah meruakan dasar dari ekspresi wjah
seseorang. Sehingga orang dapat memperlihatkan wajah gembira atau sedih dan
sebagainya. Ekpresi wajah tersebut tergantung pada banyak factor, diantaranya
usia, intelektual, sifat ras, pada orang yang masih muda, kulit masih elastic,
sehingga sifat kulit nasih reversible, tetapi pada orang
yang lebih tua, sifat elastisitet kulit
sudah mulai berkurang maka kerutan mungkin dapat menetap. Otot-otot kulit
kepala merupakan epikranius, sangat longgar dan berikatan dengan kulit kepala.
Terutama pada venter anteriornya dapat menimbulakn kerutan-kerutan pada dahi,
selain itu kontraksi kontraksi kedua venter frontalis dapat mengangkat alis
mata dan kelopak mata ats, hal ini dapat mengakibatkan ekspresi wajah
keheranan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedang pada kulit wajah, m orbicularis
oculi berfungsi untuk menimbulkan ekspresi kekuatiran. Muskulus ini ada tiga
bagian yaitu pars orbitalis berfungsi untuk penutupan kelopak mata, pars
pelpebralis berkaitan dengan reflek mengedip, pars lacrimalis untuk
mengeluarkan isi air mata. Akrena hubungan serabut-serabut otot ini sangat erat
sekali dengankulit, maka dihasilkan lipatan-lipatan berbentuk radier pada
daerah sudut lateral mata. Pada usia lanjut daerah tersebut pada umumnya
terjadi lipatan yang permanen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot
badan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot pembentuk badan terdiri atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot
punggung</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung sejati terdapat dua buah
yang rumit susunanya, terletak disebelah belakang yang terdiri dari musculus
intervetrebalis. Otot punggung sejati tersebut dinamakan penegak batang badan
dan sangat penting artinya untuk sikap dan gerak tulang belakang. Biasanya otot
punggung sejati ditutup oleh otot punggung sekunder yang sebenarnya termasuk
otot-otot gerak atas maupun bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot
perut</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dinding depan perut dibentuk oleh otot
lurus perut (musculus rectus abdominis) yang terletak di kanan dan kiri garis
tengah badan (linea alba). Di sisinya terdapat otot lebar perut yang didalamnya
terdapat otot serong luar perut (musculus obliquus externus) dan di lapisan
dalamnya terdapat otot serong dalam perut (musculus obliquus internus) dan otot
lintang perut (musculus tranversus abdominis), otot tersebut terentang antar
gelang pinggul dan rangk adada, merupakan sebuah penututp yang dapat kontraksi
secara aktif sehingga dapat mempengaruhi letak dan gerak rangka dada dan secara
tidak langsung mempengaruhi setiap tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Otot
dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dada dibentuk oleh otot di
sela-sela iga (musculus intercostalis) yang mempengaruhi gerak iga serta
menjaga supaya tidak terjadi tonjolan maupun lekukan sela-sela antar iga yang
dikarenakan selalu berubah-ubah sesuai dengan fungsinya. Selain itu musculus
intercostalis juga berguna untuk menyempurna dinding thorax. Otot-otot leher
terentang antara pinggir atas tulang dada dan tulang lidah, ada pula yang
melekat pada pangkal tulang tengkorak. Otot tersebut penting artinya untuk
gerakan kepala dan leher, juga gerak pangkal tengkorak dan tulang lidah untuk
menelan. Otot-otot leher yang lain terletak didepan da di sisi tulang belakang
dan sebagian melekat pada tulang rusuk atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Otot pelvis (otot gelang
panggul)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong besar (m gluteus maximus).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong tengah ( m gluteus medius).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bokong kecil ( m gluteus minimus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot psoas yang melekat pada os coxa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot penegak selaput otot lebar ( m tensor fasciae alata).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">M gluteus ketiganya berfungsi dalam
gerakan extensi dari extremitas inferior, sedang otot psoas dan m tensor fasciaealata
berfungsi untuk gerakan fleksi dari extremitas inferior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot-otot anggota tubuh
(extremitas)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Extremitas superior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Untuk gerakan anggota atas, maka
diperlukan otot-otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gelang bahu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan tas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot lengan bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sebagian otot gelang bahu terentang
antara rangka badan, tengkorak dan gelang bahu. Otot-otot tersebut adalah
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot belah ketupat ( m rhomboideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot gergaji depan ( m serratus anterius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot kerudung ( m trapeizeus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot silang leher ( m sternocleidomastoideus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Selain itu untuk menggerakan lengan atas
terhadap gelang bahu adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot deltoid terdapat di sebelah superior lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat kecil ( m caput breve bicep brachii) terdapat dibawah lengan atas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bulat besar ( m caput longum bicep brachii) yang erada di posterior m
caput breve bicep brachii.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot yang terentang antara rangka badan
dengan lengan juga penting untuk gerakan abduksi dan adduksi extremitas
superior diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dada besar ( m pectoralis mayor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot punggung lebar ( m latissium dorsi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sedangkan otot yang membentuk lengan
atas adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot flexor yang terletak didepan bidang :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bicep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot brachialis ( m coracobrachialis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot extensor, terletak di bidang belakang lengan atas :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep brachii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot fleksor (ketul) dan otot extensor
(kedang) tersebut juga dapat menggerakkan lengan di sendi siku dan sebagian
sendi bahu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot penyusun lengan bawah berlekatan
dengan telapak tangan dan jari-jari dengan perantaraan urat-urat panjang yang
disebut urat pergelangan tangan yang melintang di daerah pergelangan tangan
(sponeurosis Palmaris) untuk menggerakkan pergelangan pergelangan tangan dan jari-jari,
sedang otot yang melekat pada os radius bertanggung jawab menggerakkan lengan
bawah. Menurut letak otot dalam hubunganya satu sama lain maka otot lengan
bawah denganpembatas os ulna dan os radius dengan membrane osseanya juga dapat
dibagi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ventral senagai otot flexor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot dorsal sebagai otot extensor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Extremitas inferior</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Dapat dibedakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot
pangkal paha</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot pangkal paha disusun oleh otot yang
sama dengan otot pelvis dan otot yang melekat pada os femoris dan gelang
panggul, diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot
extensor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kuadrisep paha ( m
quadrisep femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot silang paha ( m
Sartorius)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Optot
fleksor</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> terletak
dibidang belakang :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot ramping ( m gracilis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot separuh selaput paha ( m semimembranus femoris)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot bisep paha ( m bisep femoris) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo28; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot
tungkai atas dan bawah</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot tungkai semuanya melekat pada kai
dan jari-jari kaki dengan perantara tendon (urat-urat panjang), yang semuanya
diikat didaerah pergelangan kai. Terdapat tendo yang terbesar yaitu tendo
akhiles. Otot yang terdapat di tungkai :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golongan
depan :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot tulang kering
depan (m tibialis anterior)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot kedang jari (m
extensor digitorium manus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo30; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Golonganterletak
dibidang luar<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot sisi betis panjang dan pendek ( m peroneus longus dan brevis fibularis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Golongan
belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Otot tricep betis ( m trisep fibularis)yang terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Perut
betis (m gastronemius)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot betis
(m soleus)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Urat
kering (tendo akhiles)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Golongan
bawah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Otot ketul dalam pada kaki dan
jari-jari kaki ( m flexor profundipedis et digitorium pedis). Keempat daerah
otot tersebut mempunyai fungsi tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan depan untuk mengngkat
ujung kaki dan meregangkan jari-jari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bidang luar (sisi)
untuk menggerakan kaki keluar dari sendi loncat bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan belakan untuk menurunkan
ujung kaki, pada serabut otot tersebut kontraksi, juga untuk mengengkat tubuh
di atas jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Golongan bawah berfungsi untuk
menurunkan ujung kaka, membengkokan jari kaki dan menggerakan kak ke dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot
kaki</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot kaki pendek dan telapak kaki
melekat pada jari-jari kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">E. FISIOLOGI
OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Karakteristik ototnya adalah sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Exitabilitas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu kemampuan dari jaringan otot untuk
menggadakan jawaban jika dirangsang atau dipacu.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Conductivitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk
menghantarkan suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Elastisitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk kembali ke
bentuk semula jika kekuatan yang ada padanya berhenti.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Viscositas </span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">yaitu sifat dari jaringan otot mempunyai tahanan
/ tekanan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo32; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Contraktilitas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> yaitu sifat jaringan otot untuk memendek
atau berubah teganganya jika mendapat suatu rangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Sehubungan dengan fungsi otot sebagai
gerak aktif, maka sifat yang terakhir adalah terpenting yaitu dapat kontraksi
bila mendapatkan stimulus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot sehubungan dengan fungsinya sebagai
alat gerak maupun penghasil panas, melakukan kerjanya dengan kontraksi yaitu
memendekkan otot, kontraksi otot akan terjadi bila mendapatkan rangsang dengan
kekuatan tertentu yang dikenal dengan nilai ambang. Agar terjadi respon, maka
besarnya pacu minimal sama dengan nilai ambang. Rangsang yang pacunya sama
dengan nilai ambang disebut pacu luminal, sedang yang kurang dari nilai ambang
disebut subminimal, kalu lebih dari nilai ambang dinamakan supraliminal. Hokum
“All or nothing” berlaku untuk kontraksi otot tersebut yang artinya bila sel
otot kontraksi maka akan melakukan kontraksi secara penuh, jika nilai ambang
telah tercapai, walaupun ditambah rangsang maka kontraksi tak akan bertambah,
sebaliknya jika rangsang kurang dari nilai ambang, maka sama sekali otot tidak
kontraksi. Namun demikian kondisi pada waktu stimulus berubah maka kekuatan
kontraksipun berubah, misalnya sel otot yang baru diregangkan, diberi suplay
makanan cukup, dioksigenasi dengan baik maka kontraksinya lebih kuat
dibandingkan dengan makan dan oksigenasi yang kurang. Prinsip all or nothing
tersebut hanya berlaku pada sel otot tunggal tetapi berlaku pada segumpal otot
ataupun organ otot (kecuali otot jantung), pada segumpal otot rangsang yang
kuat, juga akan menimbulkan kontraksi yang lebih kuat. Perbedaan tersebut
terjadi karena serabut syaraf motoris yang didistribusikan ke otot. Setiap
serabut otot tunggal dicabangkan menjadi seratus cabang kecil yang
masing-masing berakhir pada ujung otot tertentu yang disebut motor and plate
dan myoneural junction (hubungan otot-syaraf). Jadi satu serabut syaraf
menginervasi seratus serabut otot. Serabut syaraf motor tunggal bersama seratus
cabang serabut otot membentuk suatu motor unit pada terminalnya. Suatu stimulus
yang lebih kuat mengaktifkan beberapa motor unit, dengan demikian menghasilkan
kontraksi yang lebih kuat bila dibandingkan dengan stimulus yang lebih lemah.
Jantung meruppakan suatu organ yang mengikuti prinsip all or nothing karena
struktur percobaan sel otot jantung, maka setiap stimulus menyebar keseluruh
sel, mengaktifkan semua setiap waktu, sehingga dapat dihasilkan kontraksi
maksimum setiap waktu pada kondisi tertentu. Kekuatan setiap kontraksi otot
bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu tergantung beberapa factor :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Intensitas stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Lemah kuatnya stimulus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Besarnya beban yang diterima otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal kontraksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Panjang serabut pada awal relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Kondisi metabolic yang menyertainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Dasar molekuler kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Proses yang menyebabkan pemendekan
unsure-unsur kontrasi otot adalah pergeseran filament halus dan filament tebal.
Sewaktu kontraksi, filament halus dari ujung berlawanan dari sarcomer akan
saling mendekati, kadang-kadang filament tersebut saling menetupi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pergeseran pada waktu otot kontraksi
dihasilkan dengan pemutusan dan pembentukan kembali ikatan silang antara myosin
dan aktin. Kepala molekul myosin terikat aktin secara menyudut, menggeser
myosin terhadap aktin secara memutar, melepaskan ikatan dan menyambung kembali
pada titik-titik yang selanjutnya. Tiap siklus pengikatan, penutaran dan
pemutusan memendekkan otot 1%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Langkah-langkah kontaksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
muatan dari neuron motorik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pelepasan
transmitter/asetilkholin pada lempeng ujung motorik/motor end plate.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial lempeng ujung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembangkitan
potensial aksi pada serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penyebaran
depolarisasi ke dalam sepanjang saluran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
ion Ca+ dari reticulum sarkoplasma dan difusi Ca++ ke filament kasar dan halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pengikatan
Ca++ pada troponin C membebaskan daerah pengikatan myosin pada aktin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l44 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembentukan
ikatan melintang antara aktin dan myosin dan pergeserkan pada filament kasar,
yang menyebabkan pemendekkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c. Langkah-langkah
relaksasi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dipompa kembali masuk ke dalam reticulum
sarcoplasma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pembebasan
Ca<sup><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">++</span></sup> dari tropin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l37 level2 lfo34; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Cambria; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Cambria; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Penghentian
interaksi antara aktin dan myosin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d. Jenis-jenis
kontraksi</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Adanya
kontraksi otot dapat dilihat dan dicatat dengan alat yang dinamakan <i>kymograph
atau electromyograf</i> sedang hasil gambarnya berupa kymogram (grafik),
yang mempunyai 3 fase :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase kontraksi,
memendekkan serabut otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase relaksasi,
kembali memanjang seperti semula.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">– Fase laten merupakan
fase sebelum kontrasi, perubahan ini belum terlihat dari luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Secara sistematis ketiga fase
tersebut seperti dibawah ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase laten<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
kontraski<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Fase
relaksasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Rangsangan biasanya dating pada otot
secara berturut-turut. Pacu tersebut tergantung pada fase tertentu, dating pada
kedua selanjunya pacu ketiga dan seterusnya. Berdasarkan proses tersebut,
dikenal beberapa tipe grafik :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tunggal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus tak sempurna (klonus)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Bentuk tetanus sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Jenis kontraksi otot :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
isotonis yaitu kontraksi yang melawan beban tetap dengan mendekatkan kedua
ujung otot. Sehingga ke dua otot sama-sama menghasilkan tonus (otot
menggadakan pemendekkan).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kontraksi
isometric, yaitu kontraksi tanpa pemendekkan yang nyata tetapi terjadi penembahan
tonus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e. Energi
untuk kontraksi otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy untuk pengaktifan otot diperoleh
dari ATP yang tersedia didalam serabut otot. ATP dipecah oleh enzim ATP-ase
menjadi ADP+P dan akibat pemecahan tersebut akan menghasilkan energy. Serabut
otot menyusun ATP dari reaksi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">ADP + P + E——à ATP<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Serabut otot mempunyai mekanisme dasar
untuk menghasilkan ATP secara berkelanjutan. Proses tersebut memerlukan
beberapa molekul tinggi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Phosphooreatin yang terdapat dalam serabut
otot dalam kondisi sentrasi 5 kalinya ATP. Phosphocreatin dipecah menjadi
creatin dan phosphat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Creatin + P + E ——- > ATP—–
> kontraksi otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Pemecahan glikogen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis merupakan sederetan reaksi
kimia dalam sel untuk mengubah glikon menjadi asam piruvat. Selama perubahan
energy kimia glikogen diubah menjadi ikatan phosphate tenaga tinggi (ATP) yang
dapat disimpan dalam otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikolisis terdiri dari :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikolisis aerobic (siklus kreb)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen O2——–Co2 + H2O +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">–
Glikogen anaerobic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Glikogen ——à asam laktat +E<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Energy hasil pemecahan tersebut kemudian
digunakan untuk menyusun ATP melalui pembentukan kembali phosphocreatin. Oksigen
yang berperan dalam oksidasi seperlima asam laktat menghasilkan energy yang
penting dalam perubahan empat perlima bagian asam lektat menjadi glycogen.
Demikian seterusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f. Kelelahan
otot</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bila otot mendapat rangsangan luminal
atau supraliminal terus menerus maka pada menchanomygram akan tampak bahwa fase
latent menjadi labih lama, begitu pula fase kontraksi dan relaksasi, amplitude
atau tinggi kontraksi lebih rendah yang berarti kerja otot semakin berkurang.
Keadaan tersebut memperlihatkan adanyaa kelelahan otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Kelelahan otot dapat diakibatkan karena
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Habisnya
bahan atau zat sebagai sumber energy untuk kontraksi otot, seperti
glokogen dan sejenisnya.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="color: #404040; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Akumulasi
hasil metabolism karena kontraksi otot, seperti asam laktat. Asam laktat
menghambat motor endplate akibatnya hantaran impuls dari saraf ke otot
terganggu, tetapi bila masih terdapat cadangan glikogen, maka otot
tersebut masih dapat mengadakan kontrasi.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">SIFAT
KERJA OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Sifat kerja otot dibedakan atas 2, yaitu:<br />
1. Antagonis<br />
2. Sinergis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Antagonis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot antagonis yaitu dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada suatu sendi dan
saling berlawanan arahnya sehingga gerakannya saling menghambat. Jika salah
satu otot berkontraksi maka otot yang lainnya relaksasi.<br />
Contoh: otot lengan atas yang berfungsi menggerakkan lengan bawah. Untuk
mengangkat lengan bawah atau menurunkannya diperlukan dua otot rangka, yaitu
otot bisep dan otot trisep. Otot bisep berada pada lengan atas bagian depan
sedangkan otot trisep berada pada lengan atas bagian belakang. Jika otot bisep
berkontraksi, maka otot trisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan bawah terangkat.
Jika otot trisep berkontraksi maka otot bisep akan relaksasi sehingga lengan
bawah turun dan lurus kembali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Efek kerja otot antagonis dibedakan
menjadi:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
1. Fleksi dan ekstensi (membengkokkan dan meluruskan). Contohnya pada sendi
siku dan lutut.<br />
2. Abduksi dan adduksi (mendekati dan menjauhi badan)seperti pada sendi lengan
atas dan sendi paha.<br />
3. Pronasi dan supinasi (menengadah dan menelungkup), seperti ketika menengadah
dan menelungkupkan telapak tangan.<br />
4. Depresi dan elevasi (kebawah dan ke atas), misalnya gerak kepala menunduk
dan menengadah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Sinergis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot sinergis adalah dua otot atau lebih yang bekerja pada satu sendi dan
saling membantu sehingga memberikan gerakan searah. Contohnya gerak otot
pronator teres dan kuadratus yang menimbulkan gerakan menelungkup dan menengadah
pada telapak tangan, Otot bisep lengan atas dan otot pengangkat lengan atas
yang menyebabkan gerakan membengkokkan lengan bawah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">(sumber : </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html"><b><i><span style="color: #444444; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">http://mysurysy.blogspot.com/2010/10/sistem-gerak-pada-manusia-bagian-3.html</span></i></b></a></span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">)</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">A. OTOT KERANGKA</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot merupakan suatu organ/alat yang
memungkinkan tubuh dapat bergerak. Ini adalah suatu sifat penting bagi
organisme. Gerak sel terjadi karena sitoplasma mengubah bentuk (lihat cara
pergerakan amuba). Pada sel-sel, sitoplasma ini merupakan benang-benang halus
yang panjang disebut miofibril. Kalau sel otot mendapat rangsangan maka
miofibril akan memendek. Dengan kata lain sel otot akan memendekkan dirinya ke
arah tertentu (berkontraksi).<br />
<b>B. JENIS OTOT</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></b><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot motoritas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">, disebut juga otot serat lintang oleh
karena di dalamnya protoplasma mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Pada umumnya
otot ini melekat pada kerangka sehingga disebut juga otot kerangka. Otot ini
dapat bergerak menurut kemauan kita (otot sadar), pergerakannya cepat tetapi
lekas lelah, rangsangan dialirkan melalui saraf motoris.<br />
<b><i>2. Otot otonom</i></b>, disebut juga otot polos karena protoplasmanya
licin tidak mempunyai garis-garis melintang. Otot-otot ini terdapat di
alat-alat dalam seperti ventrikulus, usus, kandung kemih, pembuluh darah dan
lain-lain, dapat bekerja di luar kemauan kita (otot tak sadar) oleh karena
rangsangannya melalui saraf otonom.<br />
<b><i>3. Otot jantung</i></b>, bentuknya menyerupai otot serat lintang di dalam
sel protoplsmanya terdapat serabut-serabut melintang yang bercabang-cabang
tetapi kalau kita melihat fungsinya seperti otot polos, dapat bergerak sendiri
secara otomatis oleh karena ia mendapat rangsangan dari susunan otonom. Otot
semacam ini hanya terdapat pada jantung yang mempunyai fungsi tersendiri.<br />
Sebagian besar otot tubuh ini melekat pada kerangka, dapat bergerak secara
aktif sehingga dapat menggerakkan bagian-bagian kerangka dalam suatu letak yang
tertentu. Jadi Otot kerangka merupakan sebuah alat yang menguasai gerak aktif
dan memelihara sikap tubuh. Dalam keadaan istriahat, keadaannya tidak kendur
sama sekali, tetapi mempunyai ketegangan sedikit yang disebut tonus. Ini pada
masing-masing orang berlainan bergantung pada umur, jenis kelamin, dan keadaan
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
<b>C. BAGIAN-BAGIAN DARI OTOT YAITU :</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Kepala otot (muskulus kaput)<br />
2. Empal otot (muskulus venter)<br />
3. Ekor otot (muskulus kaudal)<br />
Kepala dan ekor otot merupakan jaringan ikat yang kuat disebut tendo, yaitu
tempat melekatnya otot pada tulang. Tempat melekatnya kepala otot pada pangkal
tulang disebut origo, dan tempat melekatnya ekor otot dinamakan insersi. Di
bagain tengah bentuknya gembung terdiri dari berkas-berkas otot yang merupakan
bagian aktif dalam berkontraksi yaitu muskulus venter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">D. KONTRAKSI OTOT</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot dapat mengadakan kontraksi dengan
cepat, apabila ia mendapat rangsangan dari luar berupa rangsangan arus listrik,
rangsangan mekanis panas, dingin dan lain-lain. Dalam keadaan sehari-hari otot
ini bekerja atau berkontraksi menurut pengaruh atau perintah yang datang dari
susunan saraf mototris.<br />
Selaput pembungkus. Tiap otot dikelilingi oleh jaringan yang merupakan selaput
pembungkus yang disebut perimisum/fasia. Fasia ini selain sebagai pembungkus
otot juga berfungsi:<br />
1. Menahan dan melindungi otot supaya otot tetap pada tempatnya<br />
2. Tempat asal/origo dari beberapa otot<br />
3. Tempat letaknya pembuluh darah dan saraf untuk jaringan otot<br />
Di antara urat otot dan tulang terdapat kandung lendir yang disebut juga mukosa
bursa yang di dalamnya berisi lendir yang berguna untuk melicinkan urat
tersebut terhadap pergeseran dengan tulang. Di samping itu juga memudahkan
gerak otot terhadap kedudukan tulang.<br />
Retikulum, adalah bagian yang padat dari fasia dalam dan mengikat tendo, yang
berjalan melalui pergelangan mata kaki dan pergelangan tangan.<br />
Diafragma, struktur muskulus tendonium yang memisahkan rongga toraks dengan
rongga abdomen dan membentuk lantai dari rongga toraks atau rongga abdomen.
Diafragma, muncul dari vertebra lumbalis melalui dua ruang kurvautra dari
permukaan dalam prosesus xifoid dan permukaan dalam dari 6 pasang iga terbawah.<br />
<b>E. MACAM-MACAM OTOT</b><br />
1. Menurut bentuk dan serabutnya, meliputi otot serabut sejajar atau bentuk
kumparan, otot bentuk kipas, otot bersirip dan otot melingkar/sfingter<br />
2. Menurut jumlah kepalanya, meliputi otot berkepala dua, otot berkepala
tiga/triseps dan otot berkepala empat/quadriseps<br />
3. Menurut pekerjaannya, meliputi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot sinergis, otot bekerja
bersama-sama<br />
b. Otot antagonis, yaitu otot yang bekerjanya berlawanan<br />
c. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota menjauhi tubuh<br />
d. Otot abduktor, yaitu otot yang menggerakkan anggota mendekati tubuh<br />
e. Otot fleksor, yaitu otot yang membengkokkan sendi tulang atau melipat sendi<br />
f. Otot ekstensor, otot yang meluruskan kembali sendi tulang kedudukan semula<br />
g. Otot pronator, ketika ulna dan radial dalam keadaan sejajar<br />
h. Otot suponator, ulna dan radial dalam keadaan menyilang<br />
i. Endorotasi, memutar ke dalam<br />
j. Eksorotasi, memutar ke luar<br />
k. Dilatasi, memanjangkan otot<br />
l. Kontraksi, memendekkan otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
4. Menurut letaknya otot-otot tubuh dibagi dalam beberapa golongan yaitu:<br />
a. Otot bagian kepala<br />
b. Otot bagian leher<br />
c. Otot bagian dada<br />
d. Otot bagian perut<br />
e. Otot bagain punggung<br />
f. Otot bahu dan lengan<br />
g. Otot panggul<br />
h. Otot anggota gerak bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot Kepala<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bagian ini dibagi menjadi 5 bagian:<br />
<i>1. Otot pundak kepala</i>, funsinya sebagian kecil membentuk gales
aponeurotika disebut juga muskulus oksipitifrontalis, dibagi menajdi 2 baigan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus frontalis, funsinya
mengerutkan dahi dan menarik dahi mata<br />
b. Oksipitalis terletak di bagian belakang, fungsinya menarik kulit ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot wajah terbagi atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Otot mata (muskulus rektus okuli) dan
otot bola mata sebanyak 4 buah<br />
b. Muskulus oblikus okuli/otot bola mata sebanyak 2 buah, fungsinya memutar
mata<br />
c. Muskulus orbikularis okuli/otot lingkar mata terdapat di sekliling mata,
funsinya sebagai penutup mata atau otot sfingter mata<br />
d. Muskulus levator palpebra superior terdapat pada kelopak mata. Fungsinya
menarik, mengangkat kelopak mata atas pada waktu membuka mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">3. Otot mulut bibir dan pipi, terbagi
atas</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 163.05pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. <i>Muskulus triangularis</i> dan
muskulus orbikularis oris/otot sudut mulut, fungsinya menarik sudut mulut ke
bawah<br />
b<i>. Muskulus quadratus</i> labii superior, otot bibir atas mempunyai
origo penggir lekuk mata menuju bibir atas dan hidung<br />
c. <i>Muskulus quadratus labii inferior,</i> terdapat pada dagu
merupakan kelanjutan pada otot leher. Fungsinya menarik bibir ke bawah atau
membentuk mimik muka ke bawah<br />
d. <i>Muskulus buksinator</i>, membentuk dinding samping rongga mulut.
Origo pada taju mandibula dan insersi muskulus orbikularis oris. Fungsinya
untuk menahan makanan waktu mengunyah.<br />
e. <i>Muskulus zigomatikus/otot pipi</i>, fungsinya untuk mengangkat dagu
mulut ke atas waktu senyum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">4. Otot pengunyah/otot yang bekerja
waktu mengunyah, teerbagi atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus maseter, fungsinya
mengangkat rahang bawah pada waktu mulut terbuka<br />
b. Muskulus temporalis fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke atas dan ke belakang<br />
c. Muskulus pterigoid internus dan eksternus, fungsinya menarik rahang bawah ke
depan.<br />
5. Otot lidah sangat berguna dalam membantu pancaindra untuk menunyah, terbagi
atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">a. Muskulus genioglosus, fungsinya
mendorong lidah ke depan<br />
b. Muskulus stiloglosus, fungsinya menarik lidah ke atas dan ke belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot Leher</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Bagian otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
1. Muskulus platisma, terdapat di samping leher menutupi sampai bagian dada.
Fungsinya menekan mandibula, menarik bibir ke bawah dan mengerutkan kulit
bibir.<br />
2. Muskulus sternokleidomastoid di samping kiri kanan leher ada suatu tendo
sangat kuat. Fungsinya menarik kepala ke samping, ke kiri, dan ke kanan,
memutar kepala dan kalau keduanya bekerja sama merupakan fleksi kepala ke depan
disamping itu sebagai alat bantu pernapasan..<br />
3. Muskulus longisimus kapitis, terdiri dari splenius dan semispinalis kapitis.
Ketiga otot ini terdapat di belakang leher, terbentang dari belakang kepala ke
prosesus spinalis korakoid. Fungsinya untuk menarik kepala belakang dan menggelengkan
kepala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">c.
Otot Bahu<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot bahu hanya meliputi sebuah sendi
saja dan membungkus tulang pangkal lengan dan tulang belikat akromion yang
teraba dari luar.<br />
1. M. deltoid (otot segitiga), otot ini membentuk lengkung bahu dan berpangkal
di bagian sisi tulang selangka ujung bahu, balung tulang belikat dan diafise
tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot ini dan taju besar tulang pangkal lengan
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan sampai mendatar.<br />
2. M. subskapularis (otot depan tulang belikat) Otot ini mulai dari bagian
depan tulang belikat, menuju taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan, di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya menengahkan dan memutar tulang humerus ke
dalam.<br />
3. M. supraspinatus (otot atas balung tualang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah atas menuju ke taju besar tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya
mengangkat lengan.<br />
4. M. infraspinatus (otot bawah balung tulang belikat). Otot ini berpangkal di
lekuk sebelah bawah balung tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang
pangkal lengan. Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<br />
5. M. teres mayor (ototo lengan bulat besar). Otot ini berpangkal di siku bawah
tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju kecil tulang pangkal lengan. Di antara otot
lengan bulat kecil dan otot lengan bulat besar terdapat kepala yang panjang
dari muskulus triseps brakii. Fungsinya bisa memutar lengan ke dalam.<br />
6. M. teres minor (otot lengan belikat kecil). Otot ini berpangakal di siku
sebelah luar tulang belikat dan menuju ke taju besar tulang ke pangkal lengan.
Fungsinya memutar lengan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">d.
Otot Dada</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri atas:<br />
<i>1. Otot dada besar (muskulus pektoralis mayor).</i> Pangkalnya terdapat
di ujung tengah selangka, tulang dada dan rawan iga. Fungsinya dapat memutar
lengan ke dalam dan menengahkan lengan, menarik lengan melalui dada, merapatkan
lengan ke dalam.<br />
<i>2. Otot dada kecil (muskulus pektoralis minor).</i> Terdapat di bawah
otot dada besar, berpangkal di iga III, IV dan V menuju ke prosesus korakoid.
Fungsinya menaikkan tulang belikat dan menekan bahu.<br />
<i>3. Otot bawah selangka (muskulus subklavikula).</i> Terdapat di antara
tulang selangka dan ujung iga I, bagian dada atas sebelah bawah os klavikula.
Fungsinya menetapkan tulang selangka di sendi sebelah tulang dada dan menekan
sendi bahu ke bawah dan ke depan.<br />
4. <i>Otot gergaji depan(muskulus seratus anterior).</i> Berpangkal
di iga I sampai IX dan menuju ke sisi tengah tulang belikat, tetapi yang
terbanyak menuju ke bawah.<br />
5.<i> Otot dada sejati y</i>aitu otot-otot sela iga luar dan otot-otot
sela iga dalam. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan iga waktu bernapas. Otot
dada bagian dalam disebut juga otot dada sejati, yaitu otot dada yang membantu
pernapasan terdiri dari:<br />
– Muskulus interkostalis eksternal dan internal terdapat di antara
tulang-tulang iga. Fungsinya mengangkat dan menurunkan tulang iga ke atas dan
ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
– Muskulus diaragmatikus, merupakan alat istimewa yang di tengahnya mempunayi
aponeurosis yang disebut sentrum tendineum. Bentuknya melengkung ke atas
mengahadap ke rongga toraks, mempunyai lobang tempat lalu aorta vena kava dan
esofagus. Fungsinya menjadi batas antara rongga dada dan rongga perut.
Kontraksi dan relaksinya memperkecil serta memperbesar rongga dada waktu
bernapas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">e.
Otot Perut<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Terdiri atas:<br />
1. Muskulus abdominis internal (dinding perut). Garis di tengah dinding perut
dinamakan linea alba, otot sebelah luar (muskulus abdominis eksternal). Otot
yang tebal dinamakan aponeurosis, membentuk kandung otot yang terdapat di
sebelah kiri dan kanan linea itu.<br />
2. Lapisan sebelah luar sekali dibentuk otot miring luar (muskulus obliqus
eskternus abdominis). Berpangkal pada igaV sampai iga yang bawah sekali.
Serabut ototnya yang sebelah belakang menuju ke tepi tulang panggul
(kristailiaka). Serabut yang depan menuju linea alba. Serabut yang tengah
membentuk ikat yang terbentang dari spina iliaka anterior superior ke simfisis.<br />
3. Lapisan kedua di bawah otot dibentuk oleh otot perut dalam(M. obliqus
internus abdominis). Serabut miring menuju ke atas dan ke tengah. Aponeurosis
terbagi 2 dan ikut membentuk kandung otot perut lurus sebelah depan dan
belakang muskulus rektus abdominis, otot perut lurus mulai dari pedang rawan
iga III di bawah dan menuju ke simfisi. Otot ini mempunyai 4 buah urat
melintang.<br />
4. Muskulus transversus abdominis, merupakan xifoid menuju artikule ke kosta
III terus ke simfisis. Otot ini membentuk 4 buah urat yang bentuknya melintang
dibungkus oleh muskulus rektus abdominis dan otot vagina.<br />
Otot yang masuk ke dalam formasi bagian bawah dinding perut atau dinding
abdominal posterior :<br />
1. Muskulus psoas, terletak di belakang diafragma bagain bawah mediastinum,
berhubungan dengan quadratus lumborum di dalamnya terdapt arteri, vena dan
kelenjar limfe<br />
2. Muskulus iliakus terdapat pada sisi tulang ilium, sebelah belakang berfungsi
menopang sekum, dan sebelah depan menyentuh kolon desendens<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">f.
Otot Punggung<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot punggung (bagian belakang tubuh),
otot ini dibagi menjadi 3 bagian:<br />
<i>a. Otot yang ikut menggerakkan lengan</i><br />
1. Trapezius (otot kerudung). Terdapat di semua ruas-ruas tulang punggung.
Berpangkal di tulang kepala belakang. Fungsinya: mengangkat dan menarik sendi
bahu. Bagian atas menarik skapula ke bagian medial dan yang bawah menarik ke
bagian lateral.<br />
2. Muskulus latisimus dorsi (otot pungung lebar), berpangkal pada ruas tulang
punggung yang kelima dari bawah fasia lumboid, tepi tulang punggung dan iga III
di bawah, gunanya menutupi ketiak bagian belakang, menengahkan dan memutar
tulang pangkal lengan ke dalam.<br />
3. Muskulus rumboid (otot belah ketupat), berpangkal dari taju duri, dari tulang
leher V, ruas tulang punggung V, di sisni menuju ke pinggir tengah tulang
belikat. Gunanya menggerakkan tulang belikat ke atas dan ke tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b.
Otot antara ruas tulang belakang dan iga</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot yang bekerja menggerakkan tulang iga atau otot bantu pernapasan, terdir
dari dua otot yaitu:<br />
1. Muskulus seratus posterior inferior (otot gergaji belakang bawah). Terletak
di bawah otot pungung lebar, berpangkal di fasia lumbodorsalis dan menuju ke
iga V dari bawah. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke bawah pada waktu bernapas.<br />
2. Muskulus seratus posterior superior, terletak di bawah otot belah ketupat
dan berpangkal di ruas tulang leher keenam dan ketujuh dari ruas tulang
punggung yang kedua. Gunanya menarik tulang iga ke atas waktu inspirasi.<br />
<i>c. Otot punggung sejati</i><br />
1. Muskulus interspinalis transversi dan muskulus semispinalis, terdapat di
antara kiri-kanan prosesus transversus dan prosesus spina. Fungsinya untuk
sikap dan pergerakan tulang belakang.<br />
2. Muskulus sakrospinalis (muskulus eraktor spina) terletak di samping ruas
tulang belakang kiri dan kanan. Fungsinya memelihara dan menjaga kedudukan
kolumna vertebra dan pergerakan dari ruas tulang belakang<br />
3. Mukulus quadratus lumborum, terletak antara krista iliaka dan os kosta,
terdiri dari 2 lapisan; fleksi dari vertebra lumbalis dan di samping itu juga
merupakan dinding bagian belakang rongga perut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; vertical-align: baseline;">
<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">g.
Otot pangkal lengan atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
a. Otot-otot ketul (fleksor):<br />
1. Muskulus biseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 2). Otot ini meliputi 2 buah
sendi dan mempunyai 2 buah kepala (kaput). Kepala yang panjang melekat di dalam
sendi bahu, kepala yang pendek melekatnya di sebelah luar dan yang kedua di
sebelah dalam. Otot itu ke bawah menuju ke tulang pengumpil. Di bawah uratnya
terdapat kandung lendir. Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku, meratakan
hasta dan mengangkat lengan.<br />
2. Muskulus brakialis (otot lengan dalam). Otot ini berpangkal di bawah otot
segitiga di tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju taju di pangkal tulang hasta.
Fungsinya membengkokkan lengan bawah siku.<br />
3. Muskulus korakobrakialis. Otot ni berpangkal di prosesus korakoid dan menju
ke tulang pangkal lengan. Fungsinya mengangkat lengan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">b. Otot-otot kedang (ekstensor):<br />
Muskulus triseps braki (otot lengan berkepala 3)<br />
1. Kepala luar berpangkal di sebelah belakang tulang pangkal lengan dan menuju
ke bawah kemudian bersatu dengan yang lain.<br />
2. Kepala dalam dimulai di sebelah dalam tulang pangkal lengan.<br />
3. Kepala panjang dimulai pada tulang di bawah sendi dan ketiganya mempunyai
sebuah urat yang melekat di olekrani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">h.
Otot lengan bawah<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span></span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">1. Otot-otot kedang yang memainkan
peranannya dalam pengetulan di atas sendi siku, sendi-sendi tangan, sendi-sendi
jari, dan sebagian dalam terak silang hasta:<br />
a. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radialis longus<br />
b. Muskulus ekstensor karpi radiais brevis<br />
c. Muskulus ekstensor karpi ulnaris. Ketiga otot ini fungsinya sebagai ekstensi
lengan (menggerakkan lengan)<br />
d. Digitonum karpi radialis, fungsinya ekstensi jari tangan kecuali ibu jari<br />
e. Muskulus ekstensor policis longus, fungsinya ekstensi ibu jari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">2. Otot-otot ketul yang mengedangkan
siku dan tangan serta ibu jari dan meratakan hasta tangan. Otot-otot ini
berkumpul sebagai berikut.<br />
a. Otot-otot di sebelah tapak tangan. Otot-otot ini ada 4 lapis. Lapis yang
ke-2 di sebelah luar berpangkal di tulang pangkal lengan. Di dalam lapis yang
pertama terdapat otot-otot yang meliputi sendi siku, sendi antara hasta dan
tulang pengumpil sendi di pergelangan. Fungsinya dapat membengkokkan jari
tangan. Lapis ke-4 ialah otot-otot untuk sendi-sendi antara tulang hasta dan
tulang pengumpil. Di antara otot-otot ini disebut:<br />
– Otot silang hasta bulat (muskulus pronator teres). Fungsinya dapat
mengerjakan silang hasta dan membengkokkan lengan bawah siku<br />
– Otot-otot ketul untuk tangan dan jari tangan: muskulus palmaris ulnaris,
berfungsi mengetulkan lengan; muskulus palmaris longus; muskulus fleksor karpi
radialis, muskulus fleksor digitor sublimis, fungsinya fleksi jari kedua dan
kelingking; muskulus fleksor digitorum profundus, fungsinya fleksi jari
1,2,3,4; muskulus fleksor poicis longus, fungsinya fleksi ibu jari<br />
– Otot yang bekerja memutar radialis (pronator dan supinator) terdiri dari:
muskulus pronator teres equadratus, fungsinya pronasi tangan; muskulus spinator
brevis, fungsinya supinasi tangan<br />
b. Otot-otot di sebelah tulang pengumpil, berfungsi membengkokkan lengan di
siku, membengkokkan tangan ke arah tulang pengumpil atau tulang hasta.<br />
c. Otot-otot di sebelah punggung atas, disebut otot kedang jari bersama yang
meluruskan jari tangan. Otot yang lain meluruskan ibu jari (telunjuk).
Otot-otot lengan bawah mempunyai urat yang panjang di bagaian bawah di dekat
pergelangan dan di tangan. Urat-urat tersebut mempunyai kandung urat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">i.Otot-otot
tangan</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Di tangan terdapat otot-otot tangan pendek terdapat diantara tulang-tulang
tapak tangan atau membantu ibu jantung tangan (thener) dan anak jantung
tangan(hipothener).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">j.
Otot-otot sekitar panggul</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot ini berasal dari tulang panggul atau kolumna vertebralis menuju ke pangkal
paha.<br />
1. Sebelah depan bagian dalam dari panggul terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus psoas mayor, terbentang dari prosesus transversi lumbalis menuju
trokanter minor dan iliakus<br />
b. Muskulus iliakus, berasal dari fosa iliaka menuju trokanter minor<br />
c. Muskulus psoas minor, yang terletak di muka psoas mayor. Ketiga otot ini
disebut juga otot iliopsoas, fungsinya mengangkat dan memutar tungkai ke bagian
luar<br />
2. Sebelah belakang bagian luar terdapat:<br />
a. Muskulus gluteus maksmius merupakan otot yang terbesar yang terdapat di
sebelah luar panggul membentuk bokong. Fungsinya, antagonis dari iliopsoas
yaitu rotasi fleksi dan endorotasi femur.<br />
b. Muskulus gluteus medius dan minimus. Fungsinya, abduksi dan endoratasi dari
femur dan bagian medius eksorotasi femur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">k.
Otot-otot tungkai atas</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Otot tungkai atas (otot pada paha), mempunyai selaput pembungkus yang sangat
kuat dan disebut fasia lata yang dibagi atas 3 golongan yaitu:<br />
1. Otot abduktor terdiri dari:<br />
a. Muskulus abduktor maldanus sebelah dalam<br />
b. Muskulus adduktor brevis sebelah tengah<br />
c. Muskulus abduktor longus sebelah luar<br />
Ketiga otot ini menjadi satu yang disebut muskulus abduktor femoralis.
Fungsinya menyelenggarkan gerakan abduksi dari femur.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor (quadriseps femoris) otot berkepala empat. Otot ini
merupakan otot yang terbesar terdiri dari:<br />
1. Muskulus rektus femoris<br />
2. Muskulus vastus lateralis eksternal<br />
3. Muskulus vastus medialis internal<br />
4. Muskulus vastus intermedial<br />
5. Otot fleksor femoris, yang terdapat di bagian belakang paha terdiri dari:<br />
a. Biseps femoris, otot berkepala dua. Fungsinya membengkokkan paha dan
meluruskan tungkai bawah.<br />
b. Muskulus semi membranosus, otot seperti selaput. Fungsinya membengkokkan
tungkai bawah.<br />
c. Muskulus semi tendinosus, otot seprti urat. Fungsinya membengkokkan urat
bawah serta memutarkan ke dalam.<br />
d. Muskulus sartorius, otot penjahit. Bentuknya panjang seperti pita, terdapat
di bagain paha. Fungsi: eksorotasi femur memutar ke luar pada waktu lutut
mengetul, serta membantu gerakan fleksi femur dan membengkokkan ke luar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">l.
Otot tungkai bawah</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><br />
Terdiri dari:<br />
1. Otot tulang kering depan muskulus tibialis anterior. Fungsinya mengangkat
pinggir kaki sebelah tengah dan membengkokkan kaki.<br />
2. Muskulus ekstensor talangus longus. Fungsinya meluruskan jari telunjuk ke
tengah jari, jari manis dan kelingking kaki.<br />
3. Otot kedang jempol, fungsinya dapat meluruskan ibu jari kaki. Urat-urat
tersebut dipaut oleh ikat melintang dan ikat silang sehingga otot itu bisa
membengkokkan kaki ke atas. Otot-otot yang terdapat di belakang mata kaki luar
dipaut oleh ikat silang dan ikat melintang. Fungsinya dapat mengangkat kaki
sebelah luar.<br />
4. Urat akiles (tendo achlilles). Fungsinya meluruskan kaki di sendi tumit dan
membengkokkan tungkai bawah lutut (muskulus popliteus). Yang:<br />
a. Berpangkal pada kondilus tulang kering.<br />
b. Melintang dan melekat di kondilus lateralis tulang paha. Fungsinya memutar
fibia ke dalam (endorotasi). Otot ketul jari (muskulus fleksor falangus
longus). Berpangkal pada tulang kering dan uratnya menuju telapak kaki dan
melekat pada ruas jari kaki. Fungsinya membengkokkan jari dan menggerakkan kaki
ke dalam<br />
5. Otot ketul empu kaki panjang (muskulus falangus longus). Berpangkal pada
betis, uratnya melewati tulang jadi dan melekat pada ruas empu jari. Fungsinya
membengkokkan empu kaki.<br />
6. Otot tulang betis belakang (muskulus tibialis posterior). Berpangkal pada
selaput antara tulang dan melekat pada pangkal tulang kaki. Fungsinya dapat
membengkokkan kaki di sendi tumit dan telapak kaki di sebelah ke dalam.<br />
7. Otot kedang jari bersama. Letaknya di punggung kaki, fungsinya dapat
meluruskan jari kaki (muskulus ekstensor falangus 1-5).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 18.0pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">Otot-otot yang lain antara lain:<br />
a. Otot ketul<br />
b. Otot penengah empu kaki, telapak di telapak kaki<br />
c. Otot penepsi, terletak di sebelah punggung kaki. Aponeurosis plantaris,
tapak kaki yang ditutupi oleh selaput</span><span style="color: #404040; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sesi Tanya Jawab<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pertanyaan Kelompok penyanggah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah ada dampak
dalam mempletekan jari? Sumber bunyi terdapat dari mana?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">engan membunyikan tulang leher, gerakan membunyikan buku-buku
atau sendi di jari merupakan kebiasaan yang salah karena menyalahi aturan
persendian normalnya dan dapat menghancurkan tulang-tulang rawan di
dalamnya.Jika kebiasaan ini dilakukan terus menerus maka dapat menimbulkan
penyakit sendi yang kronis di kemudian hari</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #FAFAFA; color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sendi kita mengandung sesuatu yang disebut sinovia, yang
membantu melumasi sendi. Cairan sinovia mengandung gas oksigen, nitrogen, dan
karbondioksida Cairan yang berpindah ini menciptakan ruang kosong, yang dengan
cepat terisi dengan gas lagi. Perpindahan gas yang cepat inilah yang
memunculkan bunyi letupan.</span><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://www.apakabardunia.com/2012/06/mengapa-membunyikan-leher-dan-buku-jari.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah tulang wajah
tiap individu berbeda? <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak,Kerangka
tengkorak pada manusia itu sama satu sama lain,yang membedakannya itu adalah
bentuk muka seperti hidung,mata,mulut yang membedakannya.Perbedaan wajah pada
tiap individu dilandasi faktor Gen atau keturunan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo41; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana proses
penyembuhan patah tulang? Waktunya berapa lama?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 1 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peradangan
(inflammation) Tulang patah baik terbuka atau tertutup akan menimbulkan
perdarahan sekecil apapun itu dan membuat jaringan di sekitarnya
meradang yang ditandai dengan bengkak, memerah dan teraba hangat serta tentunya
terasa sakit. Tahap ini dimulai pada hari ketika patah tulang terjadi dan
berlangsung sekitar 2 sampai 3 minggu</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tahap 2 : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan kalus
halus (soft callus) Antara 2 sampai 3 setelah cedera, rasa sakit dan
pembengkakan akan mulai hilang. Pada tahap penyembuhan patah tulang ini,
terbentuk kalus yang halus di kedua ujung tulang yang patah sebagai cikal bakal
yang menjembatani penyambungan tulang namun kalus ini belum dapat terlihat
melalui rongsen. Tahap ini biasanya berlangsung hingga 4 sampai 8 minggu
setelah cedera</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
3: Pembentukan kalus keras (hard callus) Antara 4 sampai 8 minggu, tulang baru
mulai menjembatani fraktur (soft callus berubah menjadi hard callus) dan dapat
dilihat pada x-rays atau rongsen. Dengan waktu 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah
cedera, tulang baru telah mengisi fraktur.</span><span style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="background: #F6F4F1; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
4: Remodeling tulang Dimulai sekitar 8 sampai 12 minggu setelah cedera, sisi
fraktur mengalami remodeling (memperbaiki atau merombak diri) memperbaiki
setiap cacat yang mungkin tetap sebagai akibat dari cedera. Ini tahap akhir
penyembuhan patah tulang yang dapat bertahan hingga beberapa tahun</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<span style="color: #535353;"><br />
<span style="background: #F6F4F1;">Bersumber dari:<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://mediskus.com/kb/penyembuhan-patah-tulang"><span style="background: #F6F4F1; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #3f76d3; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Penyembuhan Patah Tulang | Mediskus.com</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nutrisi apa yang
bagus untuk mencegah pengapuran tulang, dan pengkroposan tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk mencegah pengapuran
dan pengeroposan tulang yaitu dengan mengkonsmsi bahan makanan yang mengandung </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">kalsium dan vitamin D. Vitamin D bisa mudah kita
dapatkan juga dengan cara berjemur pada sinar matahari pagi. Vitamin D juga
bisa diperoleh dari makanan antara lain telur, ikan, susu dan keju.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://drozindonesiatranstv.blogspot.co.id/2014/05/tips-cara-atasi-dan-mengobati.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bagaimana cara
kerja tulang sesamoid untuk melindungi tendo terhadap kausan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Contoh tulang
sesamoid yaitu tulang patella,yaitu berfungsi melindungi tendo dari kausan atau
benturan dan </span><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">mengurangi
pergeseran dan perubahan arah dari tendo</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: C:\Users\user\Documents\tulang patella.jpg" id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 254.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 270.75pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="tulang patella" src="file:///C:\Users\user\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya</span></a><a href="http://ilmuveteriner.com/pengelompokan-tulang-berdasarkan-bentuknya/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 pukul 13:00)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem rangka
hidrostatik, pengertian sistem rangka hidrostatik adalah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kerangka
cairan. Artinya, bukannya mendukung tubuh dengan zat keras, baik di dalam atau
di luar, dukungan terdiri dari cairan bertekanan tertutup dalam kompartemen
tubuh. The hidrostatik kerangka memberikan dukungan dan gerakan untuk berbagai hewan,
termasuk sebagian cnidaria, cacing pipih, nematoda, dan Annelida. Hewan ini
bergerak dengan mengerahkan tekanan otot mereka pada kompartemen cairan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik</span></a><a href="http://hikmat.web.id/biologi-klas-xi/pengertian-kerangka-hidrostatik/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(12 November 2015 \pukul 13:45 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertanyaan kelompok lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Shinta : Apakah
Tulang Mempengaruhi Tinggi Pendek Seseorang? Penyebab Dan Kandungan Yang Dapat
Mempengaruhi Tinggi Dan Pendek Seseorang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ya,Karena
Tulang adalah patokan untuk pengukuran tinggi badan seseorang yang dapat
diukur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kandungan Yang
Mempengaruhi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Kalsium Contohnya Keju,yogurt,ikan,brokoli,almond,tahu Dan Susu
Kedelai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Yang
Mengandung Vitamin D Contohnya . Udang Jamur,telur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bahan Makanan
Yang Mengandung Magnesium Contohnya Kacang Kacangan,bayam,sereal,gandum,kentang
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://</span></a><a href="http://manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">manfaatnyasehat.com/sumbervitamin-d/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (12 November 2015 pukul 13:55)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ikrimah : proses
terjadinya pengapuran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Osteoarthritis
atau pengapuran sendi adalah penyakit yang terjadi pada sendi yang ditandai
dengan adanya penipisan atau pengikisan tulang rawan sendi sehingga bantalan
sendi makin lama akan menjadi semakin tipis yang akhirnya akan menghilang
ataupun gundul sehingga sendi akan merasa nyeri saat sedang digerakkan.Terjadi
karena faktor usia,kelebihan berat badan,dan melakukan pekerjaan yang berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Halimah : bagaimana
cara tulang menyerap nutrisi ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tulang
menyerap nutrisi yang di bawa oleh darah melalui pembuluh darah.Boron dan adalah dua nutrisi akan meningkatan penyerapan
kalsium dalam darah dan tulang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://m.merdeka.com/sehat/4-nutrisi-penting-untuk-penyembuhan-patahtulang.html</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(13 November
2015 pukul 14:15)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yayah : penyembuhan
tulang kering bila terbentur ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengkompres
dingin pada benjolan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengoleskan
trombopop pada benjolan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mencegah
benturan terulang pada tempat yang sama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Http://www.alodokter.com/komunitas/topic/bengkak-di-kaki-bagian-tulang-kering/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015
pukul 14:43)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Yunita : pemberian
tegak adakah dampak bagi ruas-ruas tulang belakang pada kasus paskibra?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tidak ada
pengaruh,karna sikap tegap pada paskibra malah mengurangi dampak kerusakan pada
tuang belakang.Karena bungkuk adalah sikap tubuh yang buruk. Dan sikap tubuh
yang buruk dapat membuat sakit punggung dan sakit pinggang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung</span></a><a href="http://dokita.co/blog/14-tips-menghilangkan-sakit-punggung/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">
(13 November 2015 pukul 15:48)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rotua : efek high
heels pada tulang?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">High Heels
akan mengakibatkan tekanan yang tinggi pada permukaan telapak kaki anda
sehingga akan memicu metatarsalgia yaitu kondisi sakit yang parah atau kram
yang ditimbulkan oleh bagian anterior tulang telapak, biasanya anda akan
mengalami nyeri pada bagian tumit dan mata kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bunions<br />
Ini adalah pertumbuhan tulang yang terjadi di sekitar pangkal jempol kaki dan
dapat menyebabkan jempol kaki bengkok dan mengarah ke jari-jari kaki lainnya
yang menimbulkan rasa nyeri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan</span></a><a href="http://doktersehat.com/dampak-menggunakan-sepatu-hak-tinggi-terhadap-kesehatan/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (
13 November 2015 pukul 15:58 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Destia : manfaaat
alat penyangga bagi korban kecelakaan patah tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penggunaan
gips, korset, dan bahan logam memiliki satu tujuan yang sama, yaitu untuk
mengembalikan posisi tulang atau patahan tulang ke semula. Gips, korset,
dan bahan logam yang berfungsi untuk membantu mempertahankan bentuk tulang,
salah satunya adalah karena ditakutkan apabila tidak ada penyangga yang
menahan, bentuk tulang akan mengalami kelainan bentuk, misalnya bengkok atau
tidak seperti keadaan semula. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang</span></a><a href="https://yamachiyo.wordpress.com/2009/03/23/fungsi-penggunaan-gips-korset-dan-bahan-logam-pada-penderita-patah-tulang/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> (13 November 2015 pukul 14:13 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Agita : Kenapa
tulang ekor sangat rawan terhadap benturan yang dapat menimbulkan kebutaan ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ahli
bedah tulang belakang dari Ramsay Spine Center Rumah Sakit Premier Bintaro, dr
Luthfi Gatam, SpOT, meluruskan anggapan keliru ini. Menurutnya, posisi jatuh
terduduk memang berbahaya, tetapi bukan memiliki korelasi terhadap kebutaan,
melainkan pada kelumpuhan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-54050157252989601692016-01-31T23:15:00.001+07:002016-01-31T23:15:19.834+07:00Sistem Integumen<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANATOMI
FISIOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“
SISTEM INTEGUMEN ”<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">DISUSUN OLEH :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Ersa Fradella<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Indah Dwi Astuti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Rika Fitriani<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">dr. Maria Poppy H. M.Epid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">D-III GIZI KELAS 1-A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">POLITEKNIK
KESEHATAN KEMENTRIAN KESEHATAN JAKARTA II <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jalan
Hang Jebat III / F3 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">SISTEM INTEGUMEN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> KULIT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">wanita,
kulit merupakan bagian tubuh yang perlu mendapat perhatian Kulit adalah lapisan
jaringan yang terdapat pada bagian luar menutupi seluruh tubuh dan melindungi
tubuh dari bahaya yang datang dari luar. Bagi khusus untuk memperindah
kecantikan. Bagi seorang dokter apa yang terlihat pada kulit dapat membantu
menemukan penyakit yang diderita pasiennya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapisan
kulit pada dasarnya sama di semua bagian tubuh, kecuali di telapak tangan,
telapak kaki, dan bibir. Tebalnya bervariasi dari 0,5 mm di kelopak mata sampai
4 mm di telapak kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyvwPGJEhyphenhyphenLBplwu67IlxQdCgjL-X0woFgSKt9k-Kh-n4md-UQGszKt69iF62oX7rHshu45StJVQk6Y5lW0z_jeQXdHZfZfDPCEeyVg4st3wARvt8bjr3As5xr3hGCkT1kOxVIfzStKCI/s1600/penampang-kulit.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhyvwPGJEhyphenhyphenLBplwu67IlxQdCgjL-X0woFgSKt9k-Kh-n4md-UQGszKt69iF62oX7rHshu45StJVQk6Y5lW0z_jeQXdHZfZfDPCEeyVg4st3wARvt8bjr3As5xr3hGCkT1kOxVIfzStKCI/s320/penampang-kulit.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 144.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Gambar
penampang kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
kulit terdapat dua lapisan utama yaitu epidermis lapisan luar, dan dermis
lapisan dalam. Masing-masing lapisan terbentuk dari jaringan yang berbeda dan
mempunyai fungsi yang sangat berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Epidermis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Epidermis terbentuk dari
epitel skuamosa bertingkat, dan epidermis yang paling tebal terdapat pada
telapak tangan dan telapak kaki. Sel-selnya disebut <b>keratinosit </b>dan tidak ada pembuluh darah kapiler diantaranya.
Meskipun epidermis dapat dibagi menjadi empat atau lima sublapisan, ada dua
sublapisan yang paling penting: lapisan terdalam yaitu stratum germinativum,
lapisan terluar yaitu stratum korneum. Bagian-bagian epidermis dapat dilihat
dengan mikroskop.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9G9um2ZbErVcFkIwcvsloQ3Io81Y_SZkh6ThKBb9cOFKyxFj70CxFPbFeYYdkoFkw47GatCPn-d20BE_FUvTAVJqli2Lpa8Q6vw4rANFahed9jr1_BEjawo-Xup_apgJjRxSvU4RIOa4/s1600/nn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9G9um2ZbErVcFkIwcvsloQ3Io81Y_SZkh6ThKBb9cOFKyxFj70CxFPbFeYYdkoFkw47GatCPn-d20BE_FUvTAVJqli2Lpa8Q6vw4rANFahed9jr1_BEjawo-Xup_apgJjRxSvU4RIOa4/s320/nn.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<o:wrapblock><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4" o:spid="_x0000_s1036" style="height: 217.65pt; left: 0; margin-left: 84.45pt; margin-top: 5.85pt; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: text; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 286.3pt; z-index: 251664384;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stratum
Germinativum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> atau yang biasa disebut stratum basal karena
sel-selnya terletak di bagian basal/basis. lapisan ini merupakan tempat terjadinya mitosis. Sel-sel baru terus diproduksi, yang
mendorong sel yang lebih tua ke arah permukaan kulit. Sel-sel tersebut
memproduksi protein keratin, dan semakin jauh dari pembuluh kapiler, sel-sel tersebut
mati. Kemudian, sel-sel yang mati dibuang ke permukaan kulit dan digantikan
oleh sel-sel baru. Bentuk sel ini silindis (tabung) dengan initi yang lonjong.
Di dalamnya terdapat butir-butir halus yang disebut butir melamin warna. Sel
tersbut disusun seperti pagar (palisade) di bagian bawah sel tersebut terdapat membran
basalis. Sel-sel basalis dengan membran basalis merupakan batas terbawah dari
pada epidermis dengan dermis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stratum
Korneum </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah lapisan epidermis yang paling luar, terdiri atas berlapis-lapis
sel mati, tidak mempunyai inti sel. Inti selnya sudah mati dan yang tertinggal
hanya keratinnya. Keratin protein cenderung tahan air dan mencegah penguapan
air tubuh. <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Stratum Lusidum</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> <i>(stratum lucidum)</i> : lapisan ini
terdiri atas beberapa lapis sel</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> berbentuk pipih. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Membran yang membatasi sel-sel tersebut sulit terlihat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
disebabkan sel-selnya sudah banyak yang kehilangan inti dan butir-butir sel
telah menjadi jernih(bening) dan tembus sinar. Lapisan ini hanya terdapat pada
telapak tangan dan telapak kaki.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Stratum Granulosum </span></b><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">(stratum granulosum)</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> : lapisan ini terdiri atas 2-3 lapis<i> sel poligonal </i> yang </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pipih
dan sejajar dengan permukaan kulit</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> dengan
inti di tengah dan sitoplasmanya berisi butiran <i>(granula</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)
keratohialin</span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> atau gabungan keratin dengan hialin. Lapisan
ini menghalangi masuknya benda asing, kuman, dan bahan kimia masuk ke dalam
tubuh.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stratum
Spinosum/Sel Langerhans </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(disebut juga sel dendritic karena
bentuknya seperti ranting) yang berasal dari sumsum tulang. Sel-sel ini selalu
bergerak dan mampu memfagosit materi-materi asing, seperti bakteri yang masuk
tubuh melalui kulit yang luka. Ketika kuman tertelan, sel-sel Langerhans
bermigrasi ke nodus limfatikus dan mengenalkan kuman tersebut ke limfosit. Hal
ini memicu respons imun dengan memproduksi antibody.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melanosit
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">meproduksi
protein, suatu pigmen yang disebut <b> melanin </b>. individu dengan ukuran tubuh
sama kurang lebih mempunyai jumlah melanosit yang sama. Pada setiap individu,
produksi melanin meningkatkarena kulit terpapar pada sinar ultraviolet, yang
merupakan bagian sinar matahari. Ketika semakin banyak diproduksi, melanin
dibawa ke dalam oleh sel epidermis sambil didorong ke permukaan. Individu yang
berkulit gelap memiliki ketahanan yang baik terhadap efek merusak sinar
ultraviolet, sedangkan individu yang berkulit terang tidak memilikinya .<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 27.9pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.6pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bagian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 25.6pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.5pt;" valign="top" width="402">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 48.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 48.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stratum komeum (keratin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 48.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.5pt;" valign="top" width="402">
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mencegah hilangnya atau masuknya air <b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Jika tidak rusak, mencegah masuknya pathogen dan
sebagian besar bahan kimia<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 49.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 49.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Stratum germinativum <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 49.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.5pt;" valign="top" width="402">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Mitosis yang
berkelanjutan menghasilkan sel-sel baru untuk menggantikan sel-sel permukaan
yang rusak<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sel Langerhans<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.5pt;" valign="top" width="402">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Memfagosit benda asing
dan merangsang respons imun oleh limfosit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 126.0pt;" valign="top" width="168">
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melanosit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.5pt;" valign="top" width="402">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Menghasilkan
melanin ketika terpapar sinar ultraviolet (UV)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 35.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melanin <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 35.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 301.5pt;" valign="top" width="402">
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Melindungi lapisan
kult hidup dari paparan sinar UV yang berlebihan<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dermis <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dermis
atau korium merupakan lapisan kedua dari kulit, batas dengan epidermis dilapisi
oleh membran basalis dan disebelah bawah berbatasan dengan subkutis tetapi
batas ini sebagai patokan mulainya terdapat sel lemak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dermis
dibentuk oleh jaringan ikat fibrosa tidak beraturan. Fibroblas memproduksi baik
serat kolagen maupun serat elastin. Serat kolagen bersifat kuat, sedangkan
serat elastin sanggup mengerut setelah direnggangkan. Kekuatan dan elastisitas
adalah dua ciri khas dermis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertemuan
dermis dengan epidermis yang tidak merata disebut <b>lapisan papiler </b>. Ada banyak sekali kapiler di lapisan tersebut yang
fungsinya untuk memberi nutrisi kepada dermis dan stratum germinativum. Lapisan
epidermis tidak mempunyai kapilernya sendiri dan bergantung pada suplai darah
dalam dermis untuk mendapat oksigen dan nutrisi. Dermis terbagi menjadi dua
lapisan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian atas, pars Papilaris (stratum
papilar) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terdiri dari
jaringan ikat longgar yang tersusun dari serabut-serabut : serabutkolagen,
serabut elastis, serabut retikulus. Serabut ini saling beranyaman
danmasing-masing mempunyai tugas yang berbeda : Serabut kolagen,
untuk memberikan kekuatan kepada kulit, Serabut elastic, untuk
memberikankelenturan pada kulit, dan retikulus, terdapat terutama disekitar kelenjar
danfolikel rambut dan memberikan kekuatan pada alat tersebut. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian bawah, Retikularis ( Lapisan
retukularis) </span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mengandung
jaringan pengikat rapat dan serat kolagen. Dalam lapisan ini ditemukan sel-sel
fibrosa, sel histiosit, pembuluh darah, pembuluh getah bening, saraf, kandung
rambut kelenjar sebasea, kelenjar keringat, sel lemak, dan otot penegak rambut.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di dalam dermis, terdapat struktur kulit
tambahan, yaitu folikel rambut dan kuku, reseptor sensorik, dan beberapa macam
kelenjar. Sebagian menonjol melalui epidermis dan permukaan kulit, tetapi
bagian aktifnya berda di dalam dermis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Subkutis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari kumpulan-kumpulan sel-sel lemak dan diantara gerombolan ini berjalan
serabut-serabut jaringan ikat dermis. Sel-sel lemak ini berbentuk bulat dengan intinya
terdesak ke pinggir, sehingga membentuk seperti cincin. Lapisan lemak ini
disebut penikulus adiposus yang tebalnya tidak sama pada tiap-tiap tempat dan
juga pembagian antara laki-laki dan perempuan tidak sama (berlainan). Guna
penikulus adiposus adalah sebagai <i>shock
breaker </i> atau pegas, bila tekanan
trauma mekanis yang menimpa pada kulit, isolator panas atau untuk
mempertahankan suhu, penimbunan kalori, dan tambahan untuk kecantikan tubuh. Di
bawah subkutis terdapat selaput otot kemudian baru terdapat otot<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fungsi-
fungsi Kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi kulit sebagai pengatur panas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-top: 12.0pt; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Meskipun
terjadi perubahan suhu lingkungan, suhu tubuh stabil karena penyesuaian antara
panas yaitu suhu darah mengalir melalui medulla oblongata. Suhu normal dalam
tubuh yaitu suhu 36-37,5 derajat untuk suhu kulit lebih rendah. Pengendalian
persarafan dan vaso motoric dari arteriarkutan ada 2 (dua) cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vasodilatasi, kapiler melebar, kulit menjadi
panas dan kelebihan panas dipancarkan ke kelenjar keringat sehingga terjadi
penguapan cairan pada permukaan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vasokonstriksi pembuluh darah mengkerut,
kulit menjadi pucat dan dingin, hilangnya keringat dibatasi dan suhu tubuh
tidak dikeluarkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keringat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sekresi
aktif dari kelenjar keringat di bawah pengendalian saraf simpatis, keringat
berisi air dan sedikit garam yang dikeluarkan melalui difusi sederhana kurang
lebih 500 cc/hari. Kelenjar adalah alat utama untuk mengendalikan suhu tubuh
berkurang pada waktu iklim dingin dan meningkat pada waktu suhu panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi kulit sebagai indra peraba<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rasa
sentuhan sebabkan rangsangan pada ujung saraf, di kulit berbeda-beda menurut
ujung saraf yang dirangsang panas, dingin, dan sakit ditimbulkan karena tekanan
yang dalam dan rasa yang berat dari suatu benda misalnya mengenai otot dan
tulang. Kulit mempunyai banyak ujung-ujung saraf peraba yang menerima
rangsangan dari luar diteruskan ke pusat saraf otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi kulit sebagai reseptor<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaCDeQXQ1RUpnge2zMRHIEF39kgbmppE-nrI0d8RqJCfzR_-rN5Z4daR-bz3C-IihGoEK31HvJOV-ij3p2NUYvn2WQsrXcHyTeIUyznnbPR4V0aCU1EKz-MrIUZLNy6ypqH7vYiTzQJ54/s1600/kk.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaCDeQXQ1RUpnge2zMRHIEF39kgbmppE-nrI0d8RqJCfzR_-rN5Z4daR-bz3C-IihGoEK31HvJOV-ij3p2NUYvn2WQsrXcHyTeIUyznnbPR4V0aCU1EKz-MrIUZLNy6ypqH7vYiTzQJ54/s320/kk.jpg" width="269" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reseptor
sensorik dalam dermis untuk penginderaan di kulit : sentuhan, tekana, panas,
dingin, dan nyeri. Untuk tiap rangsang ada tipe reseptor yang khusus, yang
merupakan struktur untuk mendeteksi suatu perubahan khusus. Untuk nyeri,
reseptornya adalah <b>ujung saraf bebas</b>.
Untuk pengindraan kulit yang lain, reseptornya disebut <b>ujung saraf berkapsul</b>, yang berarti terdapat struktur selular yang
mengelilingi ujung saraf sensorik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
reseptor dan pengindraan ini adalah memberi informasi pada sistem saraf pusat
mengenai lingkungan luar dan efeknya pada kulit. Informasi tersebut dapat
merangsang suatu respons, contoh : merespons rasa kedinginan dengan menggunakan
sweater<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sensitivitas
suatu daerah pada kulit ditentukan oleh banyak reseptor yang ada. misalnya,
kulit pada ujung jari sangat sensitif terhadap perabaan karena terdapat banyak
reseptor per meter perseginya. Ketika reseptor mendeteksi perubahan, reseptor
tersebut menghasilkan impuls saraf yang dikirm ke otak, yang menginterpretasi
impuls tersebut sebagai sensasi khusus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kulit sebagai penyimpan air<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kulit
dan jaringan di bawahnya bekerja sesuai tempat penyimpanan air, jaringan
adipose di bawah kulit penyimpanan lemak yang utama pada tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KELENJAR
KULIT <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar
tersusun atas jaringan epitel. Kelenjar eksokrin kulit mempunyai bagian sekresi
di dalam dermis.<b> </b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar
kulit mempunyai lobulus yang bergulung – gulung dengan saluran keluar lurus
merupakan jalan untuk mengeluarkan berbagai zat dari badan (kelenjar keringat). Kulit mempunyai daya
regenerasi yang besar. Setelah kulit terluka, sel-sel dalam dermis melawan
infeksi lokal kapiler dan jaringan ikat akan mengalami regenerasi epitel yang
tumbuh dari tepi luka mentutupi jaringan ikat yang bergenerasi sehingga
terbentuk jaringan parut. Pada mulanya bewarna kemerahan karena meningkatnya
jumlah kapiler akhirnya berubah menjadi serabut kolagen keputihan yang terlihat
melalui epitel.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar sebasea,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> duktus
kelenjar sebasea bermuara ke dalam folikel rambut ata secara langsung ke
permukaan kulit. Sekresinya berupa sebum atau suatu zat lemak yang sering
disebut minyak. Fungsi sebum untuk mencegah kulit dan rambut menjadi kering
serta melumasi rambut sehingga menjadi halus lentur dan lunak. Terlalu banyak
sebum dapat menyebabkan timbulnya jerawat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar keringat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Kelenjar ini paling banyak terdapat pada telapak tangan dan telapak kaki.
Terdapat dua macam kelenjar keringat, yaitu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 126pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar ekrin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:
Terdapat di seluruh tubuh, tetapi jumlahnya yang banyak pada dahi, bagian atas
bibir, telapak tangan dan telapak kaki. Bagian sekresi pada kelenjar ini adalah
saluran menggulung di dalam dermis. Duktus pada saluran tersebut bermuara ke
pori-pori. Keringat yang diproduksi oleh saluran ini sebagai reaksi peningkatan
suhu lingkungan dan suhu tubuh. Sehingga suhu normal tubuh tetap terjaga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 126pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar apokrin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:
Banyak terdapat di aksila (di bawah lengan) dan di daerah genital serta paling
aktif pada keadaan stres dan situasi emosional. Kelenjar ini aktif pada masa
pubertas,pada wanita akan membesar dan berkurang tergantung pada siklus haid.
Bila sekresi kelenjar apokrin dibiarkan mengumpul pada kulit, bakteri
memetabolisme bahan kimia dalam keringat dan menghasilkan produk sisa yang
berbau tajam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar Seruminosa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar seruminosa adalah kelenjar sebasea yang mengalami
perubahan, yang terdapat di dermis saluran telinga. Sekresinya disebut <b>serumen</b> atau lilin telinga. Serumen
melindungi permukaan luar gendang telinga yang lentur dan mencegah kekeringan.
Meskipun begitu, jika kelebihan serumen mengumpul dalam saluran telinga, dapat
timbul impaksi pada gendang telinga. Hal ini bias mengurangi ketajaman
pendengaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RAMBUT<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terbentuk
dari jaringan epidermis, proses pertumbuhannya sangat serupa dengan proses
pertumbuhan epidermis. Di dasar folikel terdapat akar rambut, tempat terjadinya
mitosis. Sel-sel baru memproduksi keratin, memperoleh warna dari melanin
kemudian mati dan bergabung menjadi batang rambut. Rambut yang kita sisi tiap
hari terdiri atas sel-sel mati dan sel yang mengalami keratinisasi. Pada
folikel rambut terdapat otot polos kecil yaitu erector pilorum yang berfungsi
sebagai penegak rambut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5zLpmV6lNovZRx8JjhjvZokKw3zna6k7ubN7B908DfN63pSzhpeHfU-H3a9nZ_bkLLzbxuTAdxDubhpiDXhRMX77vf41L2GbwMYwchlkRAKnbzQlg1vHuu3hT5JyuZ4hBbJuUZtosr0/s1600/mmm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjs5zLpmV6lNovZRx8JjhjvZokKw3zna6k7ubN7B908DfN63pSzhpeHfU-H3a9nZ_bkLLzbxuTAdxDubhpiDXhRMX77vf41L2GbwMYwchlkRAKnbzQlg1vHuu3hT5JyuZ4hBbJuUZtosr0/s320/mmm.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Salah
satu bagian dari kuliat adalah rambut. Rambut dibedakan dengan bulu badan
karena bentuk, ukuran, dan lokasinya yang khas. Sesuai dengan lokasinya dikenal
beberapa jenis rambut, yaitu rambut kepala, rambut ketiak (aksial) dan rambut
pubis (kemaluan). Rambut di bawah hidung lebih dikenal sebagai kumis dan yang
di dagu sebagai janggut. Bulu dada yang lebat dan panjang tetap dinamakan bulu
badan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Fungsi rambut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alis
dan Bulu mata alat pelindung mata dari tetesan keringat dahi, menyaring debu
dan cahaya yang akan masuk ke mata2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rambut
pada lubang hidung membantu mengeluarkan debu dari rongga nasal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rambut
pada kulit kepala berfungsi sebagai pelindung kepala dari udara dingin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KUKU<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kuku
adalah sel epidermis kulit-kulit yang telah berubah dan tertanam dalam palung
kuku menurut garis lengkukan pada kulit. Kuku dibentuk oleh bagian kulit, yaitu
akar kuku (nail root) di jari tangan dan
kaki. Bagian proksimal kuku terletak di dalam lipatan kulit yang merupakan
bagian paling tipis dalam daerah ini. Folikel kuku menghasilkan kuku
sebagaimana folikel rambut menghasilkan rambut. Mitosis terjadi di dalam akar
kuku dan sel baru tersebut memproduksi keratin (bentuk yang lebih kuat daripada
protein yang terdapat dalam rambut) kemudian mati. M</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">eski pun kuku terdiri dari sel mati tetapi bantalan kuku
yang datar adalah jaringan hidup. Bagian
dari kuku terdiri dari ujung kuku atas ujung batas, badan kuku yang merupakan
bagian yang bebas dan akar kuku (radik).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi kuku adalah
melindungi ujung jari kaki dan tangan dari luka mekanik dan memudahkan jari
tangan memegang benda yang kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Nutrisi
untuk kulit dan rambut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Selenium -
Membantu menjaga kesehatan rambut dan kuku, meningkatkan imunitas, bekerja sama
dengan vitamin E untuk melindungi sel dari kerusakan.(Bawang putih,
kacang brasil, daging, telur, unggas, hasil laut).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Beta-carotene -
memelihara kulit sehat. (wortel, tomat, bayam, brokoli, kentang manis dan labu
kuning.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitamin
E - merupakan antioksidan lain yang bisa mencegah kerusakan kulit akibat
sinar matahari dan berpotensi memperlambat penuaan. (Peanut butter,
kacang-kacangan, biji-bijian, minyak nabati dan mentega, gandum kuman,
alpukat). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitamin
C - menghancurkan radikal bebas di dalam dan di luar sel, menyembuhkan
luka, memproduksi kolagen dan elastin untuk mengencangkan kulit (Peppers,
tomat, jeruk buah-buahan brokoli, bayam, kubis, kentang, mangga, pepaya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitamin
A - Antioksidan juga membantu mencegah infeksi serta mendukung
pertumbuhan dan perbaikan sel-sel, jaringan kulit. Membantu menjaga
kelembaban lapisan kulit bawah. Kekurangan vitamin A bisa menyebabkan kulit
kering, gatal dan kehilangan elastisitas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitamin B
Kompleks (riboflavin, niacin, B-6, B-12 dan biotin)<br />
vitamin ini ada pada beras, oatmeal, biji bunga matahari, ikan, telur, hati dan
produk susu rendah lemak.Vitamin B Klompeks berguna untuk mengurangi rasa
kering dan gatal di kulit. Kekurangan vitamin B dapat menyebabkan kulit
kering, mengelupas dan sensitif. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo10; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam
lemak esensial seperti omega-3 dan omega-6 membantu memproduksi lapisan
minyak pelindung alami kulit serta mencegah munculnya jerawat. sumber lemak
esensial ini dari minyak zaitun dan canola oil, biji rami, kenari, serta jenis
ikan seperti salmon atau sarden.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%;">Rambut</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Hewan
unggas ternak termasuk makanan berprotein tinggi lainnya yang sangat baik untuk kesehatan rambut, yang dapat
mencegah kondisi rambut rapuh dan kusam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Susu
rendah lemak, keju dan yogurt; Sebagi tambahan asupan kaya protein, susu dan
produk olahan susu rendah lemak lainnya juga baik untuk dikonsumi , kaya akan
kalsium sebagai mineral penting untuk pertumbuhan rambut yang sehat. Susu sapi
rendah lemak juga baik untuk mencegah kerontokan rambut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kacang-kacangan
selain mengandung protein juga mengandung biotin, zat besi dan zinc yang mana
cocok untuk menumbuhkan rambut yang sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sayuran
hijau; bayam, brokoli dan banyak sayuran berdaun hijau mengandung sejumlah
vitamin dan mineral penting. Vitamin A dan C membantu memproduksi minyak di
kulit kepala, membuatnya tidak tampak kering dan tetap bersinar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Kiwi
sangat kaya akan vitamin C. untuk itu kiwi merupakan asupan yang sangat baik
untuk menjaga dan meningkatkan kondisi kesehatan rambut secara alami<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt;">Sesi Pertanyaan dan Jawabannya <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelompok
Penyanggah<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemala:
Apa yg dimaksud sel yang mengalami keratinisasi?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keratinisasi
adalah proses pembentukan keratin dalam jaringan epidermis atau mukosa sehingga
struktur jaringan menjadi keras. Dimana keratin itu sendiri adalah </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">protein
berserat yang berada di dalam sel-sel epidermis. Keratin merupakan zat penyusun
rambut dan kuku. Keratin dibuat oleh<br />
keratinosit (sel-sel di epidermis).</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://leonidrain.blogspot.co.id/2009/06/keratinisasi-mukosa-rongga-mulut.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://leonidrain.blogspot.co.id/2009/06/keratinisasi-mukosa-rongga-mulut.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">leonidrain.blogspot.co.id/2009/06/keratinisasi-mukosa-rongga-mulut.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><a href="http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/keratin/"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/keratin</span></b></a><a href="http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/keratin/"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 26 Oktober pukul 09.25 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Veby:
Apa perbedaan warna kulit tiap individu dipengaruhi melanin? Dan apa saja
faktor yang mempengaruhi warna kulit pada individu?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Iya,
karena melanin adalah pigmen yang diproduksi oleh sel yang dikenal sebagai
melanosit pada kulit yang fungsinya memberi warna pada kulit, mata, dan rambut.
Faktor paparan radiasi UV ( semakin sering terpapar semakin banyak melanin),
genetik (turunan dari kedua orang tua), ukuran melanosit(tiap individu berbeda)
dan kondisi penyakit(seperti albinisme dan vitiligo).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.sridianti.com/peran-fungsi-melanin-pada-manusia.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://www.sridianti.com/peran-fungsi-melanin-pada-manusia.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.sridianti.com/peran-fungsi-melanin-pada-manusia.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 26 Oktober 2015 pukul
09.30 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemala:
Kenapa kelenjar apokrin paling aktif pada keadaan emosional dan stres?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar
apokrin itu sendiri pengeluarannya diatur oleh hormon dalam tubuh dan mulai
aktif pada saat kita memasuki masa pubertas dimana hormon mulai di produksi
secara optimal. Saat keadaan stres dan emosional stimulasi hormon menjadi tidak
seimbang sehingga meningkat dan menimbulkan pengeluaran keringat yag berlebih
pada kelenjar apokrin.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://anti-remed.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/skenario-2-blok-3-2013-berkeringat.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://anti-remed.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/skenario-2-blok-3-2013-berkeringat.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">anti-remed.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/skenario-2-blok-3-2013-berkeringat.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 2 November 2015 pukul
05.26<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aanisah:
Jenis makanan yang menimbulkan keringat berlebih pd tubuh? Dan kandungan dalam
makanan tsb?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daging
mengandung protein yang tinggi yang akan dipecahkan oleh amoniak. Hal ini akan
menyebabkan kita lebih banyak berkeringat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makanan
pedas dapat meningkatkan produksi keringat. Otak bereaksi terhadap capsaicin,
zat yang membuat cabe bersifat panas yang dapat mengaktifkan kerja kelenjar
keringat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kopi,
kafein dalam kopi merangsang sistem saraf pusat dan mengaktifkan kelenjar
keringat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alkohol
menyebabkan pelebaran pembuluh darah yang meningkatkan temperatur kulit. Pada
gilirannya, otak mengirim sinyal kepada kelenjar keringat untuk melakukan
pendinginan tubuh melalui berkeringat.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://permathic.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/penyebab-cara-mengatasi-dan-mengurangi.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://permathic.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/penyebab-cara-mengatasi-dan-mengurangi.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">permathic.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/penyebab-cara-mengatasi-dan-mengurangi.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 2 November 2015 pukul 05.54<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aanisah:
Apa yg menyebabkan noda hitam bekas luka pada kulit dan bagaimana cara
menghilangkannya?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
orang Asia umumnya bekas luka akan susah hilang, karena kulit orang asia
memiliki kandungan melanin yang lebih banyak, sehingga kulit menjadi lebih
tebal, hal ini juga membuat bekas luka menjadikan warna kulit lebih
gelap.Selain itu bekas luka yang sering terkena sinar matahari juga akan
membuat penanganannya menjadi lebih sulit, karena sinar matahari membuat warna
melanin menjadi menghitam. Hal lainnya adalah jika bekas luka terletak pada
bagian kulit yang sering bergerak, sehingga membuatnya sering terbuka, misalnya
saja pada sikut dan lutut, dengan kontraksi ini membuat sel baru semakin sulit
memperbaharui pertumbuhan jaringan baru untuk menutup dan menghilangkan bekas
luka.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara
menghilangkannya dapat dengan menggunakan teh basi, campuran madu dan putih telur,
buah lemon atau jeruk, irisan kentang. Dan caranya adalah dengan mengoleskannya
di bekas luka secara rutin.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://perawatankulitmu.com/cara-menghilangkan-bekas-luka-lama-secara-alami.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://perawatankulitmu.com/cara-menghilangkan-bekas-luka-lama-secara-alami.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">perawatankulitmu.com/cara-menghilangkan-bekas-luka-lama-secara-alami.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><a href="https://www.bersosial.com/threads/5-cara-menghilangkan-bekas-luka-hitam-pada-kulit-secara-alami.4237/"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://www.bersosial.com/threads/5-cara-menghilangkan-bekas-luka-hitam-pada-kulit-secara-alami.4237</span></b></a><a href="https://www.bersosial.com/threads/5-cara-menghilangkan-bekas-luka-hitam-pada-kulit-secara-alami.4237/"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
diakses pada 2 November 2015 pukul 06.33<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Veby:
Apakah kacang dan coklat dapat menimbulkan jerawat?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebuah
riset dari <i>American Academy of Dermatology</i> untuk urusan
kecantikan kulit menyatakan hal yang bertolak belakang dari mitos tersebut.
Mereka berpendapat bahwa jerawat tidak disebabkan oleh coklat, <i>ice
cream</i>, ataupun makanan seperti kacang.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kacang
tanah sendiri mempunyai banyak kandungan positif yang berguna untuk tubuh.
Kacang tanah kaya dengan lemak, mengandungi protein yang tinggi, zat besi,
vitamin E dan kalsium, vitamin B kompleks dan Fosforus, vitamin A dan K,
lesitin, kolin dan kalsium. Cokelat memiliki kandungan phenlethylamine.
Zat ini dapat meningkatkan serapan triptofan ke dalam otak yang kemudian
menghasilkan dopamine. Dopamine memunculkan perasaan senang dan memperbaiki suasana
hati. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
penyebab jerawat sendiri, pada umumnya jerawat disebabkan oleh produksi minyak
berlebih, sel-sel kulit mati, <i>bacteri </i>, kosmetik yang menutupi
pori-pori, konsumsi obat-obatan baik berupa krim atau yang diminum, telepon
genggam, stress, dan lain sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="http://fashionbeauty.perempuan.com/beauty/makan-kacang-membuat-wajah-jerawatan-mitos-atau-fakta/"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://fashionbeauty.perempuan.com/beauty/makan-kacang-membuat-wajah-jerawatan-mitos-atau-fakta</span></b></a><a href="http://fashionbeauty.perempuan.com/beauty/makan-kacang-membuat-wajah-jerawatan-mitos-atau-fakta/"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">/</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></b><a href="http://www.femina.co.id/cantik/beauty.news/benarkah.makan.cokelat.menimbulkan.jerawat/002/001/4"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http</span></b></a><a href="http://www.femina.co.id/cantik/beauty.news/benarkah.makan.cokelat.menimbulkan.jerawat/002/001/4"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">://</span></b></a><a href="http://www.femina.co.id/cantik/beauty.news/benarkah.makan.cokelat.menimbulkan.jerawat/002/001/4"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.femina.co.id/cantik/beauty.news/benarkah.makan.cokelat.menimbulkan.jerawat/002/001/4</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 2 November 2015 pukul
05.45<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">Kelompok lain<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Silvy : Apa dampak buruk manicure dan
pedicure pada kuku?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menggores
kuku dan <i>filling</i> yang dilakukan saat <i>manicure,</i> akan
menyebabkan kerusakan permanen pada permukaan dan dasar kuku<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapisan-lapisan
kuku atau pernis dan akrilik yang melapisi bagian atas kuku, seiring
berjalannya waktu menyulitkan proses degradasi. Bahkan, beberapa pernis/kutex
mengandung formaldehida yang bisa memicu reaksi alergi.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika
alat <i>manicure</i> tidak steril maka ada risiko infeksi pada kulit.
Misalnya, risiko infeksi jamur, pendarahan pada kuku, terpapar bakteri,dan
virus.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perawatan
kuku sebaiknya 1-2 kali setahun<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://female.kompas.com/read/2013/12/02/1656162/Hati-Hati.Efek.Samping.Manicure.pada.Kulit.dan.Tubuh.Anda"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://female.kompas.com/read/2013/12/02/1656162/Hati-Hati.Efek.Samping.Manicure.pada.Kulit.dan.Tubuh.Anda"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">female.kompas.com/read/2013/12/02/1656162/Hati-Hati.Efek.Samping.Manicure.pada.Kulit.dan.Tubuh.Anda</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 1 November 2015 jam 16.36
WIB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Maya:
Kenapa bagian siku jika di cubit tidak merasakan sakit ?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sikut
atau bagian siku yaitu pertemuan ujung lengan antara lengan atas dengan lengan
bawah. disini di bagian ujung pertemuan lengan/ sikut di bungkus dengan kulit
yang elastis, syarafnya tidak banyak sehingga jika dicubit tidak sakit. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rasa
sakit itu di akibatkan adanya tekanan pada syaraf yang bersangkutan sehingga
tekanan tersebut di hantarkan ke otak / tulang belakang sehingga terasalah tekanan
tersebut dan lebih umum kita menyebutnya sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesimpulannya,
siku kita mempunyai reseptor sakit yang lebih sedikit berbanding pada bahagian
kulit yang lain. Bila reseptor kurang, otak tidak akan memproses apakah
sensasi yang dikenakan ke atas kulit kita.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://www.musadun.com/2014/11/kenapa-cubit-siku-tidak-terasa-sakit.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.musadun.com/2014/11/kenapa-cubit-siku-tidak-terasa-sakit.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> di akses 31 oktober 2015 pada waktu
16.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Puspa:
Apa saja nutrisi untuk kuku?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Vitamin B</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Kurangnya vitamin B, khususnya biotin dan vitamin B12, dapat menyebabkan kuku
menjadi kering. Selain itu, kuku menjadi gelap. Untuk itu, makan lebih banyak
wortel, tomat, selada hijau, hati, mentega kacang, kacang, kacang polong,
oatmeal, dan kacang. Produk-produk ini kaya akan biotin. Vitamin B12 seperti
daging, telur, dan produk susu seperti susu segar, yoghurt, dan keju.<br />
<br />
2. Zync dan Zat Besi<br />
kurangnya zync atau seng, dapat menimbulkan munculnya </span></b><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: SV;">noda
putih pada permukaan kuku, dengan pertumbuhan kuku yang lambat dan kutikel
sering terkelupas</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> . –
( Biji labu, daging sapi, domba, produk susu dan telur rebus ). Jika kuku Anda
tidak tumbuh dengan permukaan halus, tubuh Anda membutuhkan lebih banyak zat
besi – ( sayuran hijau, plum, biji-bijian, biji, daging merah, brokoli, dan
tahu ).<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Kalsium dan Protein</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
kekurangan kalsium dapat menyebabkan kuku menjadi rapuh dan kering. – ( susu,
yogurt dan keju )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Manfaat
protein akan membuat kuku menjadi lebih kuat karena kuku juga terbuat dari
suatu jenis protein yang disebut keratin. – ( kacang, kacang-kacangan, daging,
telur dan kedelai )<br />
<br />
4. Vitamin A dan Vitamin C<br />
Vitamin A, ( daun bit, sawi, wortel, labu, ubi jalar ) yang dapat mencegah kuku
menjadi kusam dan kering. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekurangan
vitamin C bisa menyebabkan ujung kuku atau kulit kuku terluka. (Paprika,
kembang kol, jeruk, semangka, mangga, tomat, stroberi, kiwi, melon, dan jeruk )<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://health.liputan6.com/read/375216/makanan-pemberi-nutrisi-untuk-kuku"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://health.liputan6.com/read/375216/makanan-pemberi-nutrisi-untuk-kuku</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
diakses 31 oktober 2015 pada waktu 15.00 wib<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Halimah:
Proses regenerasi kulit setelah terluka?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Fase Inflamasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuluh
darah yang terputus pada luka akan menyebabkan perdarahan dan tubuh akan
berusaha menghentikannya. Leukosit mengeluarkan enzim hidrolitik yang membantu
dalam mencerna bakteri dan kotoran luka. Limfosit yang muncul ikut memakan kotoran
luka dan bakteri. Fase ini disebut juga fase lamban karena reaksi pembentukan
kolagen baru sedikit dan luka hanya dipertautkan oleh benang-benang fibrin yang
amat lemah. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Fase Proliferasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada fase ini serat-serat akan dibentuk
dan dihancurkan kembali untuk penyesuaian diri dengan tegangan pada luka yang
cenderung mengkerut. Epitel tepi luka yang terdiri atas sel basal terlepas dari
dasarnya dan berpindah mengisi permukaan luka. Tempatnya kemudian diisi oleh
sel baru yang terbentuk dari proses mitosis. Proses ini baru berhenti setelah
epitel saling menyentuh dan menutup seluruh luka. Dengan tertutupnya permukaan
luka, proses fibroplasia dengan pembentukan jaringan granulasi juga akan
berhenti dan mulailah proses pematangan.
<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Fase Penyudahan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada fase ini terjadi proses pematangan
yang terdiri atas penyerapan kembali jaringan yang berlebih, pengerutan sesuai
dengan gaya gravitasi dan akhirnya perupaan kembali jaringan yang baru
terbentuk. Tubuh berusaha menormalkan semua yang abnormal karena proses
penyembuhan. Kapiler baru menutup dan diserap kembali, kolagen yang berlebihan
diserap dan sisanya mengerut sesuai dengan regangan yang ada. <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://dokumen.tips/documents/regenerasi-kulit.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://dokumen.tips/documents/regenerasi-kulit.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dokumen.tips/documents/regenerasi-kulit.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 1 November 2015 pukul
20.30<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hannan:
Bagaimana mekanisme produksi keringat?<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
pengeluaran keringat di atur oleh hipotalamus (otak). Hipotalamus mampu
menghasilkan enzim bradikinin yang berkerja mempengaruhi kelenjar keringat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika
hipotalamus di beri rangsangan seperti perubahan suhu udara ,maka rangsangan
tersebut di teruskan oleh saraf simpatetik ke kelenjar keringat .<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selanjutnya
kelenjar keringat akan menyerap air garam dan sedikit urea dari kapiler darah
.cairan serapan ini adalah keringat <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lalu
kelenjar keringat mengirim keringat ke saluran kelenjar keringat melalui pori –
pori kulit <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgheAmxz7uMYhlFUpUFmJn0ITm1rbs-hQg8L7QzX2F-2zVoP0QhCIXzkF1z1GR4S_0nl8gBaAawYVmaChcJoaUPQe6D7RFu1xLVxRS3tQz9oRv3Tz7osYlgOgVrcfyo5ykLWGE1JDBxqAY/s1600/ddd.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgheAmxz7uMYhlFUpUFmJn0ITm1rbs-hQg8L7QzX2F-2zVoP0QhCIXzkF1z1GR4S_0nl8gBaAawYVmaChcJoaUPQe6D7RFu1xLVxRS3tQz9oRv3Tz7osYlgOgVrcfyo5ykLWGE1JDBxqAY/s320/ddd.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/mekanisme-proses-pengeluaran-keringat-kulit-manusia.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/mekanisme-proses-pengeluaran-keringat-kulit-manusia.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/mekanisme-proses-pengeluaran-keringat-kulit-manusia.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 1 November pukul 20.53<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</w:wrap></v:imagedata></v:shape><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Restu: Bagian kulit mana
yang terluka pada saat terkena luka bakar?</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://refratpresusb4703l.blogspot.co.id/2010/10/luka-bakar-pada-anak.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://</span></b></a><a href="http://refratpresusb4703l.blogspot.co.id/2010/10/luka-bakar-pada-anak.html"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">refratpresusb4703l.blogspot.co.id/2010/10/luka-bakar-pada-anak.html</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 1 November
16.30<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
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</td></tr>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Derajat
I</span></b><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Seluruh bagian epidermis<v:shape id="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 131.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 227.25pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKKrJImYcukSpooT6pHh1CawLnSyKd61M-WUalG_Lh5icOKg2gBf412Fprlk7fGOE_bAwv0EVvmoTtUC0p5IvUpsGJdExRo2zLtHPC-5mbfg0Jk15bojfMvhJOyrDdSd_P_SitykELKI/s1600/iu.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuKKrJImYcukSpooT6pHh1CawLnSyKd61M-WUalG_Lh5icOKg2gBf412Fprlk7fGOE_bAwv0EVvmoTtUC0p5IvUpsGJdExRo2zLtHPC-5mbfg0Jk15bojfMvhJOyrDdSd_P_SitykELKI/s200/iu.png" width="154" /></a></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><v:shape alt="Description: Berkas:Major-2nd-degree-burn.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_6" o:spid="_x0000_s1028" style="height: 137.55pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 226.75pt; margin-top: 16.75pt; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 149.5pt; z-index: 251671552;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape><v:shape id="_x0000_s1027" style="height: 137.55pt; left: 0px; margin-left: 42.95pt; margin-top: 16.75pt; position: absolute; visibility: visible; width: 150.85pt; z-index: 251670528;" type="#_x0000_t75"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHdAhQfSC6neTS_u6MZGF_YoYW5AhfnPBCWmCpsUf9rRv5vcKw679tOq9okuENCsx07Irdxf0Sm4ISes16cYJJfODJM_SdACoy4nNWwbB96IxdZvyFvrNqwylZWrF42hbRRJF77gKpPg/s1600/kkkkk.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="182" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLHdAhQfSC6neTS_u6MZGF_YoYW5AhfnPBCWmCpsUf9rRv5vcKw679tOq9okuENCsx07Irdxf0Sm4ISes16cYJJfODJM_SdACoy4nNWwbB96IxdZvyFvrNqwylZWrF42hbRRJF77gKpPg/s200/kkkkk.png" width="200" /></a></v:shape><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Derajat II </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Meluas ke lapisan dermis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH7942-tegepoBGITN2EWFIFimJV2G5XUW_u6ciOfezzAwa2peD5zIccynFqTgHfwpxvvi39W2ZL2mPskQjOwzztGJwcrt2Qp2MLqX_e6IbjFub2f68pXsbHx7jp3PGskP6SIiNYoS-30/s1600/jjj.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhH7942-tegepoBGITN2EWFIFimJV2G5XUW_u6ciOfezzAwa2peD5zIccynFqTgHfwpxvvi39W2ZL2mPskQjOwzztGJwcrt2Qp2MLqX_e6IbjFub2f68pXsbHx7jp3PGskP6SIiNYoS-30/s200/jjj.jpg" width="150" /></a></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Derajat III </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Seluruh ketebalan kulit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Derajat IV </span></b><b><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Meluas ke seluruh lapisan kulit, dan ke
dalam lapisan lemak, otot dan tulang di bawahnya<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuCWTiyYEsWn18RzPDBlzKiSXjP6VdKmG6uFkfVVjcFgqTq4oXiIHCT3nk25an7CbQSeZRVEcbKF-3E13RA0f4UQBSUZyV4C8NhCHfQEujAb1U7ZYoXSDW2vMhoYE-6c5sfnOyoOpb8Ag/s1600/ddd.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuCWTiyYEsWn18RzPDBlzKiSXjP6VdKmG6uFkfVVjcFgqTq4oXiIHCT3nk25an7CbQSeZRVEcbKF-3E13RA0f4UQBSUZyV4C8NhCHfQEujAb1U7ZYoXSDW2vMhoYE-6c5sfnOyoOpb8Ag/s200/ddd.png" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_bakar"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://</span></b></a><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_bakar"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luka_bakar</span></b></a><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> diakses pada 1 November 2015 15.45 WIB<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daftar
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Scanlon, Valerie C. 2007<i>. Buku Ajar Anatomi dan Fisiologi,Ed.3</i> . Jakarta: EGC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wibowo, Daniel S. 2005<i>.
Anatomi Tubuh Manusia . </i>Jakarta: PT Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nazir, Rosai. 2006. <i>Bahan
Ajar Mata Kuliah: FISIOANATOMI</i>. Jakarta: Depkes RI Poltekkes Jakarta II
Jurusan Kesehatan Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pearce, Evelyn. 2012. <i>Anatomi
dan Fisiologi untuk Paramedis. </i>Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://webkesehatan.com/7-makanan-terbaik-untuk-kesehatan-rambut/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://webkesehatan.com/7-makanan-terbaik-untuk-kesehatan-rambut/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-38595471560911948682016-01-31T22:46:00.001+07:002016-01-31T22:46:32.049+07:00sistem endokrin<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352508"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM ENDOKRIN<o:p></o:p></span></a></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">DISUSUN
OLEH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">HALIMAHTUS
SA’DIYYAH (P23131015022)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">PUSPANINGRUM
(P23131015044)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">SHINTA
TRI UTAMI (P23131015049)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">DOSEN
PEMBIMBING<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">dr.
MARIA POPPY HERLIANTY, M.Epid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JURUSAN GIZI D III A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENTERIAN KESEHATAN JAKARTA
II <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">Jalan Hang Jebat III Blok F-3 No.
3 Kebayoran Baru<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">JAKARTA SELATAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2015</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352517"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">BAB
II <o:p></o:p></span></a></h1>
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<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">PEMBAHASAN</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352518"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.1 Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Endokrin</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar endokrin merupakan sekelompok susunan sel
yang mempunyai susunan mikroskopis sangat sederhana. Kelompok ini terdiri dari
deretan sel-sel, lempengan atau gumpalan sel disokong oleh jaringan ikat halus
yang banyak mengandung pembuluh kapiler. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem endokrin, dalam kaitannya dengan sistem
saraf, mengontrol dan memadukan fungsi tubuh. Kedua sistem ini bersama-sama
bekerja untuk mempertahankan homeostasis tubuh. Fungsi mereka satu sama lain
saling berhubungan, namun dapat dibedakan dengan karakteristik tertentu.
Misalnya, medulla adrenal dan kelenjar hipofise posterior yang mempunyai asal
dari saraf (neural). Jika keduanya dihancurkan atau diangkat, maka fungsi dari
kedua kelenjar ini sebagian diambil alih oleh sistem saraf. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar endokrin tidak memiliki saluran, hasil
sekresi dihantarkan tidak melaui saluran, tapi dari selsel endokrin langsung
masuk ke pmbuluh darah. Selanjutnya hormon tersebut dibawa ke sel-sel target
(responsive cells) tempat terjadinya efek hormon. Sedangkan ekresi kelenjar eksokrin
keluar dari tubuh kita melalui saluran khusus, seperti uretra dan saluran
kelenjar ludah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubuh kita memiliki beberapa kelenjar endokrin.
Diantara kelenjar-kelenjar tersebut, ada yang berfungsi sebagai organ endokrin
murni artinya hormon tersebut hanya menghasilkan hormon misalnya kelenjar
pineal, kelenjar hipofisis / pituitary, kelenjar tiroid, kelenjar paratiroid,
kelenjar adrenal suprarenalis, dan kelenjar timus. Selain itu ada beberapa
organ endokrin yang menghasilkan zat lain selain hormon yakni:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar
Endokrin dan Hormon yang Dihasilkan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gbr.
Kelenjar-kelenjar endokrin dalam tubuh manusia<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Dalam
tubuh manusia ada tujuh kelenjar endokrin yang penting, yaitu hipofisis,
tiroid, paratiroid, kelenjar adrenalin (anak ginjal), pankreas, ovarium, dan
testis. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar
Hipofisis <i>(pituitary) </i>disebut juga <i>master of gland </i>atau kelenjar pengendali
karena menghasilkan bermacam-macam hormon yang mengatur kegiatan kelenjar
lainnya. Kelenjar ini berbentuk bulat dan berukuran kecil, dengan diameter 1,3
cm. Hipofisis dibagi menjadi hipofisis bagian anterior, bagian tengah (pars
intermedia), dan bagian posterior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif";">Gambar : hipofisis bagian anterior dan
posterior <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<b>Hipofisis lobus anterior </b><o:p></o:p></div>
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Hormon yang dihasilkan kelenjar
hipofisis lobus anterior dapat dilihat pada gambar </div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar.Hormon
yang dihasilkan hipofisis lobus anterior beserta organ targetnya.<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Macam-macam fungsi hormon yang
dihasilkan kelenjar hipofisis lobus anterior dan gangguannya <o:p></o:p></div>
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<b> Hormon
yang dihasilkan<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>Fungsi dan gangguannya<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 184.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 184.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Hormon somatotropin ( STH )<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Hormon pertumbuhan (growth hormone/
GH)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 184.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 272.1pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Merangsang
sintesis protein dan metabolisme lemak, serta merangsang pertumbuhan tulang
(terutama tulang pipa) dan otot. Kekurangan hormon ini pada anak-anak
menyebabkan pertumbuhannya terhambat/kerdil (kretinisme). Jika kelebihan akan
menyebabkan pertumbuhan raksasa (gigantisme). Jika kelebihan terjadi pada
saat dewasa, akan menyebabkan pertumbuhan tidak seimbang pada tulang jari
tangan, kaki, rahang, ataupun tulang hidung yang disebut akromegali.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 27.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Hormon tirotropin atau Thyroid
Stimulating Hormone (TSH)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.7pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 272.1pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Mengontrol
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kelenjar gondok atau tiroid serta merangsang
sekresi tiroksin.<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 272.1pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Mengontrol
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan aktivitas kulit ginjal dan merangsang kelenjar
adrenal untuk mensekresikan glukokortikoid (hormon yang dihasilkan untuk
metabolisme karbohidrat)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Prolaktin (PRH) atau Lactogenic
Hormone (LTH)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 272.1pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Membantu kelahiran dan memelihara
sekresi susu oleh kelenjar susu<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Hormon gonadotropin pada wanita :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Luteinizing Hormone (LH)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 272.1pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Merangsang pematangan folikel dalam
ovarium dan menghasilkan estrogen.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Mempengaruhi pematangan folikel
dalam ovarium dan menghasilkan progestron<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.85pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 196.8pt;" valign="top" width="262"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Hormone gonadotropin pada pria :<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->FSH<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Interstitial Cell Stimulating Hormone (ICSH)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.85pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 272.1pt;" valign="top" width="363"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Merangsang terjadinya spermatogenesis
(proses pematangan sperma)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
Merangsang sel-sel interstitial
testis untuk memproduksi testosteron dan androgen. <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>Hipofisis pars media </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis hormon serta
fungsi hipofisis pars media <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.1pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 10.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; height: 15.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 253.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 253.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 10.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MSH
(Melanosit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 253.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mempengaruhi
warna kulit individu. dengan cara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stimulating
Hormon)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 253.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyebarkan
butir melanin, apabila hormon ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 253.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">banyak
dihasilkan maka menyebabkan kulit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 253.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menjadi
hitam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 32.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 114.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="152"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 253.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="337"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b>Hipofisis lobus posterior </b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon yang dihasilkan
hipofisis lobus posterior beserta organ targetnya dapat dilihat pada gambar dan
tabel dibawah ini. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i>Hormon
yang dihasilkan hipofisis lobus anterior beserta organ targetnya <o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis hormon serta
fungsi dari hipofisis posterior <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oksitosin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menstimulasi
kontraksi otot polos pada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rahim
wanita selama proses melahirkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon
ADH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan volume urine dan meningkatkan</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan
darah dengan cara menyempitkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembuluh
darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar : Regulasi
hormon ADH</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Banyak
sedikitnya cairan yang masuk dalam sel akan di deteksi oleh hipotalamus. Jika
cairan (plasma) dalam darah sedikit, maka hipofisis akan mensekresikan ADH
untuk melakukan reabsorpsi (penyerapan kembali) sehingga darah mendapatkan asupan
cairan dari hasil reabsorpsi tersebut. Dengan demikian kadar cairan (plasma)
dalam darah dapat kembali seimbang. Selain itu, karena cairan pada ginjal sudah
diserap, maka urinenya kini bersifat pekat. Jika seseorang buang air kecil
terus menerus, diperkirakan hipofisis posteriornya mengalami gangguan sebab ADH
tidak berfungsi dengan baik. Nama penyakit ini disebut diabetes insipidus. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiroid <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_7" o:spid="_x0000_i1047"
type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:408.75pt;height:220.5pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image015.emz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1046"
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
Tiroid
merupakan kelenjar yang terdiri dari folikel-folikel dan terdapat di depan
trakea. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kelenjar yang terdapat di leher bagian depan di
sebelah bawah jakun dan terdiri dari dua buah lobus. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kelenjar tiroid menghasilkan dua macam hormon
yaitu tiroksin (T4) dan Triiodontironin (T3). <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon
ini dibuat di folikel jaringan tiroid dari asam amino (tiroksin) yang
mengandung yodium. Yodium secara aktif di akumulasi oleh kelenjar tiroid dari
darah. Oleh sebab itu kekurangan yodium dalam makanan dalam jangka waktu yang
lama mengakibatkan pembesaran kelenjar gondok hingga 15 kali. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon yang dihasilkan dari kelenjar Tiroid beserta
fungsinya <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 14.9pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border-bottom: none; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-top: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: none; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; height: 14.9pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 14.9pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 7.7pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 7.7pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td rowspan="2" style="border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiroksin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" style="height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
metabolisme, pertumbuhan, perkembangan, dan kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">system
saraf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.75pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 13.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Triiodontironin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengatur
metabolisme, pertumbuhan, perkembangan dan kegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 13.5pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sistem
saraf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.6pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 22.65pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 22.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 22.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 22.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 22.65pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 12.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 7.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalsitonin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Menurunkan
kadar kalsium dalam darah dengan cara mempercepat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 12.8pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 12.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 20.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
<td style="border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">absorpsi
kalsium oleh tulang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 20.8pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 21.1pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-right: none; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #F0F0F0; border-bottom: solid #F0F0F0 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 21.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.1pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 1.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #A0A0A0; border-left: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 27.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="36"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #A0A0A0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #A0A0A0; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 89.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #A0A0A0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #A0A0A0; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 326.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="435"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #A0A0A0; border-right: solid #A0A0A0 1.0pt; border: none; height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 2.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="3"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 1.0pt; padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 0cm;" valign="bottom" width="0"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjasAmR06Ik9lVgHsRybf7oRhdyIGVF5kWVQx9Ibm2eopErF08D4fvxcQZpM50YnJV-wELPJ9l3j5ZYeeJJ6cawrFMS4eXOifZGh0zyJxnc9jMadq6gBF2MvkD2WDcrCWYApRIpmaiqdM4/s1600/o.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjasAmR06Ik9lVgHsRybf7oRhdyIGVF5kWVQx9Ibm2eopErF08D4fvxcQZpM50YnJV-wELPJ9l3j5ZYeeJJ6cawrFMS4eXOifZGh0zyJxnc9jMadq6gBF2MvkD2WDcrCWYApRIpmaiqdM4/s320/o.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_i1045" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:405pt;height:333pt;
visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image019.emz"
o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 11.5pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar : Regulasi
hormon Tiroid<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Paratiroid <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:234.75pt;height:153pt;visibility:visible;
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Berjumlah
empat buah terletak di belakang kelenjar tiroid <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar
ini menghasilkan parathormon (PTH) yang berfungsi untuk mengatur konsentrasi
ion kalsium dalam cairan ekstraseluler dengan cara mengatur : absorpsi kalsium
dari usus, ekskresi kalsium oleh ginjal, dan pelepasan kalsium dari tulang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon
paratiroid meningkatkan kalsium darah dengan cara merangsang reabsorpsi kalsium
di ginjal dan dengan cara penginduksian sel–sel tulang osteoklas untuk merombak
matriks bermineral pada osteoklas untuk merombak matriks bermineral pada tulang
sejati dan melepaskan kalsium ke dalam darah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
kelebihan hormon ini akan berakibat berakibat kadar kalsium dalam darah
meningkat, hal ini akan mengakibatkan terjadinya endapan kapur pada ginjal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
kekurangan hormon menyebabkan kekejangan disebut tetanus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Kalsitonin
mempunyai fungsi yang berlawanan dengan PTH, sehingga fungsinya menurunkan
kalsium darah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi
umum kelenjar paratiroid adalah: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Mengatur metabilisme fosfor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Mengatur kadar kalsium darah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar
Adrenalin (anak ginjal) <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:465pt;height:231.75pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:182.25pt;height:206.25pt;visibility:visible;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar ini
berbentuk bola, atau topi yang menempel pada bagian atas ginjal. Pada setiap
ginjal terdapat satu kelenjar suprarenalis dan dibagi atas dua bagian, yaitu
bagian luar (korteks) dan bagian tengah (medula). <o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon
dari kelenjar anak ginjal dan prinsip kerjanya : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
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<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">No.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.2pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 215.3pt;" valign="top" width="287"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prinsip
kerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 160.2pt;" valign="top" width="214"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
korteks adrenal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mineralokortikoid<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo7; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">glukokortikoid<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 215.3pt;" valign="top" width="287"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengontrol
metabolisme ion anorganik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengontrol
metabolisme glukosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
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<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 32.15pt;" valign="top" width="43"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 212.0pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian
medula adrenal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Adrenalin
(epinefrin) dan nonadrenalin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kedua
hormon tersebut bekerjasama dalam hal berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dilatasi
bronkiolus<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vaskonstriksi
pada arteri <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">vasodilatasi
pembuluh darah otak dan otot<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengubah
glikogen menjadi glukosa dalam hati<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gerak
peristaltik<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bersama
insulin mengatur kadar gula darah <o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar
: Regulasi hormon adrenal<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar : Regulasi hormon medula adrenal<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Stimulus
yang mencekam menyebabkan hipotalamus mengaktifkan medula adrenal melalui
impuls saraf dan korteks adrenal melalui sinyal hormonal. Medulla adrenal
memperantarai respons jangka pendek terhadap stress dengan cara mensekresikan
hormon katekolamin yaitu efinefrin dan norefinefrin. Korteks adrenal mengontrol
respon yang berlangsung lebih lama dengan cara mensekresikan hormone steroid.
(Campbell, 1952 : 146).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pankreas<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:461.25pt;height:203.25pt;visibility:visible;
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">kelenjar pankreas merupakan sekelompok
sel yang terletak pada pankreas, sehingga dikenal dengan pulau –pulau
langerhans.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar pankreas menghasilkan hormon
insulin dan glukagon. Insulin mempermudah gerakan glukosa dari darah menuju ke
sel-sel tubuh menembus membrane sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam otot glukosa dimetabolisasi dan
disimpan dalam bentuk cadangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di sel hati, insulin mempercepat proses
pembentukan glikogen(glikogenesis) dan pembentukan lemak (lipogenesis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kadar glukosa yang tinggi dalam darah
merupakan rangsangan untuk mensekresikan insulin. Sebagai contoh, insulin akan
meningkat setelah kita makan . setelah makan, maka kadar glukosa dalam darah
akan naik karena tubuh mendapatkan glukosa dari pemecahan makanan tersebut.
Tubuh mengambil kelebihan glukosa dengan cara mensekresikan insulin untuk
menyeimbangkannya pada kadar normal. Sebaliknya glukagon bekerja secara
berlawanan terhadap insulin. Glukagon berfungsi mengubah glikogen menjadi
glukosa sehingga kadar glukosa naik. Contohnya pada saat kita berpuasa. Karena
tubuh tidak mendapat asupan glukosa ketika berpuasa maka tubuh mensekresikan
glukagon untuk menyeimbangkan kekurangan glukosa tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan hormon insulin akan
menyebabkan diabetes mellitus atau kencing manis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Insulin berperan mengubah glukosa
menjadi glikogen agar dapat menuurnkan kadar gula darah. Jika seseorang tidak
dapat memproduksi insulin, maka glukosa dalam darah terus bertambah karena
glukosanya tidak bisa dirubah menjadi glikogen. Akibatnya urine yang
dikeluarkannyapun mengandung glukosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Gambar : Pengaturan kadar
gula darah<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Peningkatan
glukosa darah diatas titik pasang (sekitar 90mg/100ml pada manusia) merangsang
pankreas untuk mensekresi insulin, yang memicu sel –sel targetnya untuk
mengambil kelebihan glukosa dari darah. Ketika kelebihan itu telah dikeluarkan
atau ketika konsentrasi glukosa turun dibawah titik pasang, maka pancreas akan
merespons dengan cara mensekresikan glukagon, yang mempengaruhi hati untuk
menaikkan kadar glukosa darah.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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mso-wrap-style:square'>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar:anatomi pancreas<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">F.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ovarium, dan testis.</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzt56Fc0G0zSBoGox0i24ITz5NjPaY4-ebWt-HoySEfW9qGkELBH2iFB9nT7SbuUhzHR55JWut-_xMy9vhWs1GamiFP0cTMx55yXWY5uhU40Y64LBA2oN5qDdQeRp481QjPDnIRjwvXts/s1600/l.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzt56Fc0G0zSBoGox0i24ITz5NjPaY4-ebWt-HoySEfW9qGkELBH2iFB9nT7SbuUhzHR55JWut-_xMy9vhWs1GamiFP0cTMx55yXWY5uhU40Y64LBA2oN5qDdQeRp481QjPDnIRjwvXts/s320/l.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:391.5pt;height:206.25pt;visibility:visible;
mso-wrap-style:square'>
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<b><u><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">OVARIUM <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Merupakan kelenjar kelamin wanita yang berfungsi menghasilkan
sel telur, hormone estrogen dan hormone progesterone. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Sekresi estrogen dihasilkan oleh folikel de Graaf dan
dirangsang oleh FSH <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Estrogen berfungsi menimbulkan dan mempertahankan tanda –
tanda kelamin sekunder pada wanita, misalnya perkembangan pinggul, payudara,
serta kulit menjadi halus. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Progesteron dihasilkan oleh korpus luteum dan dirangsang oleh
LH <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; line-height: 150%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Progesteron berfungsi mempersiapkan dinding uterus agar dapat
menerima sel telur yang sudah dibuahi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCdKo93qj029ajPWbik-ztGiLPXIle5C47u4qsRGm73CsO1zQ93kgT86zpav1ChsJZA7CWyRubWTCOp0f47KxFUkrdTITgUGn68pTWRD0iMqGGJ6ZxfWnZAXO88sFcpTxBxqJMXQSh4Y/s1600/z.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitCdKo93qj029ajPWbik-ztGiLPXIle5C47u4qsRGm73CsO1zQ93kgT86zpav1ChsJZA7CWyRubWTCOp0f47KxFUkrdTITgUGn68pTWRD0iMqGGJ6ZxfWnZAXO88sFcpTxBxqJMXQSh4Y/s320/z.png" width="320" /></a></div>
<b><i><u><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Gambar : Regulasi hormon di
ovarium<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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Sistem hormonal
yang mempengaruhi siklus menstruasi adalah: <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->FSH-RH (<i>follicle stimulating hormone
releasing hormone</i>) yang dikeluarkan hipotalamus untuk merangsang hipofisis
mengeluarkan FSH. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->LH-RH (<i>luteinizing hormone releasing hormone</i>)
yang dikeluarkan hipotalamus untuk merangsang hipofisis mengeluarkan LH. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->PIH
(<i>prolactine inhibiting hormone</i>) yang menghambat hipofisis untuk
mengeluarkan prolaktin. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Pada
setiap siklus menstruasi, FSH yang dikeluarkan oleh hipofisis merangsang
perkembangan folikel-folikel di dalam ovarium (indung telur).Pada umumnya hanya
1 folikel yang terangsang namun <span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">dapat perkembangan dapat menjadi lebih dari 1, dan folikel
tersebut berkembang menjadi <i>folikel de graaf </i>yang membuat
estrogen.Estrogen ini menekan produksi FSH, sehingga hipofisis mengeluarkan
hormon yang kedua yaitu LH. Produksi hormon LH maupun FSH berada di bawah
pengaruh <i>releasing hormones </i>yang disalurkan hipotalamus ke hipofisis.
Penyaluran RH dipengaruhi oleh mekanisme umpan balik estrogen terhadap
hipotalamus.Produksi hormon gonadotropin (FSH dan LH) yang baik akan
menyebabkan pematangan dari folikel de graaf yang mengandung estrogen. Estrogen
mempengaruhi pertumbuhan dari endometrium.Di bawah pengaruh LH, folikel de
graaf menjadi matang sampai terjadi ovulasi. Setelah ovulasi terjadi,
dibentuklah korpus rubrum yang akan menjadi korpus luteum, di bawah pengaruh
hormon LH dan LTH (<i>luteotrophic hormones</i>, suatu hormon
gonadotropik).Korpus luteum menghasilkan progesteron yang dapat mempengaruhi
pertumbuhan kelenjar endometrium. Bila tidak ada pembuahan maka korpus luteum
berdegenerasi dan mengakibatkan penurunan kadar estrogen dan progesteron.
Penurunan kadar hormon ini menyebabkan degenerasi, perdarahan, dan pelepasan
dari endometrium. Proses ini disebut haid atau menstruasi. Apabila terdapat
pembuahan dalam masa ovulasi, maka korpus luteum tersebut dipertahankan. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Pada tiap siklus dikenal 3
masa utama yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Masa menstruasi yang berlangsung selama 2-8 hari. Pada saat
itu endometrium (selaput rahim) dilepaskan sehingga timbul perdarahan dan
hormon-hormon ovarium berada dalam kadar paling rendah .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Masa proliferasi dari berhenti darah menstruasi sampai hari
ke-14. Setelah menstruasi berakhir, dimulailah fase proliferasi dimana terjadi
pertumbuhan dari desidua fungsionalis untuk mempersiapkan rahim untuk
perlekatan janin. Pada fase ini endometrium tumbuh kembali. Antara hari ke-12
sampai 14 dapat terjadi pelepasan sel telur dari indung telur (disebut ovulasi)
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Masa
sekresi. Masa sekresi adalah masa sesudah terjadinya ovulasi. Hormon
progesteron dikeluarkan dan mempengaruhi pertumbuhan endometrium untuk membuat
kondisi rahim siap untuk implantasi (perlekatan janin ke rahim).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_22" o:spid="_x0000_i1033" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:396.75pt;
height:541.5pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image043.emz"
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar Regulasi Hormon Wanita<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><u>TESTIS
<o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Testis pada mammalia terdiri dari tubulus yang
dilapisi oleh sel – sel benih (sel germinal), tubulus ini dikenal dengan
tubulus seminiferus. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Testis mensekresikan hormon testosterone yang
berfungsi merangsang pematangan sperma (spermatogenesisi) dan pembentukan tanda
– tanda kelamin pria, misalnya pertumbuhan kumis, janggut, bulu dada, jakun,
dan membesarnya suara. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 8.35pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Sekresi hormon tersebut dirangsang oleh ICTH
yang dihasilkan oleh hipofisis bagian anterior. <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Sewaktu pubertas, hipofisis anterior memproduksi
gonadotrofin, yaitu hormone FSH dan LH. Sekresi kedua hormone ini dipengaruhi
oleh GnRF (Gonadotropin Releasing Factor) yang berasal dari hipotalamus <o:p></o:p><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square'>
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o:title=""/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><i><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gambar : regulasi hormon jantan<o:p></o:p></span></u></i></b></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352519"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2.2 Fungsi Sistem Endokrin</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Sistem endokrin mempunyai
lima fungsi umum :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Membedakan sistem saraf dan sistem reproduktif pada janin
yang sedang berkembang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Menstimulasi urutan perkembangan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Mengkoordinasi sistem reproduktif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Memelihara lingkungan internal optimal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Melakukan respons korektif dan adaptif ketika terjadi situasi
darurat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352520"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2.3 Klasifikasi Dalam hal struktur Kimianya</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Hormon diklasifikasikan sebagai hormon yang larut dalam air
atau yang larut dalam lemak. Hormon yang larut dalam air termasuk polipeptida
(mis., insulin, glukagon, hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH), gastrin) dan
katekolamin (mis.,dopamin,norepinefrin, epinefrin)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon yang
larut dalam lemak termasuk steroid (mis., estrogen, progesteron, testosteron,
glukokortikoid, aldosteron) dan tironin (mis., tiroksin). Hormon yang larut
dalam air bekerja melalui sistem mesenger-kedua, sementara hormon steroid dapat
menembus membran sel dengan bebas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352521"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2.4 Karakteristik Sistem Endokrin</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun setiap hormon adalah unik dan mempunyai
fungsi dan struktur tersendiri, namun semua hormon mempunyai karakteristik
berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon disekresi dalam
salah satu dari tiga pola berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 41.75pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sekresi diurnal adalah pola yang naik
dan turun dalam periode 24 jam. Kortisol adalah contoh hormon diurnal. Kadar
kortisol meningkat pada pagi hari dan menurun pada malam hari. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pola sekresi hormonal pulsatif dan
siklik naik turun sepanjang waktu tertentu, seperti bulanan. Estrogen adalah
non siklik dengan puncak dan lembahnya menyebabkan siklus menstruasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tipe sekresi hormonal yang ketiga adalah
variabel dan tergantung pada kadar subtrat lainnya. Hormon paratiroid disekresi
dalam berespons terhadap kadar kalsium serum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon bekerja dalam sistem umpan balik,
yang memungkinkan tubuh untuk dipertahankan dalam situasi lingkungan optimal.
Hormon mengontrol laju aktivitas selular. Hormon tidak mengawali perubahan
biokimia, hormon hanya mempengaruhi sel-sel yang mengandung reseptor yang
sesuai, yang melakukan fungsi spesifik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon mempunyai fungsi dependen dan
interdependen. Pelepasan hormon dari satu kelenjar sering merangsang pelepasan
hormon dari kelenjar lainnya. Hormon secara konstan di reactivated oleh hepar
atau mekanisme lain dan diekskresi oleh ginjal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352522"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2.5 </span></a><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;">Macam-Macam Kelenjar Endokrin dan Letak Masing-Masing
Kelenjar serta Fungsinya</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><u><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berdasarkan aktivitasnya<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar yang bekerja sepanjang masa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar golongan ini akan bekerja terus menerus sepanjang kehidupan
manusia dan akan terhenti jika sudah tidak ada kehidupan pada manusia tersebut.
Sehingga tidak terbatas pada usia. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh : Hormon metabolisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar yang bekerjanya mulai masa tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon golongan ini tidak akan dapat berfungsi jika
belum mencapai proses perkembangan dalam diri manusia atau proses pendewasaan
sel yang terjadi dalam tubuh manusia. Kedewasaan sel akan terjadi pada saat
usia tertentu seperti pada saat usia pubertas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Hormon kelamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo20; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar yang
bekerja sampai masa tertentu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon
golongan ini bekerja pada saat manusia itu dilahirkan sampai pada usia
tertentu. Hormon ini akan berhenti dihasilkan pada saat tubuh mulai
memperlambat atau menghentikan proses pertumbuhan. Biasanya hormon ini bekerja
pada kisaran usia 0 hari sampai 17 tahun (masa pertumbuhan). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh: Hormon
pertumbuhan, kelenjar tymus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352523"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2.6 Pengendalian Endokrin</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika kelenjar endokrin mengalami
kelainan fungsi, maka kadar hormon di dalam darah bisa menjadi tinggi atau
rendah, sehingga mengganggu fungsi tubuh. Untuk mengendalikan fungsi endokrin,
maka pelepasan setiap hormon harus diatur dalam batas-batas yang tepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tubuh perlu merasakan dari waktu ke
waktu apakah diperlukan lebih banyak atau lebih sedikit hormon. Hipotalamus dan
kelenjar hipofisa melepaskan hormonnya jika mereka merasakan bahwa kadar hormon
lainnya yang mereka kontrol terlalu tinggi atau terlalu rendah. Hormon hipofisa
lalu masuk ke dalam aliran darah untuk merangsang aktivitas di kelenjar target.
Jika kadar hormon kelenjar target dalam darah mencukupi, maka hipotalamus dan
kelenjar Hipofisa mengetahui bahwa tidak diperlukan perangsangan lagi dan mereka
berhenti melepaskan hormon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem umpan balik ini mengatur semua
kelenjar yang berada dibawah kendali hipofisa. Hormon tertentu yang berada
dibawah kendali hipofisa memiliki fungsi yang memiliki jadwal tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya, suatu siklus menstruasi wanita
melibatkan peningkatan sekresi LH dan FSH oleh kelenjar hipofisa setiap
bulannya. Hormon estrogen dan progesteron pada indung telur juga kadarnya
mengalami turun-naik setiap bulannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme pasti dari pengendalian oleh
hipotalamus dan hipofisa terhadap bioritmik ini masih belum dapat dimengerti.
Tetapi jelas terlihat bahwa organ memberikan respon terhadap semacam jam
biologis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mengapa harus ada Mekanisme pengaturan
hormon?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karena
kadar hormon selalu dalam keadaan optimum untuk menjaga keseimbangan dalam
organ yang berada di bawah pengaruhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ø<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mekanisme
pengaturan disebut dengan sistem umpan balik negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Contoh umpan
balik negatif :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika kadar glukosa terlalu rendah,
hormon lain yang disebut glukagon diproduksi, organ hati yang mengubah glikogen
kembali menjadi glukosa.<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnzKu1eQaaVXdhe6fVr44ezxwePiqmiMj2Umw6TRmsha5FL1Tp4MMI1oPIvxqJc6SnmqEs9eJ2jNgmNDYfZekVZ6t5obJL4iOmbDpkXL-49wfjTChSuAnH_GuBfpzZWqCbFpwU7xe-Auk/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="205" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnzKu1eQaaVXdhe6fVr44ezxwePiqmiMj2Umw6TRmsha5FL1Tp4MMI1oPIvxqJc6SnmqEs9eJ2jNgmNDYfZekVZ6t5obJL4iOmbDpkXL-49wfjTChSuAnH_GuBfpzZWqCbFpwU7xe-Auk/s400/1.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Umpan balik positif</span></b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu Ketika respon terhadap suatu
peristiwa meningkatkan kemungkinan peristiwa berlanjut</span></div>
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<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352524"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2.7 Klasifikasi Hormon</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.35pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 21.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon perkembangan : hormon
yangmemegang peranan di dalam perkembangandan pertumbuhan. Hormon ini
dihasilkan oleh kelenjar gonad. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.35pt; margin-right: 2.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 21.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon metabolisme : proses homeostasis
glukosa dalam tubuh diatur oleh bermacam-macam hormon, contoh glukokortikoid,
glukagon, dan katekolamin.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -21.35pt;">3.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -21.35pt;">Hormon tropik : dihasilkan oleh struktur
khusus dalam pengaturan fungsi endokrin yakni kelenjar hipofise sebagai hormon
perangsang pertumbuhan folikel (FSH) pada ovarium dan proses spermatogenesis
(LH).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.35pt; margin-right: 3.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; mso-pagination: none; punctuation-wrap: simple; tab-stops: list 21.35pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.35pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon pengatur metabolisme air dan
mineral : kalsitonin dihasilkan oleh kelenjar tiroid untuk mengatur metabolisme
kalsium dan fosfor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h2>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439352525"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">2.8 Hormon Utama</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: right 111.3pt; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hormon<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yang
mengendalikan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Aldosteron<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar adrenal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.7pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membantu keseimbangan
garam & air dengan cara menahan garam air serta membuang kalium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Antidiuretik(vasopresin)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar Hipofisa<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Menyebabkan ginjal menahan air.
Bersama dengan aldosteron, membantu mengendalikan tekanan darah<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kartikosteroid<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kelenjar
adrenal memiliki efek yang luas di seluruh tubuh <o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="bottom" width="215"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Anti
peradangan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mempertahankan kadar gula
darah,tekanan darah & kekuatan otot<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: none; text-autospace: none;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.Membantu
mengendalikan tekanan darah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kartikotropin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar Hipofisa<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengendalikan pembentukan &
pelepasan hormon oleh korteks adrenal<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Eritropoietin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Ginjal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Merangsang pembentukan sel darah
merah<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Estrogen <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Indung telur<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengendalikan perkembangan ciri
seksual & sistem reproduksi wanita <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Glukagon <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Pankreas <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Meningkatkan kadar gula darah<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Hormon pertumbuhan<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar hipofisa<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengendalian pertumbuhan &
perkembangan. Meningkatkan pembentukan protein<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Insulin <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Pankreas <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Menurunkan kadar gula darah.
Mempengaruhi metabolisme glukosa,protein & lemak di seluruh tubuh<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar hipofisa<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengendalikan fungsi reproduksi
(pembentukan sperma & smentum,pematangan sel telur,siklus
menstruasi).Mengendalikan ciri seksual pria & wanita (penyebaran rambut,
pembentukan otot, tekstur & ketebalan kulit, suara & bahkan mungkin
sifat kepribadian<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Oksitosin <o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar hipofisa<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Menyebabkan kontraksi otot rahim
& saluran susu di payudara<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Hormon Paratiroid<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar Paratiroid<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengendalikan pembentukan tulang<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengendalikan pelepasan kalsium
& fosfat progesteron indung telur<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mempersiapkan lapisan rahim untuk
penanaman sel telur yang telah dibuahi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mempersiapkan kelenjar susu untuk
menghasilkan susu<o:p></o:p></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Polaktin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar Hipofisa<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Memulai & mempertahankan
pembentukan susu di kelenjar susu<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Renin & angiotensin<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Ginjal<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengenalikan tekanan darah<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default">
Hormon Tiroid<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar Tiroid<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Mengatur pertumbuhan, pematangan
& kecepatan metabolisme<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 122.1pt;" valign="top" width="163"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
TSH (Tyroid-Stimulating Hormone)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 106.3pt;" valign="top" width="142"><div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
Kelenjar Hipofisa<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 161.25pt;" valign="top" width="215"><div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
Merangsang pembentukan &
pelepasan kelenjar tiroid<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="Default">
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float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><b>Aktivasi Sel-Sel
Target : <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Manakala hormon mencapai sel target,
hormon akan mempengaruhi cara sel berfungsi dengan satu atau dua metoda :
Pertama melalui penggunaan mediator intraselular dan, kedua yaitu mengaktifkan
gen-gen di dalam sel. Salah satu mediator intraselular adalah cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP), yang berikatan dengan permukaan dalam dari membran sel.
Ketika hormon melekat pada sel, kerja sel akanmengalami sedikit perubahan.
Misalnya, ketika hormon pankreatik glukagon berikatan dengan sel-sel hepar,
kenaikan kadarAMP meningkatkan pemecahan glikogen menjadi glukosa. Jika hormon
mengaktifkan sel dengan berinteraksi dengan gen, gen akan mensitesa mesenger
RNA (mRNA) dan pada akhirnya protein (misalnya enzim, steroid). Substansi
inimempengaruhi reaksi dan proses selular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-18539265841500893522016-01-31T11:12:00.000+07:002016-01-31T11:28:42.153+07:00Sistem Pengindraan<b><br /></b>
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<b><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093830"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093549"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc434857926"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093826"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093545"></a></b><span style="font-size: 24pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>MAKALAH
ANATOMI FISIOLOGI <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 18.0pt;">SISTEM PENGINDRAAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DI SUSUN OLEH :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AHMAD YANI RAHMADI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NI’MATUL HIDAYAH (P23131015040)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DOSEN PEMBIMBING : MARIA POPPY H,
M.Epid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D III GIZI KELAS A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENKES JAKARTA
II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JL. HANG JEBAT III/F3 KEBAYORAN BARU,
JAKARTA SELATAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439781793"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093543"></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">KATA PENGANTAR</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Assalamualaikum
wr. wb<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Puji dan syukur kehadirat Tuhan Yang
Maha Esa, karena hanya dengan Rahmat dan Karunia-Nya penulis dapat
menyelesaikan makalah yang berjudul “Sistem Pengindraan“ ini. Makalah ini
dibuat dengan tujuan untuk memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Anatomi Fisiologi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam
penyelesaian makalah ini, penulis banyak mengalami kesulitan terutama
disebabkan oleh kurangnya ilmu pengetahuan. Namun berkat bimbingan dari
berbagai pihak, akhirnya makalah ini dapat diselesaikan.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Dalam
kesempatan ini penulis menghaturkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada
semua pihak yang telah memberikan bantuan baik moril maupun materil hingga
makalah ini tersusun.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Penulis
sangat menyadari bahwa makalah ini masih jauh dari sempurna. Oleh karena itu
adanya saran dan kritik yang positif dan bersifat membangun, akan penulis
terima dengan segala keterbukaan.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt;">Akhir kata,
semoga makalah ini dapat memberikan manfaat dan sumbangan bagi para pembaca dan
pihak-pihak lain yang memerlukannya.</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Wasalamualaikum wr.wb.</span></i><i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Jakarta,
05 Januari 2016<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> PENULIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439781794"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc439781572"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093544"></a><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">DAFTAR ISI</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KATA PENGANTAR..............................................................................................
ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BAB I PENDAHULUAN ....................................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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BELAKANG ................................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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RUMUSAN MASALAH ............................................................................... 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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PENULISAN ................................................................................. 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.1.PENGERTIAN SISTEM PENGINDRAAN ................................................ 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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MACAM-MACAM INDRA YANG DIMILIKI MANUSIA .................... 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.2.1 Indra Pengecap .................................................................................... 3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.2.2 Indra Penciuman .................................................................................. 5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.2.3 Indra Penglihatan ................................................................................. 6<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.2.4 Indra Pendengaran ............................................................................... 12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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2.2.5 Indra Peraba ......................................................................................... 17<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3.1 KESIMPULAN ........................................................................................... 31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> 3.2 SARAN 31 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> PENDAHULUAN</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">LATAR BELAKANG</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Sistem pengindraan manusia adalah organ organ akhir
yang dikhususkan untuk menerima jenis rangsangan tertentu. Serabut saraf yang
melayaninya merupakan alat perantaraan yang membawa kesan rasa dari organ indra
menuju otak, tempat perasaan itu ditafsirkan. Beberapa kesan rasa timbul dari
luar, seperti sentuhan, pengecapan, penglihatan, penciuman, dan suara. Lainnya
timbul dari dalam, antara lain lapar, haus, dan rasa sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dalam
segala hal, serabut saraf-saraf sensorik dilengkapi dengan ujung, akhir, khusus
guna mengumpulkan rangsangan perasaan yang khas tampat setiap orang yang
berhubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">RUMUSAN MASALAH</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan
sistem pengindraan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan macam-macam indra
yang dimiliki manusia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud
dengan indra pengelihatan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud
dengan indra penciuman?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud
dengan inra pendengaran?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud
dengan indra pengecapan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Jelaskan apa yang dimaksud
dengan indra peraba<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093829"></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">1.3 TUJUAN PENULISAN</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengetahui pengertian sistem pengindraan</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengetahui macam–macam dari indra yang dimiliki
manusia </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">·<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengetahui penjelasan indra pengelihatan</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengetahui penjelasan indra penciuman </span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengetahui penjelasan indra pendengaran</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengetahui penjelasan indra pengecapan</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">Mengetahui penjelasan indra peraba</span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">BAB II</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">PEMBAHASAN</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.1.Pengertian
sistem pengindraan<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Sistem pengindraan manusia adalah organ organ akhir
yang dikhususkan untuk menerima jenis rangsangan tertentu. Serabut saraf yang
melayaninya merupakan alat perantaraan yang membawa kesan rasa dari organ indra
menuju otak, tempat perasaan itu ditafsirkan. Beberapa kesan rasa timbul dari
luar, seperti sentuhan, pengecapan, penglihatan, penciuman, dan suara. Lainnya
timbul dari dalam, antara lain lapar, haus, dan rasa sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dalam segala hal, serabut saraf-saraf sensorik
dilengkapi dengan ujung, akhir, khusus guna mengumpulkan rangsangan perasaan
yang khas tampat setiap orang yang berhubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2. Macam-macam indra yang dimiliki manusia<o:p></o:p></span></u></b><br />
<b><u><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>2.2.1 INDRA PENGECAP<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Pada
hakikatnya lidah mempunyai hubungan yang sangat erat dengan indra khusus
pengecap. Lidah sebagian besar terdiri atas dua kelompok otot. Otot instrinsik
lidah melakukan semua gerakan halus, sementara otot ekstrinsik mengaitkan lidah
pada bagian-bagian sekitarnya serta melaksanakan gerakan-gerakan kasar yang
sangat penting pada saat mengunyah dan menelan. Lidah mengaduk aduk makanan,
menekannya pada langit-langit dan gigi, dan akhirnya mendorongnya masuk ke
faring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Lidah terletak pada dasar mulut,
sementara pembuluh darah dan urat saraf masuk dan keluar pada akarnya. Ujung
serta pinggiran lidah bersentuhan dengan gigi-gigi bawah, sementara dorsum
merupakan permukaan melengkung pada bagian atas lidah. Bila lidah digulung ke
belakang, tampaklah permukaan bawahnya yang disebut dengan <i>frenulum</i> <i>linguae, </i>sebuah
struktur ligmen halus yang mengikatkan bagian posterior lidah pada dasar mulut.
Bagian anterior lidah bebas tidak terikat. Bila dijulurkan, ujung lidah
meruncing, dan bila terletak tenang di dasar mulut, ujung lidah berbentuk
bulat. Selaput lendir (membran mukosa) lidah selalu lembab, dan pada waktu
sehat berwarna merah jambu. Permukaan atasnya seperti beledu dan di tutupi
papil-papil, yang terdiri atas tiga jenis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGaEZR_HsFp5YUnCVqViLLtLYynoy1Dmd5lXgEaEfeXgrjru48_oGPINH7WMg4rB5ODd2QG7w-FnYUuqdeIl_aPFtS1uaCAGr2QwagdklErETZHV3TrAyhjc2AQB55rehgRhgK5oWDjAc/s1600/lidah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGaEZR_HsFp5YUnCVqViLLtLYynoy1Dmd5lXgEaEfeXgrjru48_oGPINH7WMg4rB5ODd2QG7w-FnYUuqdeIl_aPFtS1uaCAGr2QwagdklErETZHV3TrAyhjc2AQB55rehgRhgK5oWDjAc/s200/lidah.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Gb.</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Diagram
permukaan atas (dorsum) lidah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Papila
sirkumvalata</span></u></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">. Ada delapan hingga dua belas buah jenis ini yang
terletak pada bagian dasar lidah. Papial sirkumvalata adalah jenis papila
terbesar, dan masing-masing sikeliligi semacam lekukan seperti parit. Papila
ini tersususn berjajar membentuk huruf V pada bagian belakang lidah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Papila
fungiformis</span></u></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> menyebar pada permukaan ujung dan sisi lidah, dan
berbentuk jamur.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Papila filiformis</span></u></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> adadlah
yang terbanyak dan menyebar pada seluruh permukaan lidah. Organ ujung untuk
pengecapan adalah puting-puting pengecap yang sangat banyak terdapat dalam
dinding papila sirkum valata dan fungiformis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Ada empat macam rasa kecapan: manis, pahit, asam, dan asin.
Kebanyakan makanan memiliki ciri harum dan citi rasa, tetapi ciri-ciri itu
merangsang ujung saraf penciuman, dan bukan ujung saraf pengecapan. Supaya
dapat dirasakan, semua makanan harus menjadi cairan, serta harus
sungguh-sungguh bersentuhan dengan ujung saraf yang mampu menerima rangsangan
berbeda-beda. Puting pengecap yang berbeda-beda menimbulkan kesan rasa yang
berbeda-beda juga. Lidah memiliki pelayanan penyarafan yang majemuk. Otot-otot
lidah mendapat penyarafan dari urat saraf hipoglosus (saraf otak kedua belas).
Daya perasaannya di bagi menjadi “perasaan umum”, yang menyangkut taktil
perasa, seperti membedakan ukuran, bentuk, susunan, kepadatan, suhu dan
sebaginya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Implus perasaan umum bergerak mulai dari bagian anterior
lidah dalam serabut saraf lingual, yang merupakan sebuah cabang urat saraf
kranial kelima, sementara implus indra pengecap bergerak dalam korda timpani
bersama saraf lingual, lantas bersatu dengan saraf kranial ketujuh, yaitu
nervus saraf fasialis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Saraf kranial kesembilan, saraf glosofaringeal, mambawa baik
implus perasaan umum maupun implus perasaan khusus dari sepertiga posterior
lidah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dengan demikian indra pengecapan lidah dilayani saraf kranial
kelima, ketujuh, kesembilan, sementara gerakan-gerakannya disarafi saraf
kranial kedua belas.</span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>2.2.2
INDRA PENCIUMAN</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Nervus olfaktorius atau saraf kranial pertama melayani ujung
organ penciuman. Serabut serabut saraf ini timbul pada bagian atas selaput
lalir hidung, yang dikenal sebagi bagian olfaktorik hidung. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Neevus olfaktorius dilapisi sel-sel yang sangat khusus, yang
mengedarkan fibril-fibril halus untuk berjalin dengan serabut-serabut dari
bulbus olfaktorius. Bulbus olfaktorius yang pada hakikatnya merupakan bagian otak
yang terpencil adalah bagian yang agak berbentuk bulbus (membesar) dan saraf
olfaktorius yang terletak diatas lempeng kribifarmis tulang etmoid. Dari bulbus
olfaktorius, perasaan bergerak melalui tratus olfaktorius dengan perantaraan
beberapa stasiun penghubung hngga mencapai daerah penerimaan akhir dalam pust
olifaktori pada bulbus temperalis otak, tempat perasaan itu ditafsirkan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Rasa penciuman dirangsang oleh gas yang terhirup atau oleh
unsur-unsur halus. Rasa penciuman ini sangat peka, dan kepekaannya mudah hilang
bila dihadapkan pada suatu bau yang sama untuk suatu waktu yang cukup lama.
Contoh, orang-orang yang berada dalam suatu ruangan yang sesak dan penguap
tidak merasakan bau yang tidak enak, sementara di lain pihak bau itu akan
segera menyerang hidung orang yang baru datang dari lingkungan udara segar,
yang masuk ke dalam ruangan itu. Rasa penciuman juga diperlemah bila selaput
lendir hidung sangat kering, sangat basah, atau membengkak, seperti halnya
seseorang yang diserang pilek. Bau-bauan di lukiskan sebagai bau harum dan bau
busuk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Rasa penciuman yang hiang sama sekali dapat juga merupakan
komplikasi suatu cedera kepala.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>2.2.3 INDRA PENGLIHATAN <o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Saraf optikus atau saraf kranial kedua adalah saraf sensorik
untuk penglihatan. Saraf penglihatan memiliki tiga pembungkus yang serupa
dengan yang ada pada meningen otak. Lapisan luarnya kuat dan fibrus bergabung
dengan sklera (gambar 229). Lapisan tengah halus seperti araknoid, sementera
lapisan dalam adalah vakuler (mengandung banyak pembuluh darah). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Umumnya mata di lukiskan sebagai bola, tetapi sebetulnya
lonjong dan bukan bulat seperti bola. Bola mata mempunyai garis menengah
kira-kira 2,5cm. Bagian depanya bening serta terdiri atas 3 lapisan :<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">a. Lapisan luar, fibrus, yang merupakan lapisan
penyangga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">b. Lapisan tengah, vaskuler.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">c. Lapisan dalam, lapisan saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Ada enam otot penggerak mata, empat
di antaranya lurus, sementara dua yang lain agak serong. Otot-otot ini terletak
di sebelah dalam orbita, dan bergerak dari dinding tulang orbita untuk di
kaitkan pada pembungkus sklerotik mata sebelah belakang kornea. Otot-otot lurus
terdiri atas otot rektus mata superior, inferior, medial, dan lateral.
Otot-otot ini menggerakan mata ke atas, ke bawah, ke dalam, dan ke sisi luar
bergantian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Otot-otot oblik adalah otot
inferior dan superior. Otot oblik superior menggerakan mata ke bawah dan ke
sisi luar, sementara otot oblik inferior menggerakan mata ke atas dan juga ke
sisi luar. Serabut-serabut saraf yang melayani otot-otot ini adalah <i>nervi motores okuli</i>, yaitu saraf cranial
ketiga, keempat, dan keenam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Biasanya sumbuh kedua mata mengarah
secara serentak pada satu titik yang sama, tetapi akibat adanya paralisa pada
sebuah atau beberapa otot, mata tidak dapat mengarah secara serentak lagi, maka
timbulah apa yang di namakan <i>matajuling</i>
atau <i>strabismus</i>.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">
Sklera</span></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> adalah pembungkus yang kuat dan fibrus. Sklera membentuk <i>putih mata</i> dan bersambung pada bagian
depan dengan sebuah jendela membrane yang bening, yaitu kornea. Sklera
melindungi struktur mata yang sangat halus, serta membantu mempertahankan
bentuk biji mata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> <i>Koroid</i>
atau lapisan tengah berisi pembuluh darah, yang merupakan ranting-ranting
arteria oftalmika, cabang dari arteria karotis interna. Lapisan vaskuler ini
membentuk iris yang berlubang di tengahnya, atau yang di sebut pupil (manic)
mata. Selaput berpigmen adalah belakang iris memancarkan warnanya, dan dengan
demikian menentukan apakah sebuah mata itu berwarna biru, coklat, kelabu, dan
seterusnya. Koroid bersambung pada bagian depanya dengan iris, dan tepat di
belakang iris, selaput ini menebal guna membentuk korpus siliare, sehingga
korpus siliare terletak antara koroid dan iris. Korpus siliare itu berisi
serabut otot sirkular dan serabut-serabut yang letaknya seperti jari-jari
sebuah lingkaran. Kontraksi otot sirkular menyebabkan pupil mata juga
berkontraksi. Semuanya ini bersama-sama membentuk traktus uvea, yang terdiri
atas iris, korpus siliare, dan selaput koroid. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> <i>Retina</i>
adalah lapisan saraf pada mata, yang terdiri atas sejumlah lapisan serabut,
yaitu sel-sel saraf, batang-batang, dan kerucut semuanya termasuk konstruksi
retina, yang merupakan jaringan saraf halus yang menghantarkan impuls saraf
dari luar menuju diskus optik, yang merupakan titik tempat saraf optik
meninggalkan biji mata. Titik ini di sebut bintik buta karea tidak mempunyai
retina adalah makula, yang terletak persis berhadapan dengan pusat pupil. Jika
kita teliti biji mata mulai dari depan hingga ke belakang, akan terlihat
bagian-bagian berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">a. <i>Kornea</i>, merupakan bagian depan yang
transparan dan bersambung dengan sklera yang putih dan tidak tembus cahaya.
Kornea terdiri atsa beberapa lapiasan. Lapisan tepi adalah epitelium berlapis
yang bersambung dengan konjungtiva.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">b. <i>Bilik anterior (kamera okuli anterior),</i>
yang terletak antara kornea dan iris.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">c<i>. Iris</i> adalah tirai berwarna di depan
lensa yang bersambung dengan selaput koroid. Iris berisi dua kelompok serabut
otot tak sadar atau otot polos kelompok yang satu mengecilkan ukuran pupil itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">d. <i>Pupil,</i> Bintik tengah yang berwarna
hitam, yang merupakan celah dalam iris, tempat cahaya masuk guna mencapai
retina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">e. <i>Bilik posterior (kamera okuli posterior) </i>terletak
di antara iris dan lensa. Baik bilik anterior maupun bilik posterior diisi
dengan akueus humor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">f<i>. Akueus humor</i>, Cairan ini berasal dari
korpus siliare dan diserap kembali ke dalam aliran darah pada sudut antara iris
dan kornea melalui vena halus yang dikenal sebagai saluran schlem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">g<i>.
Lensa</i> adalah sebuah benda transparan bikonveks (cembung depan
belakang) yang terdiri atas beberapa lapisan. Lensa terletak persis di belakang
iris. Membran yang dikenal sebagai ligamentum suspensorium terdapat di depan
maupun di belakang lensa itu, yang berfungsi mengaitkan lensa itu pada korpus siliare.
Bila ligamentum suspensorium mengendur, lensa mengerut dan menebal sebaliknya
bila ligamen menegang, lensa menjadi gepeng. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">h<i>.Viterus humor</i>. Darah sebelah belakang
biji mata, mulai dari lensa hingga retina, diisi cairan penuh albumen berwarna
keputih-putihan seperti agar-agar, yaitu vitreus humor. Vitrous humor berfungsi
memberi bentuk dan kekokohan pada mata, serta mempertahankan hubungan antara
retina dan selaput koroid dan sklerotik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Fungsi mata</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Mata adalah
indra penglihatan. Mata dibentuk untuk menerima rangsangan berkas-berkas cahaya
pada retina, lantas dengan perantaraan serabut-serabut nerfus optikus
mengalihkan rangsangan ini ke pusat penglihatan pada otak untuk di tafsirkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">a. <i>Kornea</i> bekerja sebagai jendela bening
yang melindungi struktur halus yang berada di belakangnya, serta membantu
memfokuskan bayangan pada retina. Kornea tidak mengandung pembuluh darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">b. <i>Iris,</i>
yang memiliki celah di tengahnya, yaitu pupil,adalah sebuah cakram yang dapat
bergerak, dan berfungsi sebagai tirai yang melindungi retina, serta
mengendalikan jumlah cahaya yang memasuki mata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">c. <i>Lensa</i>,adalah organ focus utama, yang
membiaskan berkas-berkas cahaya yang terpantul dari benda-benda yang dilihat
menjadi bayangan yang jelas pada retina. Lensa berada sebuah kapsul elastis
yang di kaitkan pada korpus siliare koroid oleh ligamentum suspensorium. Dengan
mempergunakan otot siliare, permukaan anterior lensa dapat lebih atau agak kurang di cembungkan, guna
memfokuskan benda-benda dekat atau jauh hal ini disebut akomodasi visual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">d. <i>Lapisan koroid</i> yang berpigmen
mengelapkan bilik tengah mata, kira-kira dapat dibandingkan dengan bagian dalam
kamera yang diberi warna gelap.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">e. <i>Retina </i>adalah mekanisme penyarafan untuk
penglihatan. Retina memuat ujung-ujung nervus optikus, serta dapat
disamakan dengan lempeng film dalam
fotografi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Bila sebuah bayangan tertangkap
(tertangkap mata), berkas-berkas cahaya benda yang dilihat menembus kornea,
akueus humor, lensa, dan badan vitreus guna merangsang ujung-ujung saraf dalam
retina. Rangsangan yang diterima retina bergerak melalui traktus optikus menuju
daerah fisual dalam otak, untuk ditafsirkan. Kedua daerah visual menerima
berita dari kedua mata, sehingga menimbulkan lukisan dan bentuk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Sebelah dalam tepi retina tedapat
lapisan-lapisan batang-batang dan kerucut-kerucut yang merupakan sel-sel
penglihat khusus yang peka terhadap cahaya. Sela-sela berupa lingkaran yang
terdapat di antaranya disebut granula. Ujung proksimal batang-batang dan
kerucut-kerucut itu membentuk sinapsi (penghubung) ppertama dengan lapisan sel
bipolar dalam retina. Proses kedua yang di lakukan sel-sel itu adalah membentuk
sinapsi kedua dengan sel-sel ganglion besar, juga dalam retina. Akson-akson
sel-sel ini merupakan serabut-serabut dalam nervus optikus. Serabut-serabut
saraf ini bergerak ke belakang, mula-mula mencapai pusat yang lebih rendah
dalam badan-badan khusus thalamus, lantas akhirnya mencapai pusat visual khusus
dalam lobus oksipitalis otak, tempat penglihatan di tafsirkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bagian- Bagian Mata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Alis</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> adalah dua potongan kulit tebal
melengkung yang ditumbuhi bulu. Alis di kaitkan pada otot-otot sebelah
bawahnya, serta berfungsi melindungi mata dari sinar matahari yang terlalu
terik.</span><b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kelopak mata</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> merupakan dua lempengan, yaitu <i>lempengan tarsal</i> yang terdiri atas
jaringan fibrus yang sangat padat, serta dilapisi kulit dan di batasi
konjungtiva. Jaringan di bawah kulit ini tidak mengandung lemak. Kelopak mata
atas lebih besar dari pada kelopak bawah, serta di gerakan ke atas oleh ototlevator
palpebrae. Kelopak-kelopak itu di tutupi otot-otot melingkar, yaitu <i>muskulus orbikularis</i> okuli. Bulu mata
dikaitkan pada pinggiran kelopak mata , serta melindugi mata dari debu dan
cahaya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Fungsi retraksi mata</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">. Sebagaimana telah di
uraikan di atas, berkas-berkas cahaya yang jatuh di atas mata akan menimbulkan
bayangan yang telah di fokuskan pada retina. Bayangan itu menembus dan di ubah
oleh kornea, lensa, badan-badan akueus, dan vitreus. Kendati demikian, lensa
merupakan alat utama yang membiaskan cahaya, lantas memfokuskan bayangan pada
retina. Pada mata normal, berkas-berkas ini bersatu menangkap sebuah titik pada
retina.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Peralatan lakrimal</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">. Kelenjar-kelenjar air mata
terdiri atas kelenjar majemuk, yang terletak pada sudut luar, sebelah atas rongga
orbita. Kelenjar-kelenjar itu mengeluarkan air mata yang berada pada pinggir
atas dan luar mata, lantas di tuangkan ke dalam kantong konjungtiva dari
saluran kelenjar lakrimal. Bila kelopak mata di kedipkan, air mata akan
menggenangi seluruh permukaan bola mata. Sebagian besar cairan itu menguap,
sementara selebihnya mengalirkan dari sudut dalam mata menuju saluran lakrimal,
kemudian memasuki hidung melalui saluran naso-lakrimal. Aliran air mata
bertambah karena adanya zat perangsang (seperti gas air mata misalnya) dan
karena emosi.</span><br />
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<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.2.4 INDRA PENDENGARAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Telinga adalah organ pendengaran. Saraf yang melayani indra
ini adalah saraf kranial ke delapan atau nervus auditorius. Telinga terdiri
atas tiga bagian :<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<br />
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_8" o:spid="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 212.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 325.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
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</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Telinga
Luar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Telinga luar terdiri atas aurikal atau pina, yang bidangnya
rendah berukuran besar serta dapat bergerak dan membantu mengumpulkan gelombang
suara; dan meatus auditorius eksternal yang menjorok ke dalam menjauhi pinah
serta menghantarkan getaran suara menuju membran timpani.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Liang ini
berukuran panjang sekitar 2,5 cm, 1/3 luarnya adalah tulang rawan sementara 2/3
dalamnya berupa tulang. Ada tiga kelompok otot yang terletak pada bagian depan,
atas, dan belakang telinga. Kendati demikian, manusia hanya sanggup menggerakan
telinganya sedikit sekali, sehingga hampir-hampir tidak kelihatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Telinga
Tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Telinga tengah atau rongga timpani adalah bilik kecil yang
mengandung udara. Rongga itu terletak sebelah dalam membran timpani atau
gendang telinga, yang memisahkan rongga itu yaitu dari meatus auditorius
eksternal. Rongga itu sempit serta memiliki dinding tulang dan dinding
membranosa, sementara pada bagian belakangnya bersambung dengan antrum mastoid
dalam prosesus mastoideus pada tulang temporalis, melalui sebuah cela yang di
sebut aditus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Tuba eustakhius bergerak kedepan dari rongga telinga tengah
menuju naso faring, lantas terbuka. Degan demikian tekanan udara pada kedua
sisi gendang telinga dapat diatur seimbang melalui meatus auditorius eksternal,
serta melalui tuba eustakhius(faringo tipani). Cela tuba eustkhius akan
tertutup jika dalam keadaan biasa, dan akan terbuka setiap kali kita menelan.
Dengan demikian tekanan udara dalam ruang timpani di pertahankan tetap seimbang
dengan tekanan udara dalam atmosfer, sehingga cedera atau ketulian akibat tidak
seimbangnya tekanan udara dapat di hindarkan. Adanya hubungan dengan naso
faring ini memungkinkan infeksi pada hidung atau tenggorokan dapat menjalar
masuk ke dalam rongga telinga tengah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Tulang-tulang pendengaran adalah
tiga tulang kecil yang tersusun pada rongga telinga tengah seperti rantai yang
bersambung dari membran timpani menuju rongga telinga dalam. Tulang sebelah
luar adalah malleus, berbentuk seperti martir dengan gagang yang terkait pada
membran timpani, sementara kepalanya menjulur kedalam ruang timpani. Tulang
yang berada di tengah adalah incus atau landasan, sisi luarnya bersendi dengan
meleus, sementara sisi dalamnya bersendi dengan sisi dalam sebuah tulang kecil,
yaitu stapes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Stapes atau tulang sanggurdi
dikaitkan pada inkus dengan ujungnya yang lebih kecil, sementara dasarnya yang
bulat panjangterkait pada membrane yang menutupfenestra vestibule, atau tingkap
joring. Rangkaian tulang-tulang ini berfungsi mengalirkan getran suara dari
gendang telinga menuju rongga telinga dalam. Prosesus mastoideus adalah bagian
tulang temporalis yang terletak di belakang telinga. Sementara ruang udara yang
berada pada bagian atasnya adalah antrum mastoideus yang berhubungan dengan
rongga telinga tengah. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">3. Telinga
Dalam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Telinga dalam berada dalam bagian os
petrosum tulang temporalis. Rongga telinga dalam itu terdiri atas berbagai
rongga yang menyerupai saluran-saluran dalam tulang temporalis. Rongga-rongga
itu disebut <i>labirin tulang</i> dan
dilapisi membran sehingga membentuk <i>labirin
membranosa</i>. Saluran-saluran bermembran ini mengandung cairan dan
ujung-ujung akhir saraf pendengaran dan keseimbangan. Labirin tulang terdiri
atas tiga bagian:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">a.
Vestibula yang merupakan bagian tengah, dan tempat bersambungnya bagian-bagian
yang lain, ibarat sebuah pintu yang menuju ruang tengah (Vestibula) pada sebuah
rumah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">b. Saluran
setengah lingkaran bersambung dengan vestibula. Ada tiga jenis saluran-saluran
itu, yaitu saluran superior, posterior, dan lateral. Pada salah satu ujung
setiap saluran terdapat penebalan yang disebut anpula (Gerakan cairan yang
merangsang ujung-ujung akhir saraf khusus dalam ampula inilah yang menyebabkan
kita sadar akan kedudukan kita. Bagian teling dalam ini berfungsi membantu
serebelum dala mengendalikan keseimbangan, serta kesadaran akan kedudukan tubuh
kita).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">c. Koklea
adalah sebuah tabung berbentuk spiral yang membelit dirinya laksana sebuah
rumah siput. Belitan-belitan itu melingkari sebuah sumbuh berbentuk kerucut
yang memiliki bagian tengah dari tulang, yang disebut <i>modiulus.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dalam setiap belitan ini, terdapat saluran membranosa yang
mengandung ujung-ujung akhir saraf pendengaran. Cairan dalam labirin membranosa
disebut endolimfa, Sementara cairan diluar labirin membranosa dan dalam labirin
tulang disebut <i>perilimfa</i>. Ada dua
tingkap dalam ruang melingkar ini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">1) Fenestra Vestibule (yang juga di sebut Fenestra ovalis,
lantaran betuknua yang bulat panjang) di tutup lubang stapes.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">2) Fenestra Koklea (yang juga di sebut Fenestra Rotunda,
lantan bentuknya budar) di tutup sebuah membran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kedua-duanya menghadap ke telinga dalam. Adanya tingkap –
tingkap dalam ini dalam labirin tulang bertujuan agar getaran dapat di alihkan
dari rongga telingga tengah, guna dilangsungkan dalam perlinfa. Getaran dalam
perilinfa di alihkan menuju endolinfa, dan dengan demikian merangsang ujung –
ujung akhir saraf pendengaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">4.Nervus
Auditorius (Saraf Pendengaran).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Terdiri atas 2 bagian yang salah satunya penggumpulan
sensibilitas dari bagian vestibuler rongga telinga dalam, yang mempunya hubungan
dengan keseimbangan. Serabut-serabut saraf ini bergerak menuju nucleus
vestibularis yang berada pada titik pertemuan antara pons dan medulla
oblongata, lantas bergerak terus menuju serebelum. Bagian koklearis pada nervus
auditorius adalah saraf pendengar yang sebenarnya. Serabut-serabut sarafnya
mula-mula dipancarkan pada sebuah nucleus khusus yang berada tepat di belakang
thalamus, kemudian dari sana dipancarkan lagi menuju pusat penerima akhir dalam
korteks otak yang terletak pada bagian bawah lobus temporalis. Cedera pada
saraf koklearis akan berakibat ketulian saraf, sementara cedera pada saraf
vestibularis akan berakibat vertigo, ataksia dan nistagmus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">5. Pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Suara ditimbulkan akibat getaran atmosfer yang dikenal
sebagai gelombang suara, yang kecepatan dan volumenya berbeda-beda. Gelombang
suara bergerak memalui rongga telinga luar yang menyebabkan membrane timpani
bergetar. Getara-getaran tersebut selanjutnya di teruskan menuju inkus dan
stapes, melalui maleus yang tekait pada membran itu. Karena gerakan-gerakan
yang timbul yang timbul pada setiap tulang ini sendri, tulang-tulang itu
memperbesar getaran, yang disalurkan melalui fenestra Vestibular menuju
perilimfa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Getaran perilmfa dialihkan melalui membrane menuju endolinfa
dalam saluran koklea, dan <i>rangsangan
mencapai ujung-ujung akhir saraf dalam organ korti, untuk kemudian diantarkan
menuju otak oleh nervus auditorius.</i> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Perasaan pendengaran ditafsirkan otak sebagai suara yang enak
atau tidak enak, ingar-bingar atau musical. Istilah-stilah ini digunakan dalam
artinya yang seluas-luasnya. Gelombang suara yang tak teratur menghasilkan
keributan atau keingarbingaran, sementara gelombang suara berirama teratur
menghasilkan bunyi musical enak. Suara merapat dengan kecepatan 343 meter/detik
dalam udarh tenang, pada suhu </span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">15,5<sup>o</sup>c. </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">6. Keseimbangan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Nervus vestibularis yang tersebar hingga kanalis
semisirkularis menghantarkan impuls-impuls menuju otak. Impuls-impuls itu
dibangkitkan dalam kanal-kanal tadi, karena adanya perubahan kedudukan cairan
dalam kanal atau saluran-saluran itu. Perubahan kedudukan cairan dalam saluran
semisirkularis inilah yang merangsang impuls, yang segera dijawab badan berupa
gerak reflex, guna memindahkan berat badan serta mempertahankan keseimbangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <b>2.2.5 INDRA PERABA<o:p></o:p></b></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
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<a href="https://fembrisma.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/kulit3.jpg"><span style="color: #989eae; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><v:shape alt="Description: https://fembrisma.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/kulit3.jpg?w=627" href="https://fembrisma.files.wordpress.com/2011/12/kulit3.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_14" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 236.25pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 357pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="kulit3" src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Selain menghasilkan keringat, pada bagian dermis terdapat
ujung saraf/reseptor peraba. Kulit adalah alat indera yang peka terhadap
rangsangan berupa sentuhan, tekanan, panas, dingin, dan nyeri atau sakit.
Kepekaan tersebut disebabkan karena adanya ujung-ujung saraf yang ada pada kulit. Biasanya ujung saraf indera peraba ada
dua macam, yaitu ujung saraf bebas yang mendeteksi rasa nyeri atau sakit, dan
ujung saraf yang berselaput (berpapilia). Ujung saraf yang berselaput ada lima
macam, bisa kamu lihat dalam tabel berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel Ujung saraf yang berselaput dan rangsangannya</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 200px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="background: #33353D; border: solid #111111 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Ujung
saraf berselaput</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-left: none; border: solid #111111 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Rangsangan</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-top: none; border: solid #111111 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Korpuskel
pacini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-bottom: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Tekanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-top: none; border: solid #111111 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Korpuskel
ruffini<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-bottom: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Panas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-top: none; border: solid #111111 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Korpuskel
krause<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-bottom: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dingin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-top: none; border: solid #111111 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Korpuskel
meissner<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #33353D; border-bottom: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #111111 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid #111111 .75pt; padding: 3.0pt 6.0pt 3.0pt 6.0pt;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Sentuhan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Selain terdapat di daerah dermis, sel-sel peraba juga
terdapat pada pangkal rambut. Sehingga bila rambut yang muncul di permukaan
kulit tersentuh oleh suatu benda, sel-sel saraf akan terangsang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kulit merupakan organ tubuh yang paling luas, pada orang
dewasa luasnya sekitar 1,9 m2. Meskipun seluruh permukaan kulit mempunyai
reseptor peraba, keberadaan ujung-ujung saraf ini tidak merata pada berbagai
alat tubuh. Permukaan kulit yang mempunyai banyak ujung-ujung saraf peraba
ialah ujung jari telunjuk, telapak tangan, telapak kaki, bibir, dan daerah
kemaluan. Oleh karena itu daerah-daerah ini sangat peka terhadap rangsangan
berupa sentuhan. Seorang tuna netra memanfaatkan kepekaan indera perabanya
untuk membaca huruf Braille.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kulit dapat mengalami gangguan dan kelainan. Kelainan kelainan
pada kulit antara lain sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">1) Jerawat
(acne), ialah suatu peradangan dari kelenjar sebasea terutama di daerah wajah,
leher, dada, dan punggung. Biasanya jerawat terjadi sewaktu pubertas karena
waktu pubertas terjadi perubahan komposisi hormon. Hormon akan merangsang
pertumbuhan dan aktivitas kelenjar sebasea. Kelenjar sebasea memproduksi lemak
bersama keringat. Lemak merupakan media yang cocok bagi pertumbuhan bakteri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">2)
Dermatitis, ialah suatu peradangan pada permukaan kulit yang biasanya terasa
gatal dengan tanda-tanda merah, bengkak, melepuh, dan berair. Ini dapat
disebabkan terkena zat kimia (karbol, sabun, cat rambut, dan lainlain) atau
berkaitan dengan kondisi tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bagian-bagian kulit terdiri dari : <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">a.Epidermis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Epidermis
terdiri dari sel epitel yang mengalami keratinisasi yang mengandung bahan lemak
yang menjadikan kulit kedap air. Sel superfisial dari stratum ini secara kostan
dilepaskan dan diganti. Sel lain mengandung cairan berminyak. Lapisan ketiga
tediri dari sel-sel yang mengandung granula yang mampu merefraksi cahaya dan
membantu memberikan warna putih pada kulit. Lapisan keempat mengandung sel yang
memproduksi melamin, suatu bahan yang bertindak sebagai perlindungan terhadap
pengaruh sinar UV. Epidermis tidak mengandung pembuluh darah, tetapi limfe
bersirkulasi dalam ruang interselular.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">b. Dermis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dermis
terdiri dari jaringan fibrosa yang lebih padat pada bagian superficial
dibandingkan bagian dalamnya. Dapat diidentifikasi 2 lapisan : yang pertama
mengandung akhiran saraf sensorik, pembuluh darah dan limfatika ; yang kedua
mengandung serat kolagen, serat elastik, glandula sebasea, glandula sudorifera,
folikel rambut dan muskulus arrektor pilli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">c. Hipodermis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Ini
merupakan zona transisional diantara kulit dan jaringan adiposa di bawahnya.
Mengandung sel lemak demikian juga jaringan ikat putih dan kuning, kumparan
dari sejumlah glandula sebasea dan radiks dari sejumlah rambut. Pemberian zat makanan dermis atau porium
tergantung pada vena dan limfatika. Baik saraf bermielin maupun tidak bermielin
ditemukan dalam kulit yang berisi organ akhir dan banyak serat saraf. Organ ini
memberikan respon sensasi panas, dingin, nyeri, gatal, dan raba ringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">d. Kelenjar Keringat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kelenjar
keringat terdiri dari glomerolus atau bagian sekresi dan duktus. Secara relatif
terdapat catu darah yang kaya dan menskresi keringat yang agak keruh, hampir
tidak berbau, hampir mengandung 99% air, dan sejumlah kecil khlorida, urea,
amonium, asam urat dan kreatinin. Berbagai tipe kelenjar keringat ditemukan
pada area seperti genetalia, anus, aksila dan puting susu dan masing-masing
juga mempunyai bau yang khas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">e. Appendises<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Appendises termasuk rambut dan kuku. Rambut
berasal epitel dan terbentuk dari sel tanduk yang mengalami modifikasi yang
timbul dalam struktur yang kompleks, yaitu folikel yang terletak dalam lapisan
dermis yang lebih dalam. Pada saat rambut melintasi lapisan permukaan dari
dermis maka rambut dilapisi oleh sebum yang merupakan eksresi dari glandula
kecil yang terletak berdekatan dengan batang rambut. Fungsinya adalah melumasi
kulit dan menjaga kulit tetap lentur, bertindak sebagai penolak air dan
melindungi kulit dari udara yang kering. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kuku
terdiri dari sel tanduk yang mengalami modifikasi yang bersatu dengan kuat.
Pada bagian proksimal kuku terbentuk dalam matriks kulit. Dasar kuku terdiri
dari sel prickle yang mengalami modifikasi pada mana kuku melekat dengan kuat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Kuku sebagian memperoleh warna dari darah dan
sebagian dari pigmen dalam epidermis terutama melanin. Sebagai penitup bagian
luar maka kulit mempunyai banyak fungsi yang tidak saja besifat protektif,
tetepi juga termasuk yang berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> 1)Bertindak sebagai barier terhadap infeksi
asal berada dalam keadaan utuh, tetapi dapat juga dirusak oleh mikroorganisme
dengan aksi dari asam lemak rantai panjang yang ditemukan dalam kulit. Invasi
bakteri dapat juga terhalang oleh keasaman kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> 2) Ketahanan jaringan yang kuat melindungi
jaringan di bawahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> 3) Kulit bertindak sebagai insulator
(hipoderm) dan membantu mengatur suhu tubuh. Pengendalian suhu tubuh juga
merupakan fungsi dari glandula sudorifera dan pembuluh darah. Ketika hari
panas, glandula menskresi keringat, dan penguapannya menyebabkan pendinginan ;
pembuluh darah berdilatasi untuk memungkinkan keluarnya panas tubuh dengan
meningkatkan aliran darah dekat dengan permukaan tubuh. Ketika hari dingin,
pembuluh darah berkonstriksi, menurunkan aliran darah dan dengan demikian
menurunkan kehilangan panas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> 4) Karena mengandung akhiran saraf sensorik,
sensasi dari kulit memainkan peranan penting dalam mempertahankan kesehatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">5) Sampai
tingkat tertentu, kulit bertindak sebagai organ ekskresi untuk mengeluarkan
produk sampah tubuh. Karena itu memainkan peranan dalam mempertahankan
keseimbangan cairan dan elektrolit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> 6) Dalam kondisi yang sesuai, kulit mencatu
vitamin D tubuh. Vitamin ini terbentuk dengan aksi fotokimia dari sinar UV pada
sterol yang diduga diekskresikan dalam sebum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Fisiologi kulit<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> a.Fungsi Proteksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Kulit melindungi bagian dalam tubuh manusia
terhadap gangguan fisik maupun mekanik, misalnya tekanan, gesekan, tarikan,
gangguan kimiawi, seperti zat-zat kimia iritan (lisol, karbol, asam, atau basa
kuat lainnya), gangguan panas atau dingin, gangguan sinar radiasi tau sinar
ultraviolet, gangguan kuman, jamur, bakteri atau virus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Gangguan fisik dan mekanik ditanggulangi
dengan adanya bantalan lemak subkutis, tebalnya lapisan kilit, dan serabut
penunjang yang berfungsi sebagai pelindung bagian luar tubuh. Gangguan sinar UV
diatasi oleh sel melanin yang menyerap sebagian sinar tersebut. Gangguan
kimiawi ditanggulangi dengan adanya lemak permukaan kulit yang berasal dari
kelenjar palit kulit yang mempunyai pH 5,0 – 6,5. Lemak permukaan kulit juga
berperan dalam mengatasi banyak mikroba yang ingin masuk ke dalam kulit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Proses
keratinisasi juga merupakan sawar mekanis karena sel-sel tanduk melepaskan diri
secara teratur dan diganti oleh sel muda di bawahnya. Sawar kulit berfungsi
ganda yaitu mencegah keluar atau masuknya zat yang berada di luar ke dalam
tubuh atau dari dalam ke luar tubuh. Fungsi sawar kulit terutama berada di
sel-sel epidermis dan kemampuan kulit sebagai sawar berbeda pada satu tempat
kulit dengan tempat kulit lainnya bergantung pada kondisi epidermis di tempat
tersebut. Skrotum adalah kulit dengan tinggi sawar paling rendah sehingga
paling permeabel, disusul oleh kulit wajah dan punggung tangan. Sebaliknya
telapak tangan dan telapak kaki adalah daerah kulit yang paling baik sawarnya
sehingga hampir tidak dapat dilalui komponen apapun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> b. Fungsi Absorpsi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kulit yang
sehat tidak mudah menyerap air, larutan, maupun benda padat. tetapi cairan yang
mudah menguap lebih mungkin diserap kulit, begitu pula zat yang larut dalam
minyak. Peremeabilitas kulit terhadap gas CO2 atau O2 mengungkapkan kemungkinan
kulit mempunyai peran dalam fungsi respirasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Kemampuan absorpsi kulit dipengaruhi oleh
tebal tipisnya kulit, hidrasi, kelembaban udara, metabolisme dan jenis
vehikulum zata yang menempel di kulit. Penyerapan dapat melalui celah antar
sel, saluran kelenjar atau saluran keluar rambut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> c. Fungsi Ekskresi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kelenjar-kelenjar
pada kulit mengeluarkan zat-zat yang tidak berguna atau sisa metabolisme dalam
tubuh misalnya NaCl, urea, amonia, dan sedikit lemak. Kelenjar lemak. Kelenjar
lemak pada fetus, atas pengaruh hormon androgen dari ibunya, akan menghasilkan
sebum untuk melindungi kulitnya terhadap cairan amnion yang pada waktu lahir
disebut vernix caseosa. Sebum yang diproduksi kelenjar palit kulit melindungi kulit
dengan cara meminyaki kulit dan menahan penguapan yang berlebihan sehingga
kulit tidak menjadi kering. Produk kelenjar lemak dan keringat di permukaan
kulit membentuk keasaman kulit pada pH 5 – 6,5. Penguapan air dari dalam tubuh
dapat pula terjadi secara difusi melaui sel-sel epidermis, tetapi karena sel
epidermis baik fungsi sawarnya, maka kehilangan air melalui sel epidermis
(transepidermal water loss) dapat dicegah agar tidak melebihi kebutuhan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> d.Fungsi Pengindra (Sensori)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Kulit mengandung ujung-ujung saraf sensorik di
dermis dan subkutis. Badan Ruffini yang terletak di dermis, menerima
rangasangan dingin dan rangsangan panas diperankan oleh badanKrausse. Badan
taktil Meissner yang terletak di papil dermis menerima rangsang rabaan, demikian
pula badan Merkel-Renvieryang terletak di epidermis. Saraf-saraf sensorik
tersebut lebih banyak jumlahnya di daerah erotik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> e. Fungsi Pengaturan Suhu Tubuh
(Termoregulasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Kulit
melakukan peran ini dengan cara mengeluarkan keringat dan mengerutkan otot dinding
pembuluh darah kulit. Pada keadaan suhu meningkat, kelenjar keringat
mengeluarkan banyak keringat ke permukaan kulit dan dengan penguapan keringat
tersebut terbuang pula kalori/panas tubuh. Vasokonstriksi pembuluh darah
kapiler kulit menyebabkan kulit melindungi diri dari kehilangan panas pada
waktu dingin. Kulit kaya akan pembuluh darah kapiler sehingga cara ini cukup
efektif. Mekanisme termoregulasi ini diatur oleh sistem saraf simpatis yang
mengeluarkan zat perantara asetilkolin. Dinding pembuluh darah kulit pada bayi
belum berfungsi secara sempurna sehingga mekanisme termoregulasi belum berjalan
dengan baik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> f.Fungsi Pembentukan Pigmen (Melanogenesis)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Sel pembentuk pigmen kulit (melanosit)
terletak di lapisan asal epidermis. Sel ini berasal dari rigi saraf, jumlahnya
1:10 dari sel basal. Jumlah melanosit serta jumlah dan besarnya melanin yang
terbentuk menentukan warna kulit. Melanin dibuat dari sejenis protein, tirosin,
dengan bantuan enzim tirosinase, ion Cu dan oksigen oleh sel melanosit di dalam
melanosom dalam badan sel melanosit. Pajanan sinar matahari mempengaruhi
produksi melanin. Bila pajanan bertambah, produksi melanin akan meningkat.
Pigmen disebarkan ke dalam lapisan atas sel epidermis melalui tangan-tangan
yang mirip kaki cumi-cumi pada melanosit. Ke arah dermis pigmen, disebar
melalui melanofag. Selain oleh pigmen, warna kulit dibentuk pula oleh tebal
tipisnya kulit, Hb-reduksi, Hb-oksidasi, dan karoten.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">g. Fungsi
Keratinisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Lapisan epidermis kulit orang dewasa mempunyai
tiga jenis sel utama: keratinosit, melanosit dan sel Langerhans. Keratinisasi
dimulai dari sel basal yang kuboid, bermitosis ke atas berubah bentuk lebih
poligonal yaitu sel spinosum, terangkat lebih ke atas menjadi lebih gepeng, dan
bergranula menjadi sel granulosum. Kemudian sel tersebut terangkat ke atas
lebih gepeng, dan granula serta intinya hilang menjadi sel spinosum dan
akhirnya sampai di permukaan kulit menjadi sel yang mati, protoplasmanya
mengering menjadi keras, gepeng, tanpa inti yang disebut sel tanduksel tanduk
secara kontinu lepas dari permukaan kulit dan diganti oleh sel yang terletak di
bawahnya. Proses keratinisasi sel dari sel basal sampai sel tanduk berlangsung
selama 14-21 hari. Proses ini berlangsung terus-menerus dan berguna untuk
fungsi rehabilitasi kulit agar selalu dapat melaksanakan fungsinya secara baik.
Pada beberapa macam penyakit kulit proses ini terganggu, sehingga kulit akan
terlihat bersisik, tebal, dan kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> h. Fungsi Produksi Vitamin D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Ternyata kulit juga dapat membuat vitamin D
dari bahan baku 7-dihidroksi kolesterol dengan bantuan sinar matahari. Namun
produksi ini masih lebih rendah dari kebutuhan tubuh akan vitamin D sehingga
diperlukan tambahan vitamin D dari luar melaui makanan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">i. Fungsi
Ekspresi Emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Hasil gabungan fungsi yang telah disebut di
atas menyebabkan kulit mampu berfungsi sebagai alat untuk mentakan emosi yang
terdapat dalam jiwa manusia. Kegembiraan dpat dinyatakan oleh otot kulit muka
yang relaksasi dan tersenyum, kesedihan diutarakan pleh kelenjar air mata yang
meneteskan air matanya, ketegangan dengan otot kulit dan kelenjar keringat,
ketakutan oleh kontraksi pembuluh darah kapiler kulit sehingga kulit menjadi
pucat dan rasa erotik oleh kelenjar minyak dan pembuluh darah kulit yang
melebar sehingga kulit tampak semakin merah, berminyak, dan menyebarkan bau
khas.Semua fungsi kulit pada manusia berguna untuk mempertahankan kehidupannya
sama seperti organ tubuh lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="color: #002060; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SESI TANYA JAWAB <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"># Apa yang dimaksud dengan lateralisasi suara?
(Agnes) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Jawaban</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Lateralisasi merupakan proses pengkhususan fungsi dari
dua belah otak yang terjadi karena penyebelahan menjadi dua bagian. Jadi
suara yang terdengar akan terimpuls ke salah satu bagian otak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Mengapa bila penciuman terganggu selera makan berkurang? (Agnes)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Pada saat kita menarik nafas, udara
masuk ke dalam rongga hidung. Gas memasuki rongga hidung bercampur dengan
lender, kemudian menstimulasi ujung-ujung saraf. Impuls ini diteruskan ke saraf
pembau di pusat saraf, dan akhirnya diinterprestasikan sebagai pengecap.
Makanan akan merangsang saraf-saraf yang ada pada lidah. Rangsangan tersebut
akan dibawa ke otak, kemudian diinterprestasikan dan sebagai hasilnya kita
dapat mengecap makanan yang masuk ke dalam mulut kita. Jika terjadi gangguan pada
indra pembau, kita tidak dapat mengecap dengan baik sehingga selera makan
berkurang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Mengapa iris mata manusia berbeda-beda? (Rotua)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Karena tergantung dari jumlah
melanin pada epitelium pigmen yang terletak di bagian belakang iris, jumlah melanin
pada stroma, dan kepadatan sel di stroma <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Fungsi mekanis pada saliva? (Rotua)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Melicinkan
dan membasahi rongga mulut sehingga membantu proses memngunyah dan menelan
makanan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Membasahi
dan melembutkan makanan menjadi bahan setengah cair sehingga mudah ditelan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Membersihkan
rongga mulut dari sisa-sisa makanan dan kuman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Membantu
dalam berbicara (pelumas pada pipi dan lidah) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Apa fungsi dari kelenjar tarsalia? (Hannantia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Fungsi dari kelenjar tarsalia
adalah untuk membersihkan dan melumasi mata, sehingga kornea tidak menjadi
kering.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Kenapa pada saat nangis hidung kita tersumbat? (Hannantia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Hidung
mempunyai saluran yang menghubungkan rongga hidung dengan mata bagian medial
(ujung mata bagian sebelah dalam) yang berfungsi menyalurkan air mata setiap
kali kita berkedip untuk membasahi kornea. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Pada waktu kita menangis produksi air mata sangat banyak
sehingga ada sebagian air mata yang masuk ke rongga hidung kemudian air
tersebut memenuhi serta keluar lewat rongga hidung, sebagian lagi air mata
mengalir turun ke pipi. Rongga hidung juga cukup peka saat ada benda asing
masuk maka akan mengeluarkan lendir jadi saat air mata mata masuk ke rongga
hidung maka lendir di rongga hidung akan semakin banyak.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<v:imagedata o:title="images" src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg">
<o:lock grouping="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Bagaimana pada saat kondisi terang ke gelap reaksi penyesuaian mata?
(Hannantia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Adaptasi mata karena cahaya
diakibatkan karena lebar pupil yang diatur oleh iris sesuai dengan intensitas
cahaya yang diterima oleh mata. Ditempat yang gelap pupil akan membesar, agar
cahaya dapat lebih banyak masuk kemata. Ditempat yang sangat terang maka pupil
akan mengecil, agar cahaya lebih sedikit masuk ke mata. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Pada kondisi terang, sel kerucut menyampaikan bayangan ke
otak dan pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin dalam sel batang akan terurai sehingga sel
batang tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik. Jika tiba-tiba kondisi gelap, maka
pigmen-pigmen yang telah terurai dalam sel batang akan terbentuk kembali dan
tugas sel kerucut digantikan oleh sel batang untuk menyampaikan bayangan ke
otak. Terbentuknya pigmen rhodopsin itu berlangsung secara bertahap. Sehingga
terkadang kita tidak dapat langsung melihat dengan jelas karena penyusuaian
pigmen tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="Description: Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata.jpg" id="Content_x0020_Placeholder_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 219pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 199.5pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata" src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg">
<o:lock grouping="t" v:ext="edit">
</o:lock></v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4zqUKrIyRUvLoCkgwLc61__GM36m6U0f7gCtqXgT_teKFRXAI55JGqctRjOKKUVeyXRyey7eHIfr26so3OnLaVl4BIO_o0LYkR6dGGa_uYJ_e32Fut2FHcu2FdqNOEZRjW5x_y6W_pGw/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj4zqUKrIyRUvLoCkgwLc61__GM36m6U0f7gCtqXgT_teKFRXAI55JGqctRjOKKUVeyXRyey7eHIfr26so3OnLaVl4BIO_o0LYkR6dGGa_uYJ_e32Fut2FHcu2FdqNOEZRjW5x_y6W_pGw/s320/5.jpg" width="291" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Apa yang dimaksud gerakan halus pada otot intrinsik? (Rotua)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Gerakan yang membuat kita mampu
mengubah-ubah bentuk lidah seperti memanjang, memendek, dan membulat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Maksud dari bakterisid pada kelenjar sebasea ? (Agnes)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bakteriosidal atau bakterisid
adalah zat yang bersifat membunuh bakteri, tidak hanya mencegah mereka
berkembang biak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">bak.te.ri.si.da</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><br />
<i>Nomina (kata benda)</i> <i>Istilah kimia</i> substansi kimia yang
mampu membunuh atau menghancurkan bakteri; pembasmi bakteri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">#
Kenapa lidah mati rasa saat panas dan dingin ? Apa penyebabnya ? Cara
mengatasinya ? (Meyrendra)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Permukaan lidah dilapisi dengan
lapisan epitelium yang banyak mengandung kelenjar lendir, dan reseptor pengecap
berupa tunas pengecap.Tunas pengecap terdiri atas sekelompok sel sensori yang
mempunyai tonjolan (papila) seperti rambut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Saat makan makanan yang panas, maka sensasi panas ini akan
berikatan dengan reseptor yang ada di papila lidah kita. Sensasi panas dapat
berikatan dengan papila lidah yang mana saja, entah di bagian ujung, samping,
atau pangkal. Sehingga makin banyak papila yang berikatan dengan sensasi panas,
makin terasa pula sensasi panas sampai batas akhirnya lidah akan terasa mati
rasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Cara
Mengatasinya : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Menggunakan
Es –</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> <i>Cara mengatasi lidah mati rasa</i> yang pertama
bisa anda lakukan dengan cara menyimpan es batu berukuran kecil kedalam mulut
anda, kemudian anda isap es batu tersebut sampai akhirnya anda sendiri merasa
nyaman dan rasa terbakar pada lidah pun tidak akan terasa lagi karena es batu
yang anda isap tersebut. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Gunakan
Susu dan Madu – </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Tuangkan susu dingin kedalam cangkir berukuran sedang,
dan campurkan satu sendok makan madu kedalam susu dingin tersebut. Minum secara
perlahan sambil anda menyesap sedikit demi sedikit susu dingin campur madu
tersebut. Kombinasi susu dingin dan madu ini dapat mengurangi rasa terbakar
pada lidah dengan meningkatkan sirkulasi darah ke lidah. Selain itu, susu yang
anda minum ini merupakan sumber Vitamin B12 yang dapat mengembalikan fungsi
normal lidah anda sehingga anda pun bisa merasakan apa yang memang sudah
seharusnya anda rasakan dengan menggunakan lidah yang anda miliki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"># Dampak dari Ear Candle ? (Rika)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Ear candle</span></i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> atau
disebut juga dengan terapi lilin adalah salah satu metode pengobatan alternatif
yang diklaim dapat mengeluarkan racun tubuh dan juga kotoran telinga. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bahaya <i>ear candle </i>menurut dr. Henri Hutomo:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">1. Sisa lilin yang terdapat pada liang telinga dapat menumpuk
dan menyebabkan gangguan pendengaran berupa tuli konduktif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">2. Panas dari tetesan lilin dapat merusak epitel lubang
telinga sehingga memudahkan infeksi dari berbagai macam mikroorganisme.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Terapi
lilin dapat menganggu sekresi serumen dalam telinga, serumen di dalam telinga
mempunyai efek proteksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"># Pada bagian mana telinga mengalami penurunan
pendengaran ketika usia lanjut ? (Destia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> : Gangguan pendengaran secara
perlahan lahan akibat proses penuaan yang dikenal dengan
istilah presbicusis. Diduga timbulnya
presbicusis berhubungan dengan faktor bawaan, pola makan, metabolisme,
atheriosklerosis, diabetes melitus, infeksi, bising, gaya hidup,
obat-obatan, dll. Presbikusis umumnya akan menyerang kedua telinga secara
perlahan-lahan sehingga orang tersebut tidak dapat menyadari adanya
gangguan pendengaran pada dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"># Ikri : Zat gizi apa yang terkandung antara kornea
dan lensa ? Diperoleh dari mana ?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Vitamin A dan Protein. Dari dalam
tubuh dan asupan makanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"># Jika membran timpani robek, apakah fungsi telinga
dapat kembali normal ? (Camelia)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban :</span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Bisa,
karena biasanya telinga akan terjadi penutupan perforasi selama 2 minggu pasca
robek. Dan bila setelah dievaluasi tidak ada kemungkinan perbaikan, dokter akan
menyarankan dilakukannya timpanoplasi atau miringoplasti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Miringoplasti ini dilakukan oleh dokter ahli THT, dimana akan
dilakukan proses pembedahan/operasi, bisa dilakukan dengan anestesi lokal (bius
lokal) biasanya dengan metode transkanal cangkok lemak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 7.1pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"># Kenapa pada ujung lidah dapat merasakan semua
rasa selain manis ? (Puspaningrum)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Jawaban : </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Bagian lidah yang dapat menerima
rangsangan kimia berada di ujung permukaan luar lidah yang dinamakan sebagai
ujung pengecap</span><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">. </span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Pada </span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">seluruh bagian </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">lidah</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">, terdapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> lebih
kurang 10.000 kuncup pengecap yang tersebar dipermukaan atas dan di sepanjang
pinggir lidah. Kuncup pengecap tertanam dibagian epitel lidah dan bergabung
dengan tonjolan-tonjolan lidah yang disebut papilla.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Dengan
demikian ujung lidah tetap dapat merasakan rasa selain manis karena daya
sensivitas yang tinggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093835"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093554"></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">BAB III</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> <o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 align="center" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">PENUTUP</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093836"></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"> KESIMPULAN</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Sistem pengindraan manusia adalah organ organ akhir yang
dikhususkan untuk menerima jenis rangsangan tertentu. Serabut saraf yang
melayaninya merupakan alat perantaraan yang membawa kesan rasa dari organ indra
menuju otak, tempat perasaan itu ditafsirkan. Beberapa kesan rasa timbul dari
luar, seperti sentuhan, pengecapan, penglihatan, penciuman, dan suara. Lainnya
timbul dari dalam, antara lain lapar, haus, dan rasa sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Dalam segala hal, serabut saraf-saraf sensorik
dilengkapi dengan ujung, akhir, khusus guna mengumpulkan rangsangan perasaan
yang khas tampat setiap orang yang berhubungan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Macam – macam indra yang dimiliki oleh manusia adalah indra
penciuman, indra pengecapan, indra pendengaran, indra pengelihatan dan indra
peraba. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc435093837"></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">SARAN</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></h2>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> Dari
makalah ini kata-katanya harus dapat dikembangkan dan penjelasan harus lebih
terperinci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html</span></a><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<a href="http://tarmanhouse.blogspot.co.id/2011/07/adaptasi-mata-terhadap-cahaya.html"><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">http://tarmanhouse.blogspot.co.id/2011/07/adaptasi-mata-terhadap-cahaya.htm</span></i></a><a href="http://tarmanhouse.blogspot.co.id/2011/07/adaptasi-mata-terhadap-cahaya.html"><i><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">l</span></i></a><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<a href="http://www.artikelbiologi.com/2015/05/sistem-indra-pengecap.html"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">http://www.artikelbiologi.com/2015/05/sistem-indra-pengecap.html</span></a><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<a href="https://muhammadananggadipa.wordpress.com/2012/01/12/gangguan-pendengaran-pada-lansia/"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">https://muhammadananggadipa.wordpress.com/2012/01/12/gangguan-pendengaran-pada-lansia/</span></a><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-14417176534484219282016-01-22T19:23:00.000+07:002016-01-31T21:02:46.224+07:00Sistem Pencernaan<!--[if !mso]>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem pencernaan adalah
proses menerima makanan, merubahnya menjadi energi dan mengeluarkan sisa proses
tersebut. Pada dasarnya sistem pencernaan makanan dalam tubuh manusia
terjadi di sepanjang saluran pencernaan dan dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu
proses penghancuran makanan yang terjadi dalam mulut hingga lambung. Selanjutnya
adalah proses penyerapan sari-sari makanan yang terjadi di dalam usus. Kemudian
proses pengeluaran sisa-sisa makanan melalui anus. Dalam pelaksanaan
proses pencernaan makanan organ pencernaan dibantu oleh enzim dan hormon yang
prosesnya berbeda tiap organ dan mempunyai fungsi masing-masing.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Sistem pencernaan dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu
:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span>2.1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">P</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">encernaan (Tractus Digestivus)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran pencernaan adalah organ yang dilalui
oleh makanan pada sistem pencernaan manusia yang di dalamnya terjadi peristiwa
mencerna dan menyerap. Saluran pencernaan pada manusia terdiri dari beberapa
organ, berturut-turut dimulai dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mulut (Oris)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.2pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mulut adalah
rongga lonjong <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pada permukaan saluran
pencernaan. Terdiri atas dua bagian. Bagian luar <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">vestibula </i>yaitu bagian antara gusi serta gigi dengan bibir dan
pipi, dan bagian dalam, yaitu rongga mulut yang dibatasi sisi-sisinya oleh tulang
maksilaris dan semua gigi, dan di sebelah belakang bersambung dengan awal
faring. Atap mulut di bentuk oleh palatum, lidah terletak pada lantainya dan
terikat pada tulang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hioid. Di garis
tengah sebuah lipatan membran mukosa (Frenulum linguas) menyambung ludah dengan
lantai mulut. Di kedua sisi terletak <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">papila
sublingualis</i>, yang memuat lubang kelenjar ludah submandibularis. Sedikit
eksternal dari papila ini terletak lipatan sublingualis, tempat lubang-lubang
halus kelenjar ludah sublingualis bermuara. Selaput lendir mulut ditutupi
epitalium yang berlapis-lapis. Dibawahnya terletak kelenjar-kelenjar halus yang
mengeluarkan lendir. Selaput ini sangat kaya akan pembuluh darah dan juga
membuat banyak ujung akhir saraf sensoris. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mulut memuat
gigi untuk mengunyah makanan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sehingga makanan menjadi
halus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara umum, gigi manusia terdiri dari mahkota gigi (korona),
leher gigi (kolum), dan akar gigi (radiks). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Korona menjulang di atas gigi, kolum
dikelilingi gusi, dan radiks terletak di bawahnya . Di dalam pusat strukturnya
terdapat rongga pulpa. Pulpa gigi berisi sel jaringan ikat, pembuluh darah, dan
serabut saraf. Gigi dibedakan atas 4 macam, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gigi seri </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(incicivus)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">untuk memotong makanan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gigi taring</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
(caninus)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">untuk memutuskan
makanan yang keras dan liat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gigi geraham depan
(premolare</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">), untuk
mengunyah makanan yang telah dipotong-potong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gigi geraham
belakang <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(molare) </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">untuk mengunyah makanan yang telah
dipotong-potong.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Selain itu
juga terdapat lidah yang berfungsi membantu mengatur letak makanan di dalam
mulut, mendorong makanan masuk ke kerongkongan, dan mengecap atau merasakan
makanan. Pada lidah terdapat daerah-daerah yang peka terhadap rasa manis, asin,
asam, pahit, dan umami (gurih). Rasa manis terletak di bagian ujung lidah, rasa
asin di sekitar depan lidah, rasa asam di bagian samping lidah, rasa pahit di
bagian belakang (pangkal) lidah, dan rasa umami hampir di seluruh permukaan
depan dan tengah lidah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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" width="400" /> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelenjar ludah
(saliva) adalah kelenjar majemuk bertandan, yang berarti terdiri atas gabungan
kelompok alveoli bentuk kantong dan yang membentuk lubang-lubang kecil.
Kelenjar ludah terdiri dari: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelenjar
parotis, terletak dibawah telinga dan menghasilkan saliva berbentuk cair.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelenjar
submandibularis, terletak di rahang bawah dan menghasilkan getah yang
mengandung air dan lendir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 50.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelenjar
sublingualis, terletak di bawah lidah dan menghasilkan getah yang mengandung
air dan lendir. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCDUeQ8GnI_v8RxrKhC7STGGcooYtcCowWMlZrXW0F91MfTJdhVDyLPpFdhfnI-JtyTaGGPyL5tiUR5oHq31XoktKwsO8ef1R2z_TEXpjNirqgxFdjzfNM30ChIg5tKSU5dTMNzO0paD5Q/s1600/mm.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: #618cd6; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><br /></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" height="301" 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" width="320" /></span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCDUeQ8GnI_v8RxrKhC7STGGcooYtcCowWMlZrXW0F91MfTJdhVDyLPpFdhfnI-JtyTaGGPyL5tiUR5oHq31XoktKwsO8ef1R2z_TEXpjNirqgxFdjzfNM30ChIg5tKSU5dTMNzO0paD5Q/s1600/mm.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: #618cd6; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"></span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US"><span lang="IN" style="color: #618cd6; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"><br /></span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelenjar
ludah (saliva) berfungsi mengeluarkan air ludah, yang merupakan cairan pertama
yang mencerna makanan. Komponen saliva terdiri dari:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Air dan lendir, berfungsi melumasi rongga
mulut dan membantu proses menelan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Enzim ptialin, berfungsi mengubah makanan
dalam mulut yang mengandung zat karbohidrat (amilum) menjadi gula sederhana
(maltosa). Maltosa mudah di cerna oleh organ pencernaan selanjutnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo28; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Enzim lisosom, berfungsi sebagai anti bakteri
karena bersifat asam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aminoglobulin, zat semacam putih telur yang
berfungsi untuk menetralkan makanan yang bersifat asam.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Garam, sistem buffer di mulut untuk
mempertahankan pH agar tetap konstan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Di dalam
mulut terjadi 2 macam pencernaan, yaitu pencernaan mekanik dan kimiawi.
Pencernaan mekanik adalah proses pengahancuran makanan di dalam mulut dengan
bantuan gigi dan lidah sehingga ukurannya menjadi kecil untuk dapat ditelan ke
dalam perut. Sedangkan pencernaan kimiawi adalah proses pencernaan dengan
berubahnya sifat makanan yang dibantu oleh kerja saliva dan enzim ptialin. Selama
proses pencernaan, makanan dihancurkan menjadi zat-zat sederhana yang dapat di
serap dan digunakan sel jaringan tubuh. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bibir terdiri
atas dua lipatan daging. Di sebelah luar ditutupi kulit dan disebelah dalam ditutupi
selaput lendir (mukosa). Otot <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Orbikularis
oris</i> menutup bibir, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Levator anguli
oris </i>mengangkat, dan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Depresor anguli
oris</i> menekan ujung mulut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Palatum
(langit-langit) terdiri atas dua bagian, yaitu palatum keras yang tersusun atas
tajuk-tajuk palatum dari sebelah depan tulang maksilaris, dan lebih kebelakang
terdiri atas dua tulang palatum. Dibelakang ini terletak palatum lunak, yang
merupakan lipatan menggantung yang dapat bergerak dan terdiri atas jaringan
fibrus dan selaput lendir. Pipi dilapisi dari dalam oleh mukosa yang mengandung
papila-papila. Otot yang terdapat pada pipi adalah <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">otot buksinator</i>. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Otot utama
untuk pengunyahan ialah maseter, otot temporalis, dan otot pterigoid medikal
dan lateral. Suasana mulut netral (pH=7) yaitu pada saat belum dimasuki
makanan. Setelah makanan masuk ke dalam mulut suasana mulut menjadi asam.
Biasanya pH turun hingga 5,5. Saat suasana asam dapat terjadi demineralisasi
(kehilangan mineral), yang bisa membuat gigi karies. Hal tersebut dapat diatasi
dengan komponen yang ada pada saliva yaitu garam. Makanan yang mengandung asam
dan gula dapat menurunkan pH mulut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Faring dan Esofagus</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Faring
berupa saluran berbentuk kerucut dari bahan membran berotot (muskulo membranosa)
dengan bagian terlebar di sebelah atas dan berjalan dari dasar tengkorak sampai
di ketinggian vertebrata servikal keenam, yaitu ketinggian tulang rawan krikoid,
tempat faring bersambung dengan esofagus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 32.2pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Panjang faring
kira-kira 7 cm dan dibagi tiga bagian, yaitu:</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nasofaring
, di belakang hidung. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Faring
oralis, terletak di belakang mulut. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Faring
laringeal merupakan bagian terendah yang terletak di belakang laring. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dinding faring
tersusun dari tiga lapisan, yaitu lapisan mukosa, lapisan fibrosa, dan lapisan
berotot. Lapisan mukosa yang terletak paling dalam, bersambung dengan lapisan
dalam hidung, mulut, dan saluran eustakhius. Lapisan fibrosanya terletak antara
lapisan mukosa dan lapisan berotot. Otot utama pada faring ialah otot
konstriktor, yang berkontraksi sewaktu makanan masuk ke faring dan mendorongnya
ke dalam esofagus . </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kedua tonsil
merupakan dua kumpulan jaringan limfosit yang terletak di kanan dan kiri
faring. Tonsil bekerja sebagai garis depan pertahanan dalam infeksi yang
tersebar dari hidung, mulut, dan tenggorok.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menelan (<i>Deglutisio</i>)
disaat jalan udara dan jalan makanan pada faring terjadi penyilangan. Jalan
udara masuk ke bagian depan terus ke leher bagian depan sedangkan jalan makanan
masuk ke belakang dari jalan nafas dan di depan dari ruas tulang
belakang. Makanan melewati <i>epiglotis</i> lateral melalui
ressus piriformis masuk ke <i>esofagus</i> tanpa membahayakan jalan
udara. Gerakan menelan mencegah masuknya makanan ke jalan udara, pada
waktu yang sama jalan udara ditutup sementara.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Esofagus adalah
sebuah tabung berotot yang panjangnya 20-25 cm, yang terletak di belakang
trakea dan di depan tulang punggung. Esofagus terdiri dari empat lapis. Di
sebelah luar terdiri atas lapisan jaringan ikat yang renggang, sebuah lapisan
otot yang terdiri atas lapisan jaringan ikat yang renggang, sebuah lapisan otot
yang terdiri atas dua lapisan serabut otot, yang satu berjalan longitudinal dan
yang lain sirkular, sebuah lapisan submukosa, dan paling dalam terdapat selaput
lendir (mukosa). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Esofagus berfungsi sebagai jalan
makanan yang telah di kunyah menuju lambung. Otot esofagus dapat berkontraksi
secara bergelombang sehingga dapat mendorong makanan masuk ke dalam lambung,
gerak esofagus ini di sebut gerak peristaltik. Gerak peristaltik merupakan
gerak kembang kempis ke esofagus untuk mendorong makanan ke dalam
lambung. Makanan di dalam esofagus hanya sekitar enam detik. Bagian
pangkal esofagus (faring) berotot lurik, artinya kita menelan makanan jika
telah di kunyah sesuai dengan kehendak kita.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lambung (ventrikulus)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></span></div>
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<span style="clear: right; color: black; float: right; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img alt="" height="306" 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" width="400" /></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ventrikulus
adalah bagian dari saluran pencernaan berbentuk seperti kantung yang dapat
mekar paling banyak. Ventrikulus terletak di bagian kiri atas rongga perut
dibawah diafragma dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">pH
<</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7 (asam).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Struktur Ventrikulus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 20.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ventrikulus dapat
dibagi menjadi tiga daerah, yaitu daerah :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kardia adalah bagian atas ventrikulus, daerah
pintu masuk makanan dari esofagus itu sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fundus adalah bagian tengah ventrikulus,
bentuknya membulat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pilorus adalah bagian bawah ventrikulus,
daerah yang berhubungan dengan duodenum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dinding ventrikulus terdiri atas empat lapisan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan Peritoneal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 2.75pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan
peritoneal merupakan lapisan luar yang merupakan lapisan serosa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan Otot (Muscularis)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan
muscularis adalah lapisan otot yang membantu perut dalam pencernaan mekanis.
Terdiri dari tiga lapis, yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Serabut longitudinal, yang tidak dalam dan
bersambung dengan otot esofagus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Serabut sirkuler yang paling tebal dan
terletak di pilorus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Serabut oblik terletak pada fundus dan
berjalan dari orifisium kardiak kemudian membelok kebawah melalui kurvatura
minor (lengkung kecil).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan Submukosa </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 17.4pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan submukosa
adalah lapisan dimana pembuluh darah arteri dan vena dapat ditemukan untuk
menyalurkan nutrisi dan oksigen ke sel-sel perut sekaligus untuk membawa
nutrisi yang diserap, urea, dan karbon dioksida dari sel sel tersebut. Lapisan
ini terdiri atas jaringan areolar berisi pembuluh darah dan saluran limfe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan Mukosa </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 15.65pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan mukosa
adalah lapisan dimana sel-sel mengeluarkan berbagai jenis cairan, seperti
enzim, asam lambung, dan hormon. Lapisan ini terletak di sebelah dalam, tebal
dan terdiri atas banyak kerutan atau rugae, yang hilang bila organ itu
mengembang karena berisi makanan. Terdapat 3 jenis sel yang berfungsi dalam
pencernaan pada lapisan ini yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sel goblet untuk memproduksi mucus atau lendir
untuk menjaga lapisan terluar agartidak rusak karena enzim pepsin dan asam
lambung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sel parietal untuk memproduksi asam lambung
(Hydrochloric acid) yang berguna dalam pengaktifan enzim pepsin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sel chief untuk memproduksi pepsinoge, yaitu
enzim pepsin dalam bentuk tidak aktif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> <img alt="" 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" /></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lambung
menerima persediaan darah yang melimpah dari arteria gastrika dan arteri
lienalis, persarafan diambil dari vagus dan pleksus seliaka sistema simpatis. Lambung
menghasilkan getah lambung. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kandungan getah lambung:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Asam Lambung (HCl), d</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ihasilkan sel-sel
parietal (oktinsik) fundus </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">dan
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">korpus.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dapat memberikan lingkungan asam dan mengubah
makanan menjadi asam (pH 1-3) yang dapat membantu membunuh mikroba patogen yang
masuk bersama makanan ke dalam lambung. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengaktifkan kerja enzim, yatu mengubah
pepsinogen menjadi enzim pepsin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Merangsang membuka dan menutupnya katup pada
bagian pilorus yang berhubungan dengan duodenum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Merangsang pengeluaran getah usus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 92.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gastrin</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> adalah hormon yang
dihasilkan G sel untuk menggiatkan kelenjar-kelenjar lambung untuk mengeluarkan
getahnya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mukus
atau lendir </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang dihasilkan
sel goblet</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Faktor
intrinsik </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(protein) untuk
penyerapan vitamin B12, dihasilkan sel parietal (fundus dan korpus). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Enterochromaffin-like
(ECL) cells </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang menghasilkan
histamin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pepsin, dihasilkan dari chief sel fundus dan
korpus yang berfungsi </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">mengubah protein menjadi albumosa + pepton. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Renin adalah enzim yang dapat menggumpalkan
protein susu (kasein) dengan bantuan ion kalsium. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Proses Pencernaan Ventrikulus</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Di dalam lambung
terjadi pencernaan mekanik dan kimiawi. Pertama, </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">dinding lambung </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">akan
berkontraksi dan</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> menghasilkan getah lambung (kimiawi)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Kemudian </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ketiga otot lambung bergerak secara peristaltik (mengaduk
dan mencampur makanan dengan getah lambung)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Otot lambung mengubah makanan menjadi lembut
seperti bubur, disebut chyme (kim).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Otot
lambung bagian pilorus mengatur pengeluaran kim sedikit demi sedikit dalam
duodenum. Caranya, otot pilorus yang mengarah ke lambung akan relaksasi
(mengendur) jika tersentuh kim yang bersifat asam, sebaliknya otot pilorus yang
mengarah ke duodenum akan berkontraksi (mengkerut).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Proses
pencernaan pada lambung akan berlangsung selama 2-6 jam. Di dalam lambung bahan
makanan yang dicerna adalah protein, yaitu pada</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "corbel" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">suasana asam oleh enzim pepsin yang aktif pada pH 2-3</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kapasitas pada lambung saat kosong</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> adalah</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 50-100 ml</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">
dan </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">saat makan 1-2
liter</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi Ventrikulus: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menerima makanan dan bekerja sebagai penampung
makanan untuk jangka waktu pendek.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Semua makanan dicairkan dan dicampurkan dengan
asam hidroklorida (HCl). Dan dengan cara ini disiapkan untuk dicernakan oleh
usus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengubah protein menjadi pepton.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Susu dibekukan dan kasein dikeluarkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menghidrolisis lemak menjadi asam lemak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menyalurkan kim masuk ke duodenum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Memecah makanan menjadi zat-zat gizi. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menyerap zat-zat gizi ke dalam aliran darah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Membuang
bagian makanan yang tidak dapat dicerna dari tubuh.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intestinum Minor (usus halus)</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intestinum minor memanjang dari ventrikulus,
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampai katup ileo-kolika, tempat
bersambung dengan usus besar. Intestinum minor terletak di daerah umbilikus dan
di kelilingi kolon, memiliki pH >7 (basa). Dinding intestinum minor terdiri
atas empat lapisan yang sama dengan ventrikulus. </span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinding lapisan luar
adalah membran serosa , yaitu peritonium yang membalut usus dengan erat. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinding lapisan berotot terdiri
atas dua lapis serabut longitudinal (eksternal dan internal), dan dibawah ini
terdapat lapisan tebal terdiri atas serabut sirkular. Di antara kedua serabut
ini terdapat pembuluh darah, pembuluh limfe, dan pleksus saraf. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinding submukosa, terdiri
atas jaringan areolar dan berisi banyak pembuluh darah, saluran limfe, kelenjar,
dan pleksus saraf yang disebut pleksus Meissner. Dinding submukosa dan mukosa
dipisahkan selapis otot datar yang di sebut mukosa muskularis.</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinding mukosa dalam yang
menyelaputi sebelah dalamnya disusun berupa kerutan tetap seperti jala, yang
disebut valvulae koniventes, yang memberi kesan anyaman halus. Lipatan ini
menambahkan luasnya permukaan sekresi dan absorbsi. Di dalam dinding mukosa
terdapat beragam sel, termasuk banyak leukosit. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intestinum minor terdiri dari :</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGP5QMoDBfjinfjV1i9B0QgZIqkuBWqUMe_IBfXIGgfxPmCX7AVrprC0UU13lvF91Fn0jlK2cZK7pkTAoDCfvIOqPsYazlNIf6luzAhtYdXjnwsr5anFHNa0Mi9yqi3aiZtDUZbLxiEeQ/s1600/Fungsi-usus-halus-400x200.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGP5QMoDBfjinfjV1i9B0QgZIqkuBWqUMe_IBfXIGgfxPmCX7AVrprC0UU13lvF91Fn0jlK2cZK7pkTAoDCfvIOqPsYazlNIf6luzAhtYdXjnwsr5anFHNa0Mi9yqi3aiZtDUZbLxiEeQ/s320/Fungsi-usus-halus-400x200.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjaACuEd46zBt0ffvvtn-ds9v2Jm8qL9vdzHhWCmnPzXwxghqHFQvx3zmEkkwL1bQ1tUjG48lZSg96iWk-8Gs-Uf0CZpPFYzRW7CLZTr48SaZ1BXTkyVicz9hqmqAnIUxQ5CvZbdSzaqac/s1600/QQ.jpg"><span lang="IN" style="color: #618cd6; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none;"><span style="mso-ignore: vglayout;"></span></span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Duodenum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 33.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Duodenum atau usus 12 jari,
panjangnya sekitar 25 cm berbentuk seperti kuda melengkung ke kiri, pada
lengkungan ini terdapat pankreas. Dan bagian kanan duodenum ini terdapat selaput
lendir yang membukit disebut papila vateri. Pada papila vateri ini bermuara
saluran empedu (duktus koledokus) sebagai penghasil getah empedu dan saluran
pankreas (duktus wirsungi/duktus pankreatikus) sebagai penghasil hormone dan
enzim. Pada duodenum terjadi penyerapan partikel keras berupa zat besi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinding duodenum mempunyai lapisan
mukosa yang banyak mengandung kelenjar, yang disebut kelenjar-kelenjar brunner,
berfungsi untuk memproduksi getah intestinum. Enzim pada duodenum adalah
amilase, tripsin, dan lipase.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yeyu</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">num</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yeyunum dengan panjang sekitar 2-3
m </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">terletak diantara duodenum dan ileum. Terjadi
proses pencernaan kimiawi dengan bantuan enzim yang dihasilkan dinding usus</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span lang="EN-US">serta t</span></span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">erjadi
pemecahan makanan menjadi lebih sederhana oleh getah usus yang mengandung
lendir dan enzim</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Yeyunum mencerna makanan dalam
bentuk kimus yang belum sempurna. Zat makanan yang dicerna adalah karbohidrat,
protein, dan lemak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "courier new"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ileum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ileum adalah
bagian terakhir dari usus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> dengan panjang sekitar
4-5 m.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">I</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">leum memiliki pH antara 7 dan 8 (netral atau sedikit
basa) dan berfungsi menyerap vitamin B<sub>12</sub> dan garam-garam empedu. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di dalam ileum terdapat jonjot (vili) usus yang berfungsi sebagai
perluasan permukaan penyerapan pada usus serta penyempurnaan pencernaan. Ileum
merupakan usus penyerapan. Zat makanan yang diserap adalah karbohidrat,
protein, lemak, vitamin, dan mineral.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "corbel" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah makanan diserap, kemudian makanan dibawa oleh darah ke
hati, s</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">edangka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">n
asam lemak dan gliserol akan diserap lagi dan sebagian di bawa ke pembuluh
limfa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Absorbsi makanan yang telah
dicernakan seluruhnya berlangsung di dalam usus halus melalui dua saluran,
yaitu pembuluh kalipiler darah dan saluran limfe di vili di sebelah dalam
permukaan usus halus . </span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 5.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 19.2pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.15pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber Makanan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hasil Cerna Terakhir</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.2pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.3pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ Absorbsi</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 76.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 76.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.15pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karbohidrat </span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Monosakarida : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Glukosa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Galaktosa </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Laktosa</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 76.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.3pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari epitelium vili dan
dinding pembuluh darah masuk aliran darah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 36.95pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 36.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.15pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protein </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gliserin dan asam lemak </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 36.95pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.3pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari epitelium vili
masuk lakteal dan aliran limfe </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 37.55pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 37.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 105.15pt;" valign="top" width="140"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lemak </span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 164.15pt;" valign="top" width="219"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asam amino</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 37.55pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 181.3pt;" valign="top" width="242"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari epitelium masuk
pembuluh darah dan aliran darah </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi usus halus, terdiri dari :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menerima zat-zat makanan yang sudah dicerna untuk diserap melalui
kapiler-kapiler darah dan saluran-saluran limfe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyerap protein dalam bentuk asam amino.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karbohidrat diserap dalam bentuk emulsi, lemak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Intestinium Mayor (</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kolon</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgq-KlsFaP12VNzIFf0k8LC9Kl1YzPPFoSdrwYRJxRmuHaJ8cx0iuViUUKNsvf_mo9xS1vbJ1qsqlyQDqyLIUABOdo7PTb4gmI5yp1zMbx4PUK9DVliPtarZoRq-0TbxLyiONZhueAaY/s1600/penyebab-kanker-usus-besar.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYgq-KlsFaP12VNzIFf0k8LC9Kl1YzPPFoSdrwYRJxRmuHaJ8cx0iuViUUKNsvf_mo9xS1vbJ1qsqlyQDqyLIUABOdo7PTb4gmI5yp1zMbx4PUK9DVliPtarZoRq-0TbxLyiONZhueAaY/s320/penyebab-kanker-usus-besar.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Usus besar
atau kolon memiliki panjang kira-kira satu setengah meter dan lebar 5-6 cm. kolon
merupakan usus lanjutan dari instestinum minor yang tersusun seperti huruf U
terbalik dan mengelilingi usus halus dari valvula ileosekalis sampai ke
anus.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan kolon terdiri dari:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan selaput lendir (mukosa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan ini
tidak memiliki vili, kripta-kripta yang terdapat di dalam kurang lebih 0,5 mm
terletak berdekatan satu sama lain. Hampir semua permukaan epitel kripta
menghasilkan mukus pelumnas. Epitel yang tinggal lainnya mempunyai tepi
bersilia dari mikrovilli yang mengabsorpsi air. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan otot melingkar (muskulus sirkuler)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan ini
berada di sebelah dalam dan berbentuk lingkaran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan otot memanjang (muskulus longitudinal)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan otot
ini berkumpul menjadi 3 pita panjangnya dengan lebar 1 cm disebut tenia coli.
Lapisan ini terdiri dari tenia libra (di anterior), tenia omentalis (di
posterior dan lateral) dan tenia mesacolia (di posterior dan media).</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l37 level1 lfo34; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan jaringan ikat (serosa)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 38.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lapisan ini
merupakan jaringan ikat kuat yang berada disebelah luar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian Kolon</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sekum </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Terletak
pada perut kanan bawah, sekum adalah struktur berbentuk kantong kecil yang
membentuk bagian pertama dari kolon. Hal ini terhubung ke bagian terakhir dari
usus kecil (ileum) pada ujung anterior dan usus ascending pada akhir posterior.
Pada bagian bawah sekum terdapat apendiks vermiformis disebut umbai cacing,
yang panjangnya sekitar 6 cm. Sekum berperan dalam penyerapan nutrisi dan air
walaupun tidak signifikan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Colon Ascenden</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ascenden
merupakan bagian kolon yang mengarah ke atas dan berbatasan langsung dengan
usus halus. Panjangnya 13 cm terletak dibawah abdomen sebelah kanan dan dibawah
hati ke sebelah kiri. Lengkungan ini disebut fleksura hepatika (fleksura koli
dekstra). Fungsinya adalah untuk menyerap nutrisi yang belum terserap usus
halus, menyerap air dan memadatkan feses. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Colon Transversal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian ini
merupakan kelanjutan dari colon ascenden dengan arah mendatar, panjangnya 38
cm. Mempunyai mesenterium yang melekat pada omentum mayus. Fungsinya adalah
menyempurnakan penyerapan nutrisi, air, dan memadatkan feses. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 8.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Colon Descenden </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian ini
merupakan kelanjutan dari colon transversal dengan arah ke bawah, panjagnya 25
cm. Terletak dibawah abdomen bagian kiri dari atas ke bawah. Fungsinya untuk
menampung sementara feses sebelum masuk ke rektum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 8.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Colon sigmoid </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagian ini
merupakan kelanjutan dari colon descenden, berbentuk S.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Memiliki kontraksi otot yang kuat, terletak
miring dalam rongga pelvis. berfungsi dalam menekan feses agar mudah
dikeluarkan menuju rektum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 8.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rektum</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rektum
adalah bagian terakhir dari usus besar. Disinilah bahan limbah berbentuk feses
disimpan sampai dieksresikan keluar dari anus. Terdiri dari lapisan mukosa
tebal dan disertakan dengan banyak pembuluh darah. Rektum dimulai pada kolon
sigmoideus dan berakhir pada saluran anal yang kira-kira 3 cm panjangnya.
Terbagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu sfinkter dan ampula. Sfinkter juga disebut
annulus hemoroidalis, dikelilingi oleh muskulus levator ani dan fasia coli dari
fasia supra-ani. Ampula pada rektum memiliki bentuk seperti balon ata</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">u</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> buah pir yang berguna untuk membantu dalam
kontraksi dan dilatasi pada saluran anal dan otot sfinkter rektum. Panjang
rektum sekitar 12-15 cm. Selubung otot memanjang mengelilingi dinding luar
rektum, sehingga memungkinkan bagi rektum untuk memperpendek dan memperpanjang.
Dinding yang berotot pada rektum lebih tebal dan membran mukosanya memuat
lipatan-lipatan membujur yang disebut kolumna morgagni. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 74.75pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rektum
berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan sementara feses untuk menahan feses sampai
pengeluaran terjadi. Mengembangnya dinding rektum karena penumpukan material
didalam rektum akan memicu sistem saraf yang menimbulkan keinginan untuk
melakukan defekasi (buang air besar).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jika
defekasi tidak terjadi sering kali material akan dikembalikan ke usus besar, di
mana penyerapan air akan kembali dilakukan. Jika defekasi tidak terjadi dalam
periode yang lama, pengerasan feses akan terjadi. Rektum terdiri atas dua
bagian, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rektum
propia, bagian yang melebar disebut ampula rekti, jika terisi sisa makananakan
timbul hasrat defekasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 96.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "symbol"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rektum
onalis rekti, sebelah bawah ditutupi oleh serat-serat otot polos (muskulus
sfinkter ani internus dan muskulus sfinkter ani eksternus). Kedua otot ini
berfungsi pada waktu defekasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Usus besar
manusia dihuni berbagai macam jenis bakteri yang menguntungkan. Fungsi bakteri
pada usus besar, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mencerna sisa-sisa makanan yang tidak dapat
dicerna sistem pencernaan manusia. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menghasilkan vitamin B dan vitamin K yang
berguna bagi tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mencegah berkembangnya bakteri patogen dengan
cara menghambat penempelan bakteri patogen di dinding usus besar. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menjadikan struktur feses lebih padat dan
mudah dikeluarkan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 60.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses di dalam kolon</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Didalam usus besar ini, sisa
pencernaan akan diserap kembali. Kadar air dan garam-garam yang masih
terkandung sehingga sisa-sisa pencernaan ini akan padat. Sisa-sisa hasil
pencernaan akan mengalami pembusukan karena di dalam usus besar banyak terdapat
bakteri pembusuk, yaitu E.colli. Di dalam kolon, feses didorong secara teratur
dan lambat oleh gerakan peristalsis menuju ke rektum (poros usus). Pertama dalam
suatu kondisi cair dan akhirnya dalam bentuk padat. Gerakan peristalsis
dikendalikan oleh otot polos (otot tak sadar). Pada saat buang air besar otot
sfinkter di</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">anus dipengaruhi oleh otot lurik (otot sadar). Jadi, proses
defekasi (buang air besar) dilakukan dengan adanya konstrasi otot dinding perut
yang diikuti dengan mengendurnya otot sfinkter anus dan konstraksi kolon serta
rektum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi usus besar: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menyerap air dan garam dari makanan yang telah
tercerna pada usus kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Membantu menjaga keseimbangan cairan darah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tempat diproduksinya vitamin K untuk pembekuan
darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Meghilangkan limbah beracun dari tubuh yang
dibuat dalam bentuk tinja.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Tempat penyimpanan limbah padat sampai
diekskresikan keluar melalui anus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Seresi musin oleh kelenjar didalam lapisan
dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l32 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anus </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJtG1nypCDpPYfgL1HW4R-hL3g_7I5lyhwwpwHYSFy83iS76yDWY5ksu65UXrYjOCODZSNHj3US18gDTaGORz9NNvelS9HcFX5OD2oKuE1CHbzqqwoRG_VONy3JXEcHcZaqWJs3oqh_0/s1600/anatomi-anus3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtJtG1nypCDpPYfgL1HW4R-hL3g_7I5lyhwwpwHYSFy83iS76yDWY5ksu65UXrYjOCODZSNHj3US18gDTaGORz9NNvelS9HcFX5OD2oKuE1CHbzqqwoRG_VONy3JXEcHcZaqWJs3oqh_0/s320/anatomi-anus3.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anus
merupakan lubang di ujung saluran pencernaan, dimana bahan limbah keluar dari
tubuh. Suatu cincin berotot (sfinkter ani) menjaga agar anus tetap tertutup.
Anus berfungsi sebagai tempat pembuangan sisa hasil proses pencernaan (feses)
melalui proses defekasi. Struktur anus saluran anal memiliki panjang sekitar 3
cm. Bagian atas saluran anal memiliki sel yang menghasilkan mucus yang membantu
memudahkan ekskret keluar tubuh. Dinding otot anus diperkuat oleh 3 sfinkter,
yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sfinkter ani internus, terletak disebelah
dalam, bekerja tidak mengikuti keinginan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sfinkter levator ani, bagian tengah, bekerja
tidak mengikuti keinginan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 53.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sfinkter ani eksternus, sebelah luar, bekerja
mengikuti keinginan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anus terdiri
dari otot-otot yang melapisi pelvis (pelvic floor muscle) dan anal sfinkter.
Pelvis floor muscle menciptakan suatu sudut antara rektum dan dubur yang
menghentikan feses untuk keluar ketika tidak diharapkan keluar. Anal sfinkter
menyediakan kontrol feses yang baik.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Defekasi</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rektum
biasanya kosong sampai menjelang defekasi. Defekasi adalah hasil refleks.
Apabila bahan feses masuk kedalam rektum, dinding rektum akan merenggang dan
menimbulkan inplus aferens misalnya melalui pleksus mesenterikus sehingga
menimbulkan gelombang peristaltik yang akan mendorong feses ke arah anus. Orang
normal dapat mencegah defekasi sampai waktu dan tempat yang sesuai dengan
refleks defekasi. Defekasi hilang beberpa menit dan akan timbul kembali sampai
beberapa jam. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Peritonium</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Peritonium
adalah membran tipis, halus, dan lembab yang terdapat dalam rongga abdomen.
Peritonium merupakan membran serosa rangkap terbesar yang terdiri atas lapisan
yang terletak pada jaringan ikat. Bagian utama peritonium, yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Peritonium parietal, yang melapisi dinding
rongga abdominal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Peritonium viseral, yang menyelaputi semua
organ yang berada didalam rongga itu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ruang yang terdapat diantara dua lapis
ini disebut ruang peritoneal atau kantong peritoneum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ada dua lipatan atau kantong dalam peritonium,
yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lipatan besar atau omentum mayor, kaya akan
lemak bergantungan disebelah depan lambung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Lipatan kecil atau omentum minor,
menghubungkan kurvatura mayor, lambung dan permukaan hati. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 53.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi peritonium :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menutupi
sebagian besar dari organ-organ abdomen dan pelvis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Membentuk
perbatasan halus yang memungkinkan organ saling bergesekan tanpa ada
penggasakan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Membantu melindungi kelenjar limfe dan pembuluh darah terhadap infeksi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menjaga
kedudukan dan mempertahankan hubungan organ yang terdapat pada dinding
posterior abdomen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; mso-text-indent-alt: -21.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span>2.2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelenjar pencernaan</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar pencernaan
makanan merupakan bagian dari sistem pencernaan makanan yang mengeluarkan enzim
atau getah untuk membatu mencerna makanan. Beberapa kelenjar yang terdapat pada
pencernaan manusia, yaitu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hati</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hati merupakan organ yang
paling besar dengan berat ± 1½ kg, yang berfungsi sebagai penghasil getah
empedu untuk memulsikan lemak, yaitu menghancurkan partikel-partikel lemak menjadi
lebih halus supaya mudah diserap dinding usus halus yang kemudian masuk ke
jaringan darah diedarkan ke seluruh tubuh. Hati terletak pada rongga perut
sebelah kanan dan berwarna merah kecoklatan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi hati:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengubah zat makanan yang
diabsorbsi dari usus dan yang disimpan di suatu tempat dalam tubuh, dikeluarkan
sesuai dengan pemakaiannya dalam jaringan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengubah zat buangan dan
bahan racun untuk diekskresi dalam empedu dan urin.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghasilkan enzim
glikogenik glukosa menjadi glikogen.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sekresi empedu, garam
empedu dibuat di hati, dibentuk dalam sistem retikuloendotelium, dialirkan ke
empedu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Detoksifiksi racun.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaq9yI4_Z5LqmKoBf-0ixGNMRu7KienFHD9h6Lvlmt97kKSf3fTMPJp9J7AWSKbytZQrspaNv10PbPc3zT43gju54EbGuCXi_-NhPcQhF-YEIHRNFDuzVulrZ6vHglP9cesIi0n9uRSFM/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaq9yI4_Z5LqmKoBf-0ixGNMRu7KienFHD9h6Lvlmt97kKSf3fTMPJp9J7AWSKbytZQrspaNv10PbPc3zT43gju54EbGuCXi_-NhPcQhF-YEIHRNFDuzVulrZ6vHglP9cesIi0n9uRSFM/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<span style="mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada bagian depan hati
terdapat kantung empedu yang berguna untuk menampung cairan empedu sebelum
disalurkan untuk mencerna makanan. Empedu dibuat dari perombakan sel sel darah
merah yang telah mati atau rusak. Cairan empedu dialirkan ke dalam <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">duodenum</span></em>. Pengeluaran cairan empedu
dipengaruhi oleh <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">hormon kolesistokinin</span></em>.
Hormon ini dihasilkan oleh <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">duodenum</span></em>.</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hati
mampu memproduksi 0.5 liter cairan empedu setiap harinya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kantung Empedu</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebuah kantong berbentuk terong dan merupakan membran
berotot, letaknya dalam sebuah lobus di sebelah permukaan bawah hati sampai
pinggir depannya, panjangnya 8-12 cm, berkapasitas 60 cm<sup>3</sup>. Lapisan
empedu terdiri dari lapisan luar serosa/parietal, lapisan otot bergaris,
lapisan dalam mukosa/visceral disebut juga membran mukosa. Bagian-bagian
empedu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fundus vesika felea,
merupakan bagian kandung empedu yang paling akhir setelah korpus vesika felea.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Korpus vesika felea,
bagian dari kandung empedu yang di dalamnya berisi getah empedu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Leher kandung kemih,
merupakan leher dari kandung empedu yaitu saluran pertama masuknya getah empedu
ke kandung empedu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Duktus sistikus,
panjangnya ± 3¾ cm berjalan dari leher kandung empedu dan bersambung dengan
duktus hapatikus, membentuk saluran empedu ke duodenum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Duktus hepatikus, saluran
yang keluar dari leher.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Duktus koledokus, saluran
yang membawa empedu ke duodenum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinwVAWPhuTkKZ80fRCKsGIV6D4fN7ShU2KDuH5Y5ODwdDefOhZkRW-GHtzY94vX8dL2Y46hBe7XwZwnr_RJ4HdLZN3JDli2V0TeobYVgbVbn83ooDphRH08GPTzROryr08Pi9mQXITtj8/s1600/hb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEinwVAWPhuTkKZ80fRCKsGIV6D4fN7ShU2KDuH5Y5ODwdDefOhZkRW-GHtzY94vX8dL2Y46hBe7XwZwnr_RJ4HdLZN3JDli2V0TeobYVgbVbn83ooDphRH08GPTzROryr08Pi9mQXITtj8/s1600/hb.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 53.5pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi kandung empedu:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai persediaan getah
empedu, membuat getah empedu menjadi kental.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Getah empedu adalah cairan
yang dihasilkan oleh sel-sel hati, jumlah setiap hari dari setiap orang
dikeluarkan 500-1000 cc. Sekresi digunakan untuk mencerna lemak.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Empedu mengandung garam-garam empedu dan zat pewarna empedu
(bilirubin). Garam empedu berfungsi mengemulsikan lemak, zat warna empedu
berwarna kecoklatan, dan dihasilkan dengan cara perombakan sel darah merah yang
sudah tua di hati.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 67.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pankreas</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pankreas adalah kelenjar pencernaan
yang terletak di dalam rongga perut dekat lambung dan usus halus</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Panjangnya kira-kira 15 cm, lebar 5 cm
mulai dari duodenum sampai ke limpa, dan beratnya rata-rata 60-90 gram. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagian dari pankreas:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaput pankreas (kepala), terletak di
sebelah kanan rongga abdomen dan di dalam lekukan duodenum yang melingkarinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Korpus pankreas (badan), letaknya di
belakang ventrikulus dan di depan vertebrata umbalis pertama.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekor pankreas, bagian runcing di
sebelah kiri menyentuh limpa. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT_pHLcSIPhuWAmgWZW2-Wtw-sjJVIUI1zxWoJ8z6UHds4MKo2gztvdjQt3H-pdMm2KudQfSnyyoPJ_muEsoDr2XtwzPPnXKJVRthwCq1zrTQtvw_yN7zLsc-IQ6LtrK7mju70l46U_78/s1600/Pengertian-dan-Fungsi-Pankreas.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgT_pHLcSIPhuWAmgWZW2-Wtw-sjJVIUI1zxWoJ8z6UHds4MKo2gztvdjQt3H-pdMm2KudQfSnyyoPJ_muEsoDr2XtwzPPnXKJVRthwCq1zrTQtvw_yN7zLsc-IQ6LtrK7mju70l46U_78/s1600/Pengertian-dan-Fungsi-Pankreas.jpg" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.7pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 24.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pankreas menghasilkan enzim-enzim pencernaan sebagai
berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tripsinogen</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> diaktifkan oleh enzim <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">enterokinase</span> menjadi <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">tripsin. Tripsin</span> berfungsi mengubah <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">protein </span>menjadi <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">asam amino.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lipase</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, berfungsi mengubah lemak menjadi asam lemak dan <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">gliserol.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Amilase</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, berfungsi mengubah<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> amilum </span>menjadi
<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">maltosa.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 60.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NaHCO<sub>3</sub></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, berfungsi menetralkan suasana asam yang berasal dari lambung </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 24.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US">agar kimus yang masuk ke duodenum
tidak merusak dinding mukosa duodenum.</span></div>
<div class="Default" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 24.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keluarnya enzim dari pankreas karena dipengaruhi oleh
enzim pankreozimin. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sekresi enzim dari pankreas dipengaruhi oleh <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">hormon
sekretin</span></em>. Hormon <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">sekretin</span></em><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>dihasilkan oleh <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">duodenum</span></em> pada saat makanan masuk <em><span style="font-family: "calibri" , "sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">duodenum.</span></em></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Hasil sekresi pankreas:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo22; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hormon insulin, hormon ini langsung dialirkan
ke dalam darah tanpa melewati duktus. Sel-sel kelenjar yang menghasilkan
insulin ini termasuk sel-sel kelenjar endokrin. Kumpulan sel-sel ini berbentuk
seperti pulau-pulau yang disebut pulau langerhans.</span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Getah pankreas. Sel-sel yang memproduksi getah
pankreas ini termasuk kelenjar eksokrin. Getah pankreas ini dikirim ke dalam
duodenum melalui duktus pankreatikus. Duktus ini bermuara pada papilla vateri yang
terletak pada dinding duodenum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "wingdings"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi pankreas: </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi eksokrin, membentuk getah pankreas yang
berisi enzim dan elektrolit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi endokrin, sekelompok kecil sel
epitelium yang berbentuk pulau-pulau kecil atau pulau langerhans, yang
bersama-sama membentuk organ endokrin yang mensekresikan hormone insulin,
glukagon, somatostatin, dan polipeptida.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hormon
insulin untuk menurunkan kadar gula dalam darah.</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hormon
glukagon untuk menaikkan kadar gula dalam darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 92.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hormon
somatostatin dan polipeptida untuk menghalangi pelepasan kedua hormone lainnya,
mengatur dan fine-tuning sel insulin, dan penghasil glukagon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 74.75pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fungsi sekresi eksternal, cairan pankreas
dialirkan ke duodenum yang berguna untuk proses pencernaan makanan di
intestinum.</span></div>
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<b><b style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Tentir Sistem Pencernaan 2013 IBD FKUI (pdf)<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="line-height: 115%;">Syaifuddin. 2006. <i>ANATOMI FISIOLOGI</i>. Jakarta: EGC.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXEmPDGFzb8"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">https://</span></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXEmPDGFzb8"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXEmPDGFzb8</span></a><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 115%; margin: 0cm 0cm 10pt 18pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="color: #0070c0; line-height: 115%;">http://www.biologi-sel.com/2013/06/fungsi-lambung.html</span><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="http://www.sridianti.com/fungsi-usus-besar-dalam-pencernaan.html"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">http://</span></a><a href="http://www.sridianti.com/fungsi-usus-besar-dalam-pencernaan.html"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">www.sridianti.com/fungsi-usus-besar-dalam-pencernaan.html</span></a><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">
</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 115%;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><a href="file:///F:/&nbsp;/anfis%20(kel.5)/Sumber%09%09:%20https"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">https</span></a><a href="https://syarifahrahab.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/mekanisme-laparkenyang/"><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;">://syarifahrahab.wordpress.com/2012/12/24/mekanisme-laparkenyang/</span></a><span lang="IN" style="line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "wingdings"; line-height: 107%;"></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;">§<span style="font-family: "times new roman"; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><a href="http://oephynd-blogspot.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/mekanisme-kerja-enzim-dan-co-enzim.html?m=1" style="line-height: 115%; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="line-height: 107%;">http://oephynd-blogspot.blogspot.co.id/2014/04/mekanisme-kerja-enzim-dan-co-enzim.html?m=1</span></a><span style="line-height: 107%; text-indent: -18pt;"> </span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-82021261647169710812016-01-16T12:23:00.000+07:002016-01-16T14:41:43.873+07:00Sistem Urogenitalia<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 22.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">ANATOMI FISIOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">SISTEM UROGENITALIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">disusun oleh</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">KELOMPOK I</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">/</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">D</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">III</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">/ </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">I</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">-</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Camellia (P2.31.31.0.15.011)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Ikrimah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">Hasbani (P2.31.31.0.15.026)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">DOSEN PEMBIMBING : </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">d</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;">r. Maria Poppy Herlianty, M.Epid</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JURUSAN GIZI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 15.0pt; line-height: 115%;">POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN KEMENKES JAKARTA II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jl.
Hang Jebat III/F3, Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">KATA PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Alhamdullilahi
Rabbil Alamin. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Puji syukur </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kami</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> panjatkan ke hadirat
Allah SWT. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">atas segala rahmat dan
karunia-Nya sehingga saya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dapat</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
menyelesaikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">makalah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Urogenitalia.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam penyusunan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">makalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini, tidak sedikit
hambatan yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kami</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
hadapi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kami menyadari bahwa penulisan makalah ini tidak luput
dari kekurangan. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Oleh karena itu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">,</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> pen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yusun dengan sepenuh hati mengharapkan kritik dan saran
yang membangun dari berbagai pihak demi penyempurnaan penulisan ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pada
kesempatan ini pula, saya mengucapan terimakasih kepada semua pihak yang
terlibat secara langsung maupun tidak langsung, yaitu kepada :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dr. Maria Poppy Herlianty, M.Epid, dosen mata kuliah Anatomi
Fisiologi </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang telah memberikan tugas, petunjuk,
kepada pen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yusun</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
sehingga pen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">yusun </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">termotivasi
da</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">lam</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> menyelesaikan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">makalah</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> ini.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Orang
tua yang telah turut membantu, membimbing, dan mengatasi berbagai kesulitan
sehingga tugas ini selesai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Akhir
kata, tak banyak yang dapat kami ucapkan selain terimakasih, semoga segala amal
usaha kita senantiasa mendapat ridho dari Allah swt. Amien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jakarta, 30
November 2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kelompok 1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">DAFTAR ISI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KATA PENGANTAR</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
................................................................................
ii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR ISI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">
..............................................................................................
iii<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB I PEMBUKAAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Latar Belakang
........................................................................................
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rumusan Masalah
...................................................................................
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tujuam Penulisan
....................................................................................
1<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB II PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SISTEM
URINARIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian
.............................................................................................
2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Organ
...................................................................................................
2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ginjal
....................................................................................................
2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ureter
...................................................................................................
5<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vesika Urinaria .....................................................................................
7<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Uretra
...................................................................................................
8<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Urinaria
...............................................................................................
11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses
Pembentukan Urin .................................................................... 11<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ciri-Ciri Urin
Yang Normal ................................................................. 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Komposisi Urin
Normal ....................................................................... 13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Miktruisi
..............................................................................................
14<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SISTEM GENITALIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian
...........................................................................................
15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Macam Sistem
Reproduksi .................................................................. 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem
Reproduksi Pria ........................................................................ 15<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem
Reproduksi Wanita ................................................................... 18</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LAKTASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anatomi Kelenjar
Mamae .................................................................... 24<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fisiologi
Laktasi ...................................................................................
28<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mekanisme
Hisapan Bayi ..................................................................... 30<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Zat Penghambat ...................................................................................
31<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hormon Yang
Berperan Dalam Proses Laktasi ..................................... 32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Faktor
Penge;uaran ASI ......................................................................
32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Air Susu Ibu
(ASI) .............................................................................. 32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Komposisi ASI
................................................................................... 33</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">BAB III PENUTUPAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> ..........................................................................
34</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">............................................................................ 35</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">BAB I<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">PENDAHULUAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LATAR BELAKANG<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dipandang
dari sudut fisiologis, system urogenital dapat dibagi dalam 2 unsur yang sangat
berbeda sifatnya : system urinarius dan system genitalia. Akan tetapi dipandang
dari sudut embriologi dan anatomi, kedua system ini saling bertautan. Keduanya
berasal dari rigi mesoderm yang sama disepanjang dinding belakang rongga perut,
dan saluran pembuangan kedua system ini pada mulanya bermuara kerongga yang
sama, yaitu kloaka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
perkemmbangan selanjutnya, tumpang tindih kedua system ini terutama nyata
sekali pada pria. Duktus ekstretorius primitive mula-mula berfungsi sebagai
duktus urinarius, tetapi kemudian berubah menjadi duktus genitalis utama.
Selain itu, pada orang dewasa, alat kemih maupun kelamin ini menyalurkan air
kemih dan semen melalui sebuah saluran yang sama, uretra penis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RUMUSAN
MASALAH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa
yang dimaksud dengan urogenitalia?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa
yang dimaksud dengan system urinaria, system genitalia, dan laktasi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l63 level1 lfo33; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Apa
saja organ yang terkait beserta fungsinya?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TUJUAN
PENULISAN <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui
pengertian urogenitalia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui
pengertian system urinaria, system genitalia, san laktasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengetahui
jenis organ yang terkait beserta dengan fungsinya masing-masing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">BAB II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">PEMBAHASAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
URINARIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem urinaria adalah suatu sistem tempat terjadinya proses
penyaringan darah sehingga dara bebas dari zat-zat yang tidak dipergunakan oleh
tubuh dan menyerap zat-zat yang masih dipergunakan oleh tubuh. Zat-zat yang
dipergunakan oleh tubuh larutan dalam air dan dikeluarkan berupa urine (air
kemih).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQzekdJg1GyirDmV79cZ14m8bEpwdeBokMqukQTAOdoFJA8FXsUYrUQc4pkDH9FMl6GRT4beoCCwfqwgnJG-DSsS32agkPaUVge3WgSMlLutkhKQkEeB6_BGRsGu6EQ35vxOhX-dTDtkQ/s1600/1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="184" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQzekdJg1GyirDmV79cZ14m8bEpwdeBokMqukQTAOdoFJA8FXsUYrUQc4pkDH9FMl6GRT4beoCCwfqwgnJG-DSsS32agkPaUVge3WgSMlLutkhKQkEeB6_BGRsGu6EQ35vxOhX-dTDtkQ/s320/1.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem urinaria terdiri atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang mengeluarkan sekret urine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang menyalurkan urine dari ginjal
ke kandung kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kandung
kencing</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang
bekerja sebagai penampung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yang menyalurkan urine dari
kandung kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ORGAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal (ren)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal
adalah suatu kelenjar yang terletak di bagian belakang kavum abdominalis di
belakang peritoneum pada kedua sisi vertebra lumbalis III, melekat langsung
pada dinding belakang abdomen. Bentuk ginjal seperti biji kacang, jumlahnya ada
dua buah kiri dan kanan, ginjal kiri lebih besar dari ginjal kanan dan pada
umumnya ginjal laki-laki lebih panjang dari ginjal wanita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiMwmZHJVhdgnWtlLl4G7W9z3GVcH7qCiJIG4HIOWWiDiQHC4weIgqIy_6okjSJdhZiIDQ9uPGd40LGHKv8JDq5wAlfwb8LX2bRobSZMH6f8exiG4KFPnC96grT45OglSgq9daMbKVUBc/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="162" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgiMwmZHJVhdgnWtlLl4G7W9z3GVcH7qCiJIG4HIOWWiDiQHC4weIgqIy_6okjSJdhZiIDQ9uPGd40LGHKv8JDq5wAlfwb8LX2bRobSZMH6f8exiG4KFPnC96grT45OglSgq9daMbKVUBc/s320/2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur
ginjal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setiap
ginjal terbungkus oleh selaput tipis yang disebut kapsula renalis yang terdiri
dari jaringan fibrus berwarna ungu tua. Lapisan luar terdiri dari lapisan
korteks (subtansia kortekalis), dan lapisan sebelah dalam bagian medulla
(subtansia medularis) berbentuk kerucut yang disebut renal piramid. Puncak
kerucut tadi menghadap kaliks yang terdiri dari lubang-lubang kecil disebut
papilla renalis. Masing-masing piramid dilapisi oleh kolumna renalis, jumlah
renalis 15-16 buah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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id="Picture_x0020_14" o:spid="_x0000_s1053" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="ginjal.jpg"
style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:248pt;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Garis-garis yang terlihat di piramid
disebut tubulus nefron yang merupakan bagian terkecil dari ginjal yang terdiri
dari glomerulus, tubulus proksimal (tubulus kontorti satu), ansa henle, tubulus
distal (tubulus kontorti dua) dan tubulus urinarius (papilla vateri).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada setiap ginjal diperkirakan ada
1.000.000 nefron, selama 24 jam dapat menyaring 170 liter darah. Arteri renalis
membawa darah murni dari aorta ke ginjal, lubang-lubang yang terdapat pada
piramid renal masing-masing membentuk simpul dari kapiler satu badan malfigi
yang disebut glomerulus. Pembuluh aferen yang bercabang membentuk kapiler
menjadi vena renalis yang membawa darah dari ginjal ke vena kava inferior.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJy6BQhhX-vQ-Eo_ju5RfmlfvQ0rolIGcnuptIrn3_sWpTAbmvQfsyTX29eZ5i-fxX2R75m82OIIK_CPxv6-WeIOfqFx-NwxgfTV5Fahyphenhyphen6Hig6WTArSkurlwoeOhLuWWjmjGFC180V4o/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="299" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhVJy6BQhhX-vQ-Eo_ju5RfmlfvQ0rolIGcnuptIrn3_sWpTAbmvQfsyTX29eZ5i-fxX2R75m82OIIK_CPxv6-WeIOfqFx-NwxgfTV5Fahyphenhyphen6Hig6WTArSkurlwoeOhLuWWjmjGFC180V4o/s320/3.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Utama Ginjal :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengatur volume air (cairan dalam
tubuh)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Kelebihan air dalam tubuh akan diekskresikan oleh ginjal sebagai urine (kemih)
yang encer dalam jumlah besar, kekurangan air (kelebihan keringat) menyebabkan
urine yang diekskresi berkurang dan konsentrasinya lebih pekat sehingga susunan
dan volume cairan tubuh dapat dipertahankan relatif normal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengatur keseimbangan osmitik dan
mempertahankan keseimbangan ion yang optimal dalam plasma (keseimbangan
elektrolit)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
Bila terjadi pemasukan/pengeluaran yang abnormal ion-ion akibat pemasukan garam
yang berlebihan/penyakit perdarahan (diare, muntah) ginjal akan meningkatkan
ekskresi ion-ion yang penting (mis. Na, K, Cl, Ca dan posfat).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengatur keseimbangan asam-basa
cairan tubuh</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
bergantung pada apa yang dimakan, campuran makanan menghasilkan urine yang
bersifat agak asam, pH kurang dari 6 ini disebabkan hasil akhir metabolism
protein. Apabila banyak makan sayur-sayuran, urine akan bersifat basa. pH urine
bervariasi antara 4,8-8,2. Ginjal menyekresi urine sesuai dengan perubahan pH
darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekskresi sisa hasil metabolism</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e (ureum, asam urat, kreatinin)
zat-zat toksik, obat-obatan, hasil metabolism hemoglobin dan bahan kimia asing
(pestisida).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi hormonal dan metabolisme</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Ginjal menyekresi hormon renin
yang mempunyai peranan penting mengatur tekanan darah (sistem renin angiotensin
aldesteron), membentuk eritripoiesis yang mempunyai peranan penting untuk memproses
pembentukan sel darah merah (eritropoiesis), dan mensekresi prostaglandin yang
penting bagi laki-laki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membentuk hormone dihidroksi
kolekalsiferol (vitamin D aktif)</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang diperlukan untuk absorsi ion kalsium di usus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji Fungsi Ginjal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji
protein (albumin).</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Bila ada kerusakan pada glomerulus atau tubulus, maka protein dapat bocor dan
masuk ke urine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 94.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji
konsentrasi ureum darah.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
Bila ginjal tidak cukup mengeluarkan ureum maka ureum darah naik di atas kadar
normal 20-40 mg%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uji konsentrasi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Pada uji ini dilarang makan dan
minum selama 12 jam untuk melihat sampai berapa tinggi berat jenis naiknya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Peredaran
Darah Ginjal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal mendapat darah dari aorta
abdominalis yang mempunyai percabangan arteri renalis. Arteri ini berpasangan
kiri dan kanan. Arteri renalis bercabang menjadi arteria interlobaris kemudian
menjadi arteri arkuata. Arteri interloburalis yang berada di tepi ginjal
bercabang menjadi kapiler membentuk gumpalan-gumpalan yang disebut glomerulus.
Glomerulus ini dikelilingi oleh alat yang disebut simpai bowman. Di sini
terjadi penyaringan pertama dan kapiler darah yang meninggalkan simpai bowman
kemudian menjadi vena renalis masuk ke vena kava inferior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persarafan
ginjal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ginjal mendapat persarafan dari
pleksus renalis (vasomotor). Saraf ini berfungsi untuk mengatur jumlah darah
yang masuk ke dalam ginjal, saraf ini berjalan bersamaan dengan pembuluh darah
yang masuk ginjal. Di atas ginjal terdapat kelenjar suprarenalis, kelenjar ini
merupakan kelenjar buntu yang menghasilkan dua macam hormon yaitu hormon
adrenalin yang dihasilkan oleh medul dan hormon kortison. Adrenal dihasilkan
oleh medulla.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ureter</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deskripsi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari 2 saluran pipa,
masing–masing bersambung dari ginjal ke kandung kemih (vesika urinaria),
panjangnya ± 25-30 cm, dengan penampang ± 0,5 cm. Ureter sebagian
terletak dalam rongga abdomen dan sebagian terletak dalam rongga pelvis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan dinding abdomen terdiri
dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinding
luar jaringan ikat (jarinagn fibrosa)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_s1052" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapisan
tengah lapisan otot polos<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lapisan
sebelah dalam lapisan mukosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan di dinding ureter
menimbulkan gerakan-gerakan peristaltik tiap 5 menit sekali yang akan mendorong
air kemih masuk ke dalam kandung kamih (vesika urinaria). Gerakan peristaltik
mendorong urine melalui ureter yang diekskresikan oleh ginjal dan disemprotkan
dalam bentuk pancaran, melalui osteum uretralis masuk ke dalam kandung kemih.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter berjalan hampir vertikal ke
bawah sepanjang fasia muskulus psoas dan dilapisi oleh peritoneum. Penyempitan
ureter terjadi pada tempat ureter meninggalkan pelvis renalis, pembuluh darah,
saraf dan pembuluh limfe berasal dari pembuluh sekitarnya mempunyai saraf
sensorik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pars abdominalis ureter</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dalam kavum abdomen ureter terletak
di belakang peritoneum sebelah media anterior m. psoas mayor dan ditutupi oleh
fasia subserosa. Vasa spermatika/ovarika interna menyilang ureter secara
oblique, selanjutnya ureter akan mencapai kavum pelvis dan menyilang arteri
iliaka eksterna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter kanan</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terletak pada parscdesendens
duodenum. Sewaktu turun ke bawah terdapat di kanan bawah dan disilang oleh
kolon dekstra dan vosa iliaka iliokolika, dekat apertura pelvis akan dilewati
oleh bagian bawah mesenterium dan bagian akhir ilium. Ureter kiri disilang oleh
vasa koplika sinistra dekat apertura pelvis superior dan berjalan di belakang
kolon sigmoid dan mesenterium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pars pelvis ureter</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berjalan pada bagian dinding
lateral pada kavum pelvis sepanjang tepi anterior dari insura iskhiadikamayor
dan tertutup olehperitoneum. Ureter dapt ditemukan di depan arteri
hipogastrikabagian
dalam nervus obturatoris arteri vasialia anterior dan arteri hemoroidalis
media. Pada bagian bawah insura iskhiadika mayor, ureter agak miring ke bagian
medial untuk mencapai sudut lateral dari vesika urinaria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter Pria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter pada pria terdapat di dalam
visura seminalis atas dan disilang oleh duktus deferens dan dikelilingi oleh
pleksus vesikalis. Selanjutnya ureter berjalan oblique sepanjang 2 cm di dalam
dinding vesika urinaria pada sudut lateral dari trigonum vesika. Sewaktu menembus
vesika urinaria, dinding atas dan dinding bawah ureter akan tertutup dan pada
waktu vesika urinaria penuh akan membentuk katup (valvula) dan mencegah
pengambilan urine dari vesika urinaria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter Wanita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureter
pada wanita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terdapat
di belakang fossa ovarika urinaria dan berjalan ke bagian medial dan ke depan
bagian lateralis serviks uteri bagian atas, vagina untuk mencapai fundus vesika
urinaria. Dalam perjalanannya, ureter didampingi oleh arteri uterina sepanjang
2,5 cm dan selanjutnya arteri ini menyilang ureter dan menuju ke atas di antara
lapisan ligamentum. Ureter mempunyai 2 cm dari sisi serviks uteri. Ada tiga
tempat yang penting dari ureter yang mudah terjadi penyumbatan yaitu pada
sambungan ureter pelvis diameter 2 mm, penyilangan vosa iliaka diameter 4 mm
dan pada saat masuk ke vesika urinaria yang berdiameter 1-5 cm.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuluh
darah ureter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arteri
renalis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arteri
spermatika interna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arteri
hipogastrika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Arteri
vesika inferior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persarafan
ureter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persarafan ureter merupakan cabang
dari pleksus mesenterikus inferior, pleksus spermatikus, dan pleksu pelvis;
seperti dari nervus; rantai eferens dan nervus vagusrantai eferen dari nervus
torakalis ke-11 dan ke-12, nervus lumbalis ke-1, dan nervus vagus mempunyai
rantai aferen untuk ureter.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vesika
Urinaria</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Deskripsi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vesika urinaria (kandung kemih),
dapat mengembang dan mengempis seperti balon karet, terletak di belakang
simfisis pubis di dalam rongga panggul. Bentuk kandung kemih seperti kerucut
yang dikelilingi oleh otot yang kuat, berhubungan dengan ligamentum vesika
umbilikalis medius.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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href="https://ilper.wordpress.com/2012/04/19/sistem-perkemihan-urinaria/urin4/"
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinding vesika urinaria terdiri dari lapisan sebelah luar
(peritonium), tunika muskularis (lapisan otot), tunika submukosa, dan lapisan
mukosa (lapisan bagian dalam). Pembuluh limfe vesika urinaria mengalirkan cairan
limfe ke dalam nadi limfatik iliaka interna dan eksterna.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8cgpP8l124UFYsEkICV-D9Nxq2uIul_1F3dAiks2pBL7yyc40blYEklhfjTWz6gQx62GFmXhu855LiuFDezpIL6HMTDd21wni7EGUDBDx8aCyvDxMf5ZjvPukcm4eTeHpJbb2YRbNA8/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8cgpP8l124UFYsEkICV-D9Nxq2uIul_1F3dAiks2pBL7yyc40blYEklhfjTWz6gQx62GFmXhu855LiuFDezpIL6HMTDd21wni7EGUDBDx8aCyvDxMf5ZjvPukcm4eTeHpJbb2YRbNA8/s320/5.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian Vesika Urinaria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fundus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yaitu, bagian yang menghadap ke
arah belakang dan bawah,bagian ini terpisah dari rektum oleh spatium
rectovesikale yang terisi oleh jaringan ikat duktus deferen, vesika seminalis
dan prostat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korpus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, yaitu bagian antara verteks dan
fundus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Verteks</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, bagian yang mancung ke arah muka
dan berhubungan dengan ligamentum vesika umbilikalis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan
Otot Vesika Urinaria</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan otot vesika urinaria terdiri
dari otot polos yang tersusun dan saling berkaitan dan disebut m. detrusor
vesikae. Peredaran darah vesika urinaria berasal dari arteri vesikalis superior
dan inferior yang merupakan cabang dari arteri iliaka interna. Venanya
membentuk pleksus venosus vesikalis yang berhubungan dengan pleksus prostatikus
yang mengalirkan darah ke vena iliaka interna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persarafan
Vesika Urinaria</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persarafan vesika urinaria berasal
dari pleksus hipogastrika inferior. Serabut ganglion simpatikus berasal dari
ganglion lumbalis ke-1 dan ke-2 yang berjalan turun ke vesika urinaria melalui
pleksus hipogastrikus. Serabut preganglion parasimpatis yang keluar dari nervus
splenikus pelvis yang berasal dari nervus sakralis 2, 3 dan 4 berjalan melalui
hipogastrikus inferior mencapai dinding vesika urinaria.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian besar serabut aferen
sensoris yan g keluar dari vesika urinaria menuju sistem susunan saraf pusat
melalui nervus splanikus pelvikus berjalan bersama saraf simpatis melalui
pleksus hipogastrikus masuk kedalam segmen lumbal ke-1 dan ke-2 medula spinalis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uretra
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Deskripsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 76.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretara
merupakan saluran sempit yang berpangkal pada kandung kemih yang berfungsi
menyalurkan air kemih keluar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra Pria</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada laki-laki uretra berjalan
berkelok kelok melalaui tengah-tengah prostat kemudian menembus lapisan fibrosa
yang menembus tulang fubis ke bagian penis panjangnya ± 20 cm. Uretra pada
laki-laki terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra
prostatika<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra
membranosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra
kevernosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lapisan uretra laki-lakin terdiri
lapisan mukosa (lapisan paling dalam), dan lapisan submukosa.Uretra mulai dari
orifisium uretra interna di dalam vesika urinaria sampai orifisium eksterna.
Pada penis panjangnya 17,5-20 cm yang terdiri dari bagian-bagian berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra prostatika,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan saluran terlebar yang
panjangnya 3 cm, berjalan hampir vertikulum melalui glandula prostat, mulai
dari basis sampai ke apaks dan lebih dekat ke permukaan anterior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra pars membranasea</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ini merupakan saluran yang paling
pendek dan paling dangkal, berjalan mengarah ke bawah dan ke depan di antara
apaks glandula prostata dan bulbus uretra. Pars membranesea menembus diagfragma
urogenitalis, panjangnya kira-kira 2,5 cm, di belakang simfisis pubis diliputi
oleh jaringan sfingter uretra membranasea. Di depan saluran ini terdapat vena
dorsalis penis yang mencapai pelvis di antara ligamentum transversal pelvis dan
ligamentum arquarta pubis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra pars kavernosus</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan saluran terpanjang dari
uretra dan terdapat di dalam korpus kavernosus uretra, panjangnya kira-kira 15
cm, mulai dari pars membranasea sampai ke orifisium dari diafragma
urogenitalis. Pars kavernosus uretra berjalan ke depan dan ke atas menuju
bagian depan simfisis pubis. Pada keadaan penis berkontraksi, pars kavernosus
akan membelok ke bawah dan ke depan. Pars kavernosus ini dangkal sesuai dengan
korpus penis 6 mm dan berdilatasi ke belakang. Bagian depan berdilatasi di
dalam glans penis yang akan membentuk fossa navikularis uretra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 99.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Oriifisium uretra eksterna</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan bagian erektor yang
paling berkontraksi berupa sebuah celah vertikal ditutupi oleh kedua sisi bibir
kecil dan panjangnya 6 mm. glandula uretralis yang akan bermuara ke dalam
uretra dibagi dalam dua bagian, yaitu glandula dan lakuna. Glandula terdapat di
bawah tunika mukosa di dalam korpus kavernosus uretra (glandula pars
uretralis). Lakuna bagian dalam epitelium. Lakuna yang lebih besar dipermukaan
atas di sebut lakuna magma orifisium dan lakuna ini menyebar ke depan sehingga
dengan mudah menghalangi ujung kateter yang dilalui sepanjang saluran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level3 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra Wanita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Uretra pada wanita terletak di
belakang simfisis pubis berjalan miring sedikit ke arah atas, panjangnya ± 3-4
cm. Lapisan uretra wanita terdiri dari tunika muskularis (sebelah luar),
lapiosan spongeosa merupakan pleksus dari vena-vena, dan lapisan mukosa
(lapisan sebelah dalam). Muara uretra pada wanita terletak di sebelah atas
vagina (antara klitoris dan vagina) dan uretra di sini hanya sebagai salura
ekskresi. Apabila tidak berdilatasi diameternya 6 cm. uretra ini menembus fasia
diagfragma urogenitalis dan orifisium eksterna langsung di depan permukaan
vagina, 2,5 cm di belakang glans klitoris. Glandula uretra bermuara ke uretra,
yang terbesar diantaranya adalah glandula pars uretralis (skene) yang bermuara
kedalam orifisium uretra yang hanya berfungsi sebagai saluran ekskresi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagfragma urogenitalis dan
orifisium eksterna langsung di depan permukaan vagian dan 2,5 cm di
belakang glans klitoris. Uretra wanita jauh lebih pendek daripada pria dan
terdiri lapisan otot polos yang diperkuat oleh sfingter otot rangka pada
muaranya penonjolan berupa kelenjar dan jaringan ikat fibrosa longggar yang
ditandai dengan banyak sinus venosus merip jaringan kavernosus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">URINARIA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses
pembentukan urine<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Filtrasi (Penyaringan)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Filtrasi
merupakan perpindahan cairan dari glomelurus menuju ke ruang kapsula
bowmandengan menembus membran filtrasi. Membran filtrasi terdiri dari tiga
lapisan, yaitu sel endotelium glomelurus, membran basiler, dan epitel kapsula
bowman. Tahap ini adalah proses pertama dalam pembentukan urine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Darah dari
arteriol masuk ke dalam glomerulus dan kandungan air, glukosa, urea, garam,
urea, asam amino, dll lolos ke penyaringan dan menuju ke tubulus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Glomerulus
adalah kapiler darah yang bergelung-gelung di dalam kapsula bowman. Ukuran
saringan pada glomerulus membuat protein dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span><a href="http://hedisasrawan.blogspot.com/2012/12/sel-artikel-lengkap-biologi.html" target="_blank" title="Sel"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sel</span></a><span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></span><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">darah tidak bisa masuk ke tubulus.
Pada glomerulus terdapat sel-sel endotelium yang berfungsi untuk memudahkan
proses penyaringan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Filtrasi
menghasilkan urine primer/filtrat glomerulus yang masih mengandung zat-zat yang
masih bermanfaat seperti glukosa, garam, dan asam amino. Urin primer mengandung
zat yang hampir sama dengan cairan yang menembus kapiler menuju ke ruang antar
sel. Dalam keadaan normal, urin primer tidak mengandung eritrosit, tetapi
mengandung protein yang kadarnya kurang dari 0,03%. Kandungan elektrolit
(senyawa yang larutannya merupakan pengantar listrik) dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kristaloid
(kristal halus yang terbentuk dari protein) dari urin primer juga hampir sama
dengan cairan jaringan. Kadar anion di dalam urin primer termasuk ion Cl- dan
ion HCO<sub>3</sub>-, lebih tinggi 5% daripada kadar anion plasma, sedangkan
kadar kationnya lebih rendah 5% daripada kation plasma. selain itu urin primer
mengandung glukosa, garam-garam, natrium, kalium, dan asam amino.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Reabsorpsi (Penyerapan Kembali)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reabsorpsi
terjadi di dalam tubulus kontortus proksimal dan dilakukan oleh sel-sel
epitelium di tubulus tersebut. Fungsinya adalah untuk menyerap kembali zat-zat
di urine primer yang masih bermanfaat bagi tubuh seperti glukosa, asam amino,
ion-ion Na+, K+, Ca, 2+, Cl-, HCO3-, dan HbO42-. Air akan diserap kembali
melalui proses osmosis di tubulus dan lengkung henle. Zat-zat yang masih
berguna itu akan masuk ke pembuluh darah yang mengelilingi tubulus. Hasil dari
reabsorpsi adalah urine sekunder/filtrat tubulus yang kadar ureanya lebih
tinggi dari urine primer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Urine
sekunder masuk ke lengkung henle.Pada tahap ini terjadi osmosis air di lengkung
henle desenden sehingga volume urin sekunder berkurang dan menjadi pekat.
Ketika urine sekunder mencapai lengkung henle asenden, garam Na<sup>+<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></sup>dipompa keluar dari tubulus,
sehingga urea menjadi lebih pekat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 13.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Augmentasi (Pengumpulan)<o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah
melewati lengkung henle, urine sekunder akan memasuki tahap augmentasi yang
terjadi di tubulus kontortus distal. Disini akan terjadi pengeluaran zat sisa oleh
darah seperti H+, K+, NH3, dan kreatinin. Ion H+ dikeluarkan untuk menjaga pH
darah. Proses augmentasi menghasilkan urine sesungguhnya yang sedikit
mengandung air.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Urine
sesungguhnya mengandung urea, asam urine, amonia, sisa-sisa pembongkaran
protein, dan zat-zat yang berlebihan dalam darah seperti vitamin, obat-obatan,
hormon, serta garam mineral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemudian
urine sesungguhnya akan menuju tubulus kolektivus untuk dibawa menuju pelvis
yang kemudian menuju kandung kemih (<em>vesika urinaria</em>) melalui ureter. Urine
inilah yang akan keluar menuju tubuh melalui uretra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ciri-Ciri
Urin Yang Normal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jumlahnya rata-rata 1-2 liter
sehari, tetapi beda-beda sesaui jumlah cairan yang dimasukan. Banyaknya
bertambah pula bila terlampau banyak protain dimakan, sehingga tersedia cukup
cairan yang diperlukan untuk melarutkan ureanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warnanya</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> bening oranye pucat tanpa endapan,
tetapi adakalanya jenjot lendir tipis tanpak terapung di dalamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Baunya</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> tajam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reaksinya </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">sedikit asam terhadap lakmus dengan
pH rata-rata 6.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berat jenis</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berkisat dari 1010 sampai 1025.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kompisisi
Urin Normal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urine terutama terdiri atas air,
urea, dan natrium klorida. Pada seseorang yang menggunakan diet yang rata-rata
berisi 80 sampai 100 gram protein dalam 24 jam, jumlah persen air dan benda
padat dalam urine adalah seperti berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air 96%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Benda padat 4% (terdiri atas urea 2% dan produk metabolik </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">lain
2%)</span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ureum </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah hasil akhir metabolisme
protein. Berasal dari asam amino yang telah dipindah amonianya di dalam hati dan
mencapai ginjal, dan diekskresikan rata-rata 30 gram sehari. Kadar ureum darah
yang normal adalah 30 mg setiap 100 ccm darah, tetapi hal ini tergantung dari
jumlah normal protein yang dimakan dan fungsi hati dalam pembentukan ureum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asam urat</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Kadar normal asam urat di dalam
darah adalah 2 sampai 3 mg setiap 100 cm, sedangkan 1,5 sampai 2 mg setiap hari
diekskresikan ke dalam urine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kreatinin</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">produk
sisa dari perombakan kreatin fosfat yang terjadi di otot.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Produk metabolisme lain mencangkup
benda-benda purin, oksalat, fosfat, sulfat, dan urat. Kreatinin ini termasuk
zat racun dalam darah, terdapat pada seseorang yang ginjalnya sudah tidak
berfungsi dengan normal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar
kreatinin pada pria max 1.6 jika sudah melebihi 1.7 harus hati-hati, karena bisa
saja dilakukan cuci darah. Kreatinin adalah hasil katabolisme kreatin.
Koefisien kreatinin adalah jumlah mg kreatinin yang diekskresikan dalam 24
jam/kg BB. Nilai normal pada laki-laki sekitar 20-26 mg/kg BB.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kadar
kreatinin pada wanita sekitar 14 - 22 mg/kg BB. Ekskresi kreatinin meningkat
pada penyakit otot. Kreatinin merupakan produk sampingan dari hasil pemecahan
fosfokreatin (kreatin) di otot yang dibuang melalui ginjal. Pada pria normalnya
0.6 - 1.2 mg/dl. Diatas rentang itu salah satunya mengindikasikan adanya
gangguan fungsi ginjal. Tetapi pada angka 1.3 mg/dl masih tergolong normal,
tetap harus waspada.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batas
normal ureum adalah 20 - 40 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Batas
normal kreatinin adalah 0.5 - 1.5 mg/dl<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Elektrolit atau garam</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, seperti natrium kalsium dan kalium klorida, diekskresikan
untuk mengimbangi jumlah yang masuk melalui mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l61 level2 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mikturisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karena dibuat di dalam, urine
mengalir melalaui ureter ke kandung kencing. Keinginan membuang air kecil
disebabkan penambahan tekanan di dalam kandung kencing, dan tekanan ini di
sebabkan isi urine di dalamnya. Hal ini terjadi bila tertimbun 170 sampai
230 ml. Mikturisi adalah gerak reflek yang dapat dikendalikan dan ditahan oleh
pusat-pusat persarafan yang lebih tinggi pada manusia. Gerakannya ditimbulkan
kontraksi otot abdominal yang menambah tekanan di dalam rongga abdomen, dan
berbagai organ yang menekan kandung kencing membantu mengkosongkannya. Kandung
kencing dikendalikan saraf pelvis dan serabut saraf simpatis dari pleksus
hipogastrik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
REPRODUKSI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">PENGERTIAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reproduksi
merupakan ciri utama makhluk hidup yang bertujuan untuk mempertahankan
kelestarian jenisnya. Reproduksi pada manusia diawali oleh peleburan sel
kelamin jantan (sperma) dengan sel kelamin betina (ovum) yang menghasilkan
zigot. Berdasarkan kepemilikan alat kelaminnya, manusia dikelompokkan menjadi
organisme yang bersifat gonochoris (satu individu memiliki satu alat
kelamin).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JENIS
SISTEM REPRODUKSI<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem Reproduksi Pria<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ Eksterna<u><o:p></o:p></u></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_4"
o:spid="_x0000_s1044" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="FG28_01" style='position:absolute;
left:0;text-align:left;margin-left:162.95pt;margin-top:138pt;width:206.55pt;
height:128.95pt;z-index:-27;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;
mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
mso-position-vertical-relative:text' wrapcoords="-157 0 -157 21357 21647 21357 21647 0 -157 0">
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ggjaman\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg"
o:title="FG28_01" croptop="6284f" cropbottom="5380f"/>
<w:wrap type="through"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Merupakan organ untuk kopulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terdiri dari 2 bagian, yaitu Corpus Cavernosum dan
Corpus Spongiosum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Corpus
Cavernosum penis terlet</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">disebelah
dorsal, dibungkus albugenia dengan tebal ± 0,5 mm, ketika ereksi tersusun oleh serabut
kolagen sirkuler (sebelah dalam) dan longitudinale (luar). Corpus Spongiosum
penis terlet</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">disebelah ventral,
dilapisi albugenia, cavernae lebih padat d</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">an </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">kecil-kecil, b</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">agian </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">tengah ditembus oleh urethra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Skrotum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Merup</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">akan kantung yang berisi
testis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Terdiri dari lapisan kulit luar yang tebal dengan sejumlah
kelenjar lemak dan keringat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Berfungsi
</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">sebagai
penyangga bagi testis dan regulasi temperature.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Organ Intern</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a</span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Testis</span><br />
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"></span><br />
<div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Merupakan
organ primer untuk reproduksi pria</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mengalami penurunan dari daerah asalnya, melalui kanalis inguinalis ke dalam skrotum. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">Fungsi
d</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">an </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">struktur
diatur oleh hormon gonadotropin</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">.
Tidak terdapat dalam tubuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">A</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">lat ini tersusun atas kerangka bungkus
d</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">an s</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: 13.5pt;">truktur
dalam.</span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIh46SWPbuJjv4yUXErKe6XR3tfjHRYXAt5YMUTij-o7MEsYdWN3RTuG7-cq8M6baLMJn_59DeCW7_60uDpwSHdikwYpw7hrFBO_4k27nvy5fweDp6po1iPP4AdiQtjXxUs6PBYdvGv7w/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhIh46SWPbuJjv4yUXErKe6XR3tfjHRYXAt5YMUTij-o7MEsYdWN3RTuG7-cq8M6baLMJn_59DeCW7_60uDpwSHdikwYpw7hrFBO_4k27nvy5fweDp6po1iPP4AdiQtjXxUs6PBYdvGv7w/s320/13.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Epididymis</span><br />
<div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"> Merup</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">akan saluran transport sperma pertama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
y</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">aitu caput, corpus </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">dan </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">cauda.
Mempunyai 4 fungsi :</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Transpor
sperma </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Konsentrasi
sperma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Penyimpanan
sperma</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1042"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="FG28_04a" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:176.25pt;margin-top:18.8pt;width:214.5pt;height:133.25pt;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Maturasi/pematangan sperma (khususnya di daerah cauda)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyKpnENCaHGscF9n5Q8shkZh5GDas6vn0oeUNR-nJT4GoJy_zygxsGr7WXBe70pPU9tQhUe0xscVa3jrzNk-ywEDhF1yuUYV4QnKuEpd5tXyoIKv8BhddciMqnKbgOoHec9Ihlhx3Zk4Y/s1600/13.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgyKpnENCaHGscF9n5Q8shkZh5GDas6vn0oeUNR-nJT4GoJy_zygxsGr7WXBe70pPU9tQhUe0xscVa3jrzNk-ywEDhF1yuUYV4QnKuEpd5tXyoIKv8BhddciMqnKbgOoHec9Ihlhx3Zk4Y/s320/13.jpg" width="204" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
Keluar Testis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vas
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">eferens/duktus deferens</span><br />
<div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9pt;">Merupakan
saluran panjang dan lurus yang mengarah keatas dan berujung di kelenjar prostat.
Berfungsi sebagai saluran sperma dari epididimis menuju vesika seminalis.</span></div>
</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPXiKouUVuLbZ6V6uQQm_eOjO8jHIwWiuS5_TUNtWTpXPuEbXMZ6iVxsrUYqyDKZ-tVubo6fguur5M_QML_PRkmLnlQSF2XGPSQtwelS6oWhT6Ya2zQ3yuVeAJBHBm0bXOYP69xvwevxo/s1600/14.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPXiKouUVuLbZ6V6uQQm_eOjO8jHIwWiuS5_TUNtWTpXPuEbXMZ6iVxsrUYqyDKZ-tVubo6fguur5M_QML_PRkmLnlQSF2XGPSQtwelS6oWhT6Ya2zQ3yuVeAJBHBm0bXOYP69xvwevxo/s320/14.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Saluran
ejakulasi / duktus ejaculatorius</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 9.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan saluran pendek yang
menghubungkan vesika seminalis dengan uretra. Saluran ini mempunyai keistimewaan,
yaitu mampu menyemprotkan sperma tinggi masuk ke uretra dan selanjutnya keluar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uretra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat di penis. Berfungsi sebagai saluran
kelamin yang berasal dari vesika seminalis dan juga saluran untuk membuang urin
dari vesika seminalis dari vesika urinaria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar
aksesoris<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXOJAkBZ5wJTBMl630AqWCC0AUdPKPpdsLAHFm54li8I4SGslbVcxLG8HnvlKdwqLVgIrPzDwDdNXYeWWTAI4JmW5KAXpssdfZzy0u828Ni07XCHPmmyon6YwK53kWuCJrpnhCVALRhKU/s1600/15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="186" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXOJAkBZ5wJTBMl630AqWCC0AUdPKPpdsLAHFm54li8I4SGslbVcxLG8HnvlKdwqLVgIrPzDwDdNXYeWWTAI4JmW5KAXpssdfZzy0u828Ni07XCHPmmyon6YwK53kWuCJrpnhCVALRhKU/s320/15.png" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1040"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="FG28_10a" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:348.2pt;margin-top:13.05pt;width:76.25pt;height:122.5pt;
z-index:-23;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square;mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
mso-wrap-distance-bottom:0;mso-position-horizontal:absolute;
mso-position-horizontal-relative:text;mso-position-vertical:absolute;
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o:title="FG28_10a"/>
<w:wrap type="square"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vesikula
Seminalis</span><br />
<div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">Merupakan kelenjar berlekuk-lekuk yang
jumlahnya sepasang. Terletak di belakang kantung kemih. Sekret vesikula seminalis
mengandung protein, enzim, fruktosa, fosforilklon dan prostaglandin. Berfungsi sebagai
penghasil zat makanan untuk sperma.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Glandula Prostata</span><br />
<div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">Berjumlah satu, terletak di atas uretra,
bagian bawah kantung kemih. Prostat mengeluarkan secret cairan yang bercampur
secret dari testis, perbesaran prostat akan membendung uretra dan menyebabkan retensi
urin. Menghasilkan getah yang mengandung kolestrol, garam dan fosfolipid untuk kelangsungan
hidup sperma.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-list: l48 level1 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar Bulbouretral</span><br />
<div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;">Merupakan sepasang kelenjarkecil yang
terletak di sepanjang uretra, di bawah prostat yang panjangnya 2 – 5 cm.
Menghasilkan getah yang sifatnya basa dan dialirkan ke uretra.</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spermatogenesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spermatogonium
diploid asli terletak pada tubulus seminiferus memiliki dua kali jumlah
kromosom, yang mereplikasi secara mitosis saat interfase sebelum meiosis 1
untuk membentuk 46 pasang kromatid kakak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kromatid
bertukar informasi genetik dengan proses sinapsis, sebelum membagi melalui
meiosis menjadi spermatosit haploid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di
divisi meiosis kedua, dua sel anak baru lebih lanjut membagi diri menjadi empat
spermatid, yang memiliki kromosom unik yang memiliki setengah jumlahnya dengan
spermatogonium asli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo44; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sel-sel
ini sekarang bergerak melalui lumen testis ke epididimis, di mana mereka tumbuh
menjadi empat sel sperma dengan menumbuhkan mikrotubulus pada sentriol,
membentuk axoneme, yaitu, tubuh basal, dan beberapa sentriol memanjang untuk
membentuk ekor sperma, difasilitasi oleh testosteron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1039" type="#_x0000_t75"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2parcoiyqZDq13OlgcrWIY0UgDBezANpT8m6u7kQZQsjIgrhw4FqKxqY1omNzWoVj81JLSAVb_1bH5OVi_8VBetF-8-08rX1xwp_tu6Q3rv8FMC5uHaLTTHZKGZx3b1xGQ4kiHmTGY0g/s1600/16.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2parcoiyqZDq13OlgcrWIY0UgDBezANpT8m6u7kQZQsjIgrhw4FqKxqY1omNzWoVj81JLSAVb_1bH5OVi_8VBetF-8-08rX1xwp_tu6Q3rv8FMC5uHaLTTHZKGZx3b1xGQ4kiHmTGY0g/s320/16.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo41; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hormon
Pada Pria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Testosteron
: disekresi oleh sel-sel Leydig yang terdapat diantara tubulus seminiferus.
Hormon ini penting dalam pembelahan meiosis I<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LH
(Luteinizing Hormon) : disekresi oleh hipofisis anterior. Hormon ini menstimulasi
sel-sel leydig untuk memproduksi
testosterone.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Follicle
Stimulating Hormon : disekresi oleh hipofisis anterior. Hormon ini mennstimulasi
sel-sel sertoli untuk mengubah spermatid menjadi sperma (spermiasi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-list: l24 level2 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
REPRODUKSI WANITA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l24 level3 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ
Eksterna<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQS0fBmb3cmKXyKqAlpji9iXxDVaBVy9nJkZ3-M_rypiFQd62PrajF7tHZBlVUES_XL1RyYZaFSQSCcVLCWZjGE2cJHrxIkbwyypwP2V8RSGAcaj-PAhlvDWi1vtU1GmaUQ3AWHTl-juM/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQS0fBmb3cmKXyKqAlpji9iXxDVaBVy9nJkZ3-M_rypiFQd62PrajF7tHZBlVUES_XL1RyYZaFSQSCcVLCWZjGE2cJHrxIkbwyypwP2V8RSGAcaj-PAhlvDWi1vtU1GmaUQ3AWHTl-juM/s320/17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l48 level2 lfo17; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vulva<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vulva merupakan celah terluar dari organ
kelamin wanita. Vulva terdiri dari : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mons pubis dan mons veneris yang merupakan
daerah terluar dari vulva yang banyak mengandung jaringan lemak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1038"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="femalereproductivesystem2_460.jpg (460×384)" style='position:absolute;
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Labium
mayora dan labium minora, keduanya berfungsi melindungi vagina. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran uretra<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran kelamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l16 level3 lfo45; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Klitoris<b> </b>yang merupakan gabungan organ erektil yang dapat disamakan dengan
penis pada pria. Tersusun dari korpus carvenosa dan juga banyak pembuluh darah dan
ujung-ujung saraf perasa.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l24 level3 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape
id="_x0000_s1037" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="Obat-Untuk-Atasi-Penyumbatan-Tuba-Falopi.jpg (300×175)"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ
Dalam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLef7I04hToG2rnn43drBfH52q-Sqw9qhQbSDZGouFCoSxjmH1JQzLfXoU1SBvJVh1GZ8CI80GnmyYGueUyjz9OWJtkdhfZ6MBl9eVVac6-dDK8JUHdCJ4EcUkOtUVET2FuuJcvJTDfwI/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="234" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLef7I04hToG2rnn43drBfH52q-Sqw9qhQbSDZGouFCoSxjmH1JQzLfXoU1SBvJVh1GZ8CI80GnmyYGueUyjz9OWJtkdhfZ6MBl9eVVac6-dDK8JUHdCJ4EcUkOtUVET2FuuJcvJTDfwI/s320/17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tuba
Valopi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah saluran telur yang berjumlah sepasang
dengan panjang sekitar 10 cm. Bagian pangkal berbentuk corong disebut
infundibulum dengan rumbai-rumbai untuk menangkap ovum yang dilepaskan ovarium.
berfungsi berfungsi untuk menyalurkan ovum dari ovarium menuju uterus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ovarium
(IndungTelur)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar kelamin wanita yang berfungsi menghasilkan
ovum, hormon estrogen, dan hormon progesteron. Estrogen disekresi oleh folikel
de Graaf dan dirangsang oleh FSH. Estrogen berfungsi untuk menimbulkan dan mempertahankan
tanda-tanda kelamin sekunder pada wanita. Progesteron disekresi oleh Korpus Luteum
dan dirangsang oleh LH. Progesteron berfungsi mempersiapkan dinding uterus agar
dapat menerima ovum yang sudah dibuahi. Ovarium ada sepasang kiri dan kanan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uterus
(Rahim)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Uterus adalah rongga pertemuan dari oviduk
kiri dan kanan, berbentuk buah pir dengan bagian bawah mengecil disebut serviks
(leher rahim). Uterus berfungsi sebagai tempat perkembangan zygot jika terjadi fertilisasi.
Dinding uterus terdiri dari beberapa lapisan jaringan otot polos dan
endometrium yang mengandung banyak pembuluh darah dan menghasilkan lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-list: l6 level2 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vagina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vagina adalah saluran akhir dari saluran
reproduksi bagian dalam wanita. Dinding vagina terdiri dari beberapa lapisan yaitu
dari lapisan dalam berturut-turut adalah jaringan ikat berserat, jaringan otot dan
lapisan terluar kelenjarBertholin. Jaringan berserat dan jaringan otot bersifat
elastic untuk memberikan jalan bagi janin ketika melahirkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l24 level3 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menstruasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l24 level4 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.3.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian</span><br />
<div style="text-align: start; text-indent: 0px;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;"> Pendarahan secara periodik dan siklik dari
uterus yang disertai dengan pelepasan endometrium pada saat ovum tidak dibuahi.
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Siklus menstruasi dipengaruhi oleh pelepasan
hormon-hormon yang berkaitan dengan adanya kerjasama hipotalamus dan ovarium</span></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l24 level4 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.3.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1036"
type="#_x0000_t75" alt="2-12g3.jpg (426×290)" style='position:absolute;left:0;
text-align:left;margin-left:108.55pt;margin-top:16.55pt;width:316.55pt;
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mso-wrap-distance-left:9pt;mso-wrap-distance-top:0;mso-wrap-distance-right:9pt;
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o:title="2-12g3"/>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Siklus
Menstru</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">si<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKzV70Xf8DDcTa5Xb920ev4-x3NfeL34wwYnMkAE8Lr-ApABaqob6crKBYstFYULElnr2wEhB8q_fdBAe0LtHAAzpl9-LbJHstZV9cV1g1tF6NbQT4g5T6Y1T6qoorI9P0198GcAcXp0U/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="217" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKzV70Xf8DDcTa5Xb920ev4-x3NfeL34wwYnMkAE8Lr-ApABaqob6crKBYstFYULElnr2wEhB8q_fdBAe0LtHAAzpl9-LbJHstZV9cV1g1tF6NbQT4g5T6Y1T6qoorI9P0198GcAcXp0U/s320/17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo46; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
Menstruasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bila tidak terjadi fertilisasi, korpus luteum
akan mengkerut menjadi korpus albicans sehingga produksi hormon estrogen dan
progesterone terhenti. Hal tersebut menyebabkan peluruhan endometrium dan ovum,
ditandai dengan pendarahan dari uterus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
Pra Ovulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
ini terjadi pada hari ke 5 s/d 15. Hormon yang berperan adalah gonadotrophin
releasing hormone (GnRH) yang disekresikan oleh hipotalamus. GnRH akan
merangsang hipofisis anterior untuk mensekresikan yang akan merangsang
pertumbuhan folikel pada ovarium. Pada fase ini hanya satu folikel yang tumbuh
menjadi sebuah sel telur (ovum). Follikel akan mensekresi
hormone esterogen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
Ovulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
ini terjadi pada hari ke-15. Meningkatnya kadar esterogen yang disekresi
follikel pada fase pra ovulasi mengakibatkan kadar FSH turun sehingga
menyebabkan hipotalamus mensekresi GnRH yang akan merangsang hipofisis anterior
mensekresi LH yang akan mendorong pemasakan folikel sehingga sel
telur dibebaskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.75in; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: 58.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
Pasca Ovulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
ini terjadi pada hari ke -15 hingga ke-28. Follikel yang telah melepaskan
telur akan mengalami perubahan menjadi korpus luteum. Korpus luteum akan
mensekresi hormone progesterone yang berfungsi memelihara endometerium.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l24 level3 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fertilisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2.0in; mso-list: l24 level4 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.75in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.4.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fertilisasi
atau pembuahan adalah peristiwa
penyatuan sperma dengan ovum yang terjadi pada makhluk hidup. Pada manusia,
sperma dihasilkan di testis sedangkan ovum dihasilkan di ovarium. Peristiwa
fertilisasi pada manusia terjadi pada tuba falopi di tubuh wanita. Penyatuan
ini akan menghasilkan zigot yang akan berkambang menjadi embrio manusia yang
baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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type="#_x0000_t75" alt="fertilisasi pada manusia"
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dalam sekali ejakulasi
(sperma keluar dari kelamin pria), terdapat berjuta-juta sperma yang semuanya
saling berlomba untuk membuahi ovum. Sperma tersebut dapat bertahan hidup dalam
tubuh wanita selama beberapa hari hingga mencapai ovum. Dari berjuta-juta
sperma yang dikeluarkan pria, normalnya hanya ada 1 sperma saja yang akan
membuahi ovum. Setelah 1 sperma berhasil membuahi ovum, akan terbentuk
pelindung yang menghalangi sperma lain untuk melakukan pembuahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNxGRnuZEYQhJ4iE_SDXxr1hUTkYmHhGvNKyMlosfwfUcjlcgEnpX7uJmI17em3skrTHbvyQSWVsT2a5nnmeqpv4_ZwHkEcoVLNYY5uuctgdQ-JU2SXeH7FBmTskqPwL7zXFcnkWCN6y8/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNxGRnuZEYQhJ4iE_SDXxr1hUTkYmHhGvNKyMlosfwfUcjlcgEnpX7uJmI17em3skrTHbvyQSWVsT2a5nnmeqpv4_ZwHkEcoVLNYY5uuctgdQ-JU2SXeH7FBmTskqPwL7zXFcnkWCN6y8/s320/17.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 2.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l24 level4 lfo42; text-indent: -.75in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.4.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses Fertilisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sperma akan berjalan melalui lapisan sel folikel dan berikatan
dengan reseptor pada zona pelusida ovum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengikatan tersebut akan memicu terjadinya reaksi akrosomal
dimana sperma membebaskan enzim-enzim hidrolitik pada akrosom menuju zona
pelusida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enzim hidrolitik akan mencerna zona pelusida dan membuat lubang
yang memungkinkan sperma dapat mencapai membran sel ovum. Protein khusus pada
membran sel sperma akan berikatan dengan reseptor pada membran sel ovum
sehingga kedua membran menyatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah terjadi penyatuan membran sel, nukleus sel sperma dapat
keluar dan menuju nukleus ovum untuk terjadinya penyatuan nukleus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 139.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah terjadin penyatuan antara membran sperma dan ovum,
butiran kortikal pada ovum menyatu dengan membran ovum dan memebaskan enzim dan
makromolekul lain yang akan mengeraskan zona pelusida untuk menghalangi sperma
lain membuahi ovum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 139.5pt; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fertilisasi akan menghasilkan zigot yang akan
mengalami pembelahan berulang-ulang dan tumbuh untuk membangun jaringan tubuh
manusia. Seiring dengan pembelahannya, zigot tersebut akan berjalan dari tuba
falopi menuju uterus untuk menempel dan berkembang pada uterus.</span><span style="color: #383838; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 99.0pt; mso-list: l24 level3 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.5in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gestasi
(Kehamilan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.5.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kehamilan
manusia terjadi selama 40 minggu antara waktu menstruasi terakhir dan
kelahiran </span><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelahiran" title="Kelahiran"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(38 minggu dari pembuahan). Istilah medis untuk
wanita hamil adalah gravida, sedangkan manusia di dalamnya disebut
embrio (minggu-minggu awal) dan kemudian janin (sampai kelahiran).
Seorang wanita yang hamil untuk pertama kalinya disebut primi gravida atau gravida
1. Seorang wanita yang belum pernah hamil dikenal sebagai gravida 0.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.5.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Masa Kehamilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trimester pertama (1-3 bulan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trimester pertama merupakan masa yang
rawan, karena biasanya wanita tidak sadar pada awal masa kehamilan. Pada
kehamilan bulan pertama janin berbentuk seperti udang dan terjadi pembentukan
organ vital seperti jantung. Pada bulan kedua wajah bayi sudah terbentuk,
ukuran kepala membesar, dan jantung sudah berdetak lembut. Pada bulan ketiga
bentuk jantung, kaki, dan tangan sudah sempurna. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trimester kedua (4.6 bulan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada bulan keempat bayi sudah mulai
bergerak, karena hormon pada bayi yang bereaksi dengan situasi dalam kandungan
sudah aktif. Pada bulan kelima ari-ari mulai terbentuk. Pada bulan keenam
system pencernaan bayi sudah tumbuh sempurna dan bayi janin mulai bias
mendengar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trimester ketiga (7-9 bulan)</span><br />
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">Pada
bulan ketujuh system saraf pada janin sudah mulai bekerja serta perkembangan
otak. Pada bulan kedelapan janin dapat
membuka dan menutup kelopak mata, tendangannya pun terasa semakin jelas. Pada
bulan kesembilan paru-paru janin telah berkembang sepenuhnya, system kekebalan
tubuh berfungsi, otaknya sudah mulai bekerja, dan memiliki reflek menghisap.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvtRrF8WuI257hDx72EEC-iQreLQ6TcN-Bn0bCtz3AK51b-hPD8d9AgBml2ACKTWZILfY2K-ZFwwBvkNrBAatFicQ7PuMygd-v6ldNoirfGZeqj8l-rzLqm5o23YVk8Wan-T7srQn56Ac/s1600/17.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhvtRrF8WuI257hDx72EEC-iQreLQ6TcN-Bn0bCtz3AK51b-hPD8d9AgBml2ACKTWZILfY2K-ZFwwBvkNrBAatFicQ7PuMygd-v6ldNoirfGZeqj8l-rzLqm5o23YVk8Wan-T7srQn56Ac/s320/17.jpg" width="213" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
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<br />
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LAKTASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANATOMI
KELENJAR MAMAE<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Payudara
adalah pelengkap organ reproduksi pada wanita dan mengeluarkan air susu. Buah
dada terletak dalam fasia superfisialis di daerah antara sternum dan aksila,
melebar dari iga kedua sampai iga ke tujuh. Berat dan ukuran buah dada
berlain-lainan, pada masa pubertas membesar kurang lebih dua ratus gram, dan
bertambah besar selama hamil menjadi enam ratus gram dan sesudah melahirkan
(saat menyusui) menjadi delapan ratus gram, dan menjadi atrofik pada usia
lanjut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagian
Utama Payudara</span></b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Kf2mzQFjYOkfyiV7TDWScnOiaAxnca5_UF92KSQ1Bc9i7t7dsNqOLBhimBhHPGjvF98i7xPqQD6DO6SidOBZUxMhb_z43CC4wDWBKQma3Wu_WjUyqBdpU8XdW9u_nlfpCfyGtWtsZ74/s1600/17.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5Kf2mzQFjYOkfyiV7TDWScnOiaAxnca5_UF92KSQ1Bc9i7t7dsNqOLBhimBhHPGjvF98i7xPqQD6DO6SidOBZUxMhb_z43CC4wDWBKQma3Wu_WjUyqBdpU8XdW9u_nlfpCfyGtWtsZ74/s320/17.JPG" width="282" /></a></div>
</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Korpus (badan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Korpus adalah bagian yang membesar. Terdiri dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">jaringan
kelenjar payudara, saluran susu (duktus laktiferus), jaringan ikat, lemak,
pembuluh darah, saraf dan pembuluh limfe </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Korpus alveolus, yaitu unit terkecil
yang memproduksi susu. Bagian dari alveolus adalah sel aciner, jaringan lemak,
sel plasma, sel otot polos dan pembuluh darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lobulus, yaitu kumpulan dari alveolus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo23; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lobus, yaitu beberapa lobulus yang
berkumpul menjadi 15-20 lobus pada tiap payudara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ASI disalurkan dari alveolus ke dalam saluran kecil
(duktulus), kemudian beberapa duktulus bergabung membentuk saluran yang lebih besar (duktus
laktiferus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Areola<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Areola adalah daerah berwarna
coklat yang mengitari puting. Areola manusia hampir semuanya berbentuk
lingkaran, namun banyak pria yang memiliki areola berbentuk elips. Diameter areola
pria kebanyakan sekitar 2,5 cm, sedangkan wanita dewasa rata-rata 3 cm, wanita
yang pernah melahirkan sekitar 10 cm. Sedangkan wanita yang sedang menyusui
atau memiliki payudara yang lebih besar cenderung memiliki areola yang lebih
besar. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar montgemery yang menyediakan
pelumas untuk menjaga kelembapan area disekitar putting saat dihisap bayi
ataupun dipompa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo24; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sinus
laktiferus, yaitu saluran di bawah areola yang besar melebar, akhirnya memusat
ke dalam puting dan bermuara ke luar. Di dalam dinding alveolus maupun
saluran-saluran terdapat otot polos yang bila berkontraksi dapat memompa ASI
keluar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 67.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Papilla
atau puting<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Papilla adalah b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">agian yang menojol yang dimasukan ke mulut bayi untuk aliran air susu</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Mengandung
ujung-ujung saraf perasa yang sensitif, dan otot polos yang akan berkontraksi
bila ada rangsangan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit
puting susu berpigmen banyak dan tidak berambut. Papilla dermis mengandung
banyak kelenjar sebasea. Ada empat macam bentuk puting, yaitu bentuk yang
normal/umum, pendek/datar, panjang dan terbenam (<i>inverted</i>). Namun
bentuk-bentuk putting ini tidak selalu berpengaruh pada proses laktasi, yang
penting adalah bahwa putting susu dan areola dapat ditarik sehingga membentuk
tonjolan atau “dot” ke dalam mulut bayi. Pada beberapa kasus dapat terjadi dimana
putting tidak lentur, terutama pada bentuk puting terbenam, sehingga butuh
penanganan khusus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 63.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit areola juga berpigmen banyak tetapi berbeda dengan
kulit puting susu ia kadang-kadang mengandung folikel rambut. Kelenjar
sebaseanya biasanya terlihat sebagai nodulus kecil pada permukaan areola dan
disebut tuberkel montgomery. Pada papilla dan areola saraf peraba yang sangat
penting untuk reflex menyusui. Bila putting diisap, terjadilah reflex yang
sangat diperlukan dalam proses menyusui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7SvHigyfxzr3uWGmtYz2KmYqzI_-sGB3cWDQ8V9nUljq1J0B9-q86Ctmf3qlRWgGEzE6e61cH-8ePBlKga93AMqIaHpWWRRxI0YQBr0XN_E0I3OVycCe4zUvZbw0z1VEwyPpHux-FF0/s1600/17.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7SvHigyfxzr3uWGmtYz2KmYqzI_-sGB3cWDQ8V9nUljq1J0B9-q86Ctmf3qlRWgGEzE6e61cH-8ePBlKga93AMqIaHpWWRRxI0YQBr0XN_E0I3OVycCe4zUvZbw0z1VEwyPpHux-FF0/s1600/17.png" /></a><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></i></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level2 lfo25; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber Perdarahan Payudara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cabang-cabang perforantes a.mammaria
interna. Cabang-cabang I, II, III, dan IV dari a. mammaria interna menembus
dinding dada dekat pinggir sternum pada interkostal yang sesui, menembus
m.pektoralis mayor dan memberi pendarahan tepi medial glandula mamma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rami pektoralis a.
thorako-akromialis Arteri ini berjalan turun diantara m. pektoralis minor dan
m. pektoralis mayor. Pembuluh ini merupakan pembuluh utama m. pektoralis mayor,
arteri ini akan mendarahi glandula mamma bagian dalam (deep surface).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. thorakalis lateralis (a. mammaria
eksterna) Pembuluh darah ini jalan turun menyusuri tepi lateral m. pektoralis
mayor untuk mendarahi bagian lateral payudara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A. thorako-dorsalis Pembuluh darah
ini merupakan cabang dari a. subskapularis. Arteri ini mendarahi m. latissimus
dorsi dan m. serratus magnus. walaupun arteri ini tidak memberikan pendarahan
pada glandula mamma, tetapi sangat penting artinya. Karena pada tindakan
radikal mastektomi, perdarahan yang terjadi akibat putusnya arteri ini sulit
dikontrol, sehingga daerah ini dinamakan ”the bloody angel”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo29; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vena<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level2 lfo25; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vena Pada Payudara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cabang-cabang perforantes v.
mammaria interna Vena ini merupakan vena terbesar yang mengalirkan darah dari payudara.
Vena ini bermuara pada v. mammaria interna yang kemudian bermuara pada v.
innominata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cabang-cabang v. aksillaris yang
terdiri dari v. thorako-akromialis, v. thorakalis lateralis dan v.
thorako-dorsalis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 81.0pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l64 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vena-vena kecil yang bermuara pada
v. interkostalis. Vena interkostalis bermuara pada v. vertebralis, kemudian
bermuara pada v. azygos (melalui vena-vena ini metastase dapat langsung terjadi
di paru)<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwAVr6rKvZCNZhXn8lNGxF1aw0cf5KYYjeJGFpW2P1phDT12pp9ihz4n6Y7GqE4hMy8r8GHhETQfx_kNmyz08YlF4WHr8O9L6EEdzr4mPiwnc0IgG1NLOpPskVkc5dgVQ3YCsXzLeDwFA/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwAVr6rKvZCNZhXn8lNGxF1aw0cf5KYYjeJGFpW2P1phDT12pp9ihz4n6Y7GqE4hMy8r8GHhETQfx_kNmyz08YlF4WHr8O9L6EEdzr4mPiwnc0IgG1NLOpPskVkc5dgVQ3YCsXzLeDwFA/s1600/4.png" /></a></div>
</div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;"><a href="https://sweetysmiler.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/4.png"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="Picture_x0020_5"
o:spid="_x0000_i1025" type="#_x0000_t75" alt="https://sweetysmiler.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/4.png?w=240&h=300"
href="https://sweetysmiler.files.wordpress.com/2011/01/4.png" style='width:180pt;
height:225pt;visibility:visible;mso-wrap-style:square' o:button="t">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t"/>
<v:imagedata src="file:///C:\Users\ggjaman\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image050.png"
o:title="4"/>
</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--></span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l31 level2 lfo25; text-indent: -.5in; vertical-align: baseline;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
Limfatik Pada Payudara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuluh
getah bening aksilla <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembuluh gatah bening aksilla ini mengalirkan getah bening
dari daerah- daerah sekitar areola mamma, kuadran lateral bawah dan kuadran
lateral atas payudara. Pembuluh getah bening mammaria interna: Saluran limfe
ini mengalirkan getah bening dari bagian dalam dan medial payudara. Pembuluh ini
berjalan di atas fasia pektoralis lalu menembus fasia tersebut dan masuk ke
dalam m. pektoralis mayor. Lalu jalan ke medial bersama-sama dengan sistem
perforantes menembus m. interkostalis dan bermuara ke dalam kelenjar getah
bening mammaria interna. Dari kelenjar mammaria interna, getah bening mengalir
melalui trunkus limfatikus mammaria interna. Sebagian akan bermuara pada v.
kava, sebagian akan bermuara ke duktus thorasikus (untuk sisi kiri) dan duktus
limfatikus dekstra (untuk sisi kanan). Pembuluh getah bening di daerah tepi
medial kuadran medial bawah payudara. Pembuluh ini berjalan bersama-sama vasa
epigastrika superior, menembus fasia rektus dan masuk ke dalam kelenjar getah
bening preperikardial anterior yang terletak di tepi atas diafragma di atas
ligamentum falsiform. Kelenjar grtah bening ini juga menampung getah bening
dari diafragma, ligamentum falsiforme dan bagian antero-superior hepar. Dari
kelenjar ini, limfe mengalir melalui trunkus limfatikus mammaria interna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FISIOLOGI
LAKTASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Laktasi
atau menyusui mempunyai dua pengertian, yaitu produksi ASI (prolaktin) dan
pengeluaran ASI (oksitosin). Pembentukan payudara dimulai sejak embrio berusia
18-19 minggu, dan berakhir ketika mulai menstruasi. Selama kehamilan hormon
prolaktin dari plasenta meningkat tetapi ASI belum keluar karena pengaruh
hormon estrogen yang masih tinggi. Kadar estrogen dan progesteron akan menurun
pada saat hari kedua atau ketiga pasca persalinan, sehingga terjadi sekresi
ASI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
Laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sekresi
air susu. Pada kehamilan minggu ke 16 mulai terjadi sekresi cairan bening dalam
saluran kelenjar buah dada yang disebut kolostrum yang kaya protein. Setelah
bayi lahir, pengeluaran kolostrum air susu dirangsang oleh hormone prolaktin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengeluaran
air susu. Air susu mendapat rangsangan dari bayi supaya keluar secara normal
bergantung pada isapan bayi, mekanisme dalam buah dada berkontraksi memeras air
susu keluar dari alveoli masuk dalam saluran air susu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor
Pengaruh Hormon Pada Laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Produksi
air susu (prolaktin). Dalam fisiologi laktasi, prolaktin merupakan hormone yang
disekresi oleh glandula pituitaria anterior yang penting untuk memproduksi air
susu ibu. Kadar hormone ini di dalam sirkulasi maternal meningkat selama
kehamilan. Kerja hormone ini dihambat oleh plasenta, dengan lepasnya plasenta
pada proses persalinan maka kadar estrogen dan progesterone berangsur-angsur
turun sampai pada tingkat terendah dan diaktifkannya prolaktin.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadar normal hormon prolaktin di dalam darah sekitar 5-10 ng/mL.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengeluaran air susu (oksitosin). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dua factor yang terlibat dalam
mengalirkan air susu dari sel-sel sekretorik ke papilla mamae :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan dari belakang. Tekanan globuli
yang baru terbentuk didalam sel akan mendorong globuli tersebut ke dalam tubuli
laktiferus dan isapan bayi akab memacu sekresi air susu lebih banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflex neurohormonal. Gerakan menghisap
bayi akan menghasilkan rangsangan saraf yang terdapat di dalam glandula
pituitary posterior. Akibat langsung dari reflex ini adalah dikeluarkannya
oksitoksin dari pituitaria posterior, disekitar alveoli akan berkontraksi
mendorong air susu masuk ke dalam vasa laktiver dengan demikian lebih banyak
air susu mengalir ke dalam ampula. Sekresi oksitosin akan menyebabkan otot
uterus berkontraksi dan membantu involusi (kemunduran) uterus selama puerperium
(nifas).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsTB7giaf1ZjTnrMMPGSTKuyKFjSgxwFd1LKHBAwtcljGVa1XAm0YhKnrmMc1VZtg8lDB3cHxFL80glLuuW5WfKXKecpkAa0LiWDXpPweiFHGaDVtMGzuayMesZpExE3DUZfKw4W4S62Q/s1600/17.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsTB7giaf1ZjTnrMMPGSTKuyKFjSgxwFd1LKHBAwtcljGVa1XAm0YhKnrmMc1VZtg8lDB3cHxFL80glLuuW5WfKXKecpkAa0LiWDXpPweiFHGaDVtMGzuayMesZpExE3DUZfKw4W4S62Q/s320/17.png" width="306" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Reflex Pada Laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Refleks
prolaktin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Seperti telah dijelaskan diatas, dalam putting susu banyak
terdapat ujung saraf peraba. Bila ini dirangsang, maka akan timbul implus
(aliran listrik) yang menuju hipotalamus selanjutnya kekelenjar hipofisis
bagian depan sehingga kelenjar ini mengeluarkan hormon prolaktin. Hormon inilah
yang memegang peran utama dalam produksi ASI di tingkat afeolus. Dengan
demikian mudah dipahami bahwa makin sering rangsangan penyusuan makin banyak
pula produksi ASI.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Refleks Aliran (Let down reflex)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rangsangan yang berasal dari putting susu, tidak hanya
diteruskan sampai kekelenjar hipofisis depan, tetapi juga kekelenjar hipofisis
bagian belakang. Akibatnya bagian ini mengeluarkan hormon oksitosin. Hormon ini
berfungsi memacu kontraksi otot polos yang ada di dinding alveolus dan dinding
saluran, sehingga asi di pompa keluar. Makin sering menyusui, pengkosongan
alveolus dan saluran makin baik sehingga kemungkinan terjadinya bendungan susu
makin kecil, dan menyusui makin lancar. Saluran asi yang mengalami bendungan
tidak hanya mengganggu penyususan, tetapi juga mudah terkena infeksi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan
keluarnya oksitosin, hormon ini akan memacu otot rahim sehingga involusi rahim
makin cepat dan baik. Tidak jarang perut ibu merasa mulas pada hari pertama
menyusu ini adalah mekanisme alamiah yang baik untuk kembalinya rahim ke bentuk
semula.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MEKANISME
HISAPAN BAYI</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Refleksi mencari (<i>Rooting reflex</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Payudara ibu yang menempel pada pipi atau derah
sekeliling mulut merupakan rangsangan yang menimbulkan refleks mencari pada
bayi. Ini menyebabkan kepala bayi berputar menuju puting susu yang menempel
tadi diikuti dengan membuka mulut dan kemudian puting susu ditarik masuk ke
dalam mulut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Refleks mengisap (<i>Sucking reflex</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik menyusui yang baik adalah apabila kalang
payudara sedapat mungkin semuanya masuk ke dalam mulut bayi, tetapi hal ini
tidak mungkin dilakukan pada ibu yang kalang payudaranya besar. Untuk itu maka
sudah cukup bila rahang bayi supaya menekan sinus laktiferus yang terletak di
puncak kalang payudara di belakang puting susu. Tidak dibenarkan bila rahang
bayi hanya menekan puting susu saja, karena bayi hanya dapat mengisap susu
sedikit dan pihak ibu akan timbul lecet-lecet pada puting susunya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Puting susu yang sudah masuk ke dalam mulut dengan
bantuan lidah, di mana lidah dijulurkan di atas gusi bawah puting susu ditarik
lebih jauh sampai pada orofaring dan rahang menekan kalang payudara di belakang
puting susu yang pada saat itu sudah terletak pada langit-langit keras (palatum
durum). Dengan tekanan bibir dan gerakan rahang secara berirama, maka gusi akan
menjepit kalang payudara dan sinus laktiferus, sehingga air susu akan mengalir
ke puting susu, selanjutnya bagian belakang lidah menekan puting susu pada
langit-langit yang mengakibatkan air susu keluar dari puting susu. Cara yang
dilakukan oleh bayi ini tidak akan menimbulkan cedera pada puting susu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Refleks menelan (<i>Swallowing
reflex</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada saat air susu keluar dari puting susu, akan
disusul dengan gerakan mengisap (tekanan negatif) yang ditimbulkan oleh otot-otot
pipi, sehingga pengeluaran air susu akan bertambah dan diteruskan dengan
mekanisme menelan masuk ke lambung. Keadaan akan terjadi berbeda bila bayi
diberisusu botol di mana rahang mempunyai peranan sedikit di dalam menelan dot
botol, sebab susu dengan mudah mengalir dari lubang dot. Dengan adanya gaya
berat, yang disebabkan oleh posisi botol yang dipegang ke arah bawah dan
selanjutnya dengan adanya isapan pipi (tekanan negatif) kesemuanya ini akan
membantu aliran susu, sehingga tenaga yang diperlukan oleh bayi untuk mengisap
susu menjadi minimal. Kebanyakan bayi-bayi yang masih baru belajar menyusui
pada ibunya, kemudain dicoba dengan susu botol secara bergantian, maka bayi
tersebutkan menjadi bingung puting (nipple confusion). Sehingga sering bayi menyusu
pada ibunya, caranya menyusui seperti mengisap dot botol, keadaan ini berakibat
kurang baik dalam pengeluaran air susu ibu. Oleh karena itu kalau terpaksa bayi
tidak bisa langsung disusui oleh ibunya pada awal-awal kehidupan, sebaiknya
bayi diberi minum melalui sendok, cangkir atau pipet, sehingga bayi tidak
mengalami bingung putting.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha19ROnqhe8GLr2cqAFwVqT3_Y7qPs6uW7NsIQd4G4oV8shvC2VrStTMdQvhSoYj05JUQiUGeLYf-q2au1XRIWOiykiMP5FLEd29dwuXo5y4TweX0p8oE6n0tiAVQUdTQaJRX3YLbrNsU/s1600/17.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEha19ROnqhe8GLr2cqAFwVqT3_Y7qPs6uW7NsIQd4G4oV8shvC2VrStTMdQvhSoYj05JUQiUGeLYf-q2au1XRIWOiykiMP5FLEd29dwuXo5y4TweX0p8oE6n0tiAVQUdTQaJRX3YLbrNsU/s320/17.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>4. ZAT PENGHAMBAT</b></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Produksi ASI juga dikendalikan di dalam payudara itu
sendiri. Bila dalam satu payudara ada banyak ASI yang tertinggal, maka zat
penghambat akan memerintahkan sel-sel pembuat susu untuk berhenti bekerja.
Penghentian ini diperlukan untuk mencegah payudara yang bersangkutan mengalami
efek kepenuhan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hal ini menjelaskan kepada kita
mengapa jika bayi lebih banyak menyusu pada satu payudara, maka payudara
tersebut menghasilkan lebih banyak ASI dan ukurannya menjadi lebih besar dari
payudara lainnya. Agar satu payudara tetap menghasilkan ASI, maka ASI yang ada
di dalamnya harus dikeluarkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HORMON
YANG BERPERAN DALAM PROSES LAKTASI</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Estrogen
: pembesaran mamae <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Progesteron
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo48; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perkembangan sistim sekresi mamae <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo48; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertumbuhan lobulus, pembentukan
alveolus baru, perkembangan sekresi dalam sel-sel alveolus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prolaktin
: Merangsang produksi ASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Somototropin
: Laktogenik ( ringan )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo49; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Glukokorticoid
: Mengatur transportasi ASI selama laktasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tyroid
: Stimulasi nafsu makan (metabolisme)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FAKTOR
PENGELUARAN AIR SUSU<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan
dari belakang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tekanan globuli yang baru terbentuk
didalam sel akan mendorong globuli tersebut kedalam tubulus laktifer dan
pengisapan oleh bayi akan memacu sekresi air susu lebih banyak <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflek neurohormonal <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Apabila bayi di susui akan menghasilkan
rangsangan saraf yang terdapat didalam glandula pituitaria posterior. Sekresi
oksitoksin yang sama akan menyebabkan otot uterus brkontraksi dan membantu
involusi uterus selama puerperium (masa nifas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
menghadapi masa laktasi sejak dari kehamilan telah terjadi perubahan-perubahan
pada kelenjar mamae yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proliferasi jaringan pada alveoli dan
jaringan lemak bertambah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keluaran cairan susu jolong dari ductus
laktiferus disebut colostrum bewarna kuning – putih susu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo53; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipervaskularisasi pada permukaan dan
bagian dalam, dimana vena-vena berdilatasi sehingga tampak jelas <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah persalinan, pengaruh supresi
estrogen dan progesterone hilang <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AIR SUSU IBU (ASI)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI adalah suatu emulsi lemak dalam larutan protein,
laktose dan garam organik yang disekresi oleh kedua belah kelenjar payudara
ibu, sebagai makanan utama bagi bayi. Komposisi asi tidak sama berdasarkan
waktu ke waktu, hal ini berdasarkan <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>stadium
laktasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stadium
ASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kolustrum,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kolostrum </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> air susu </span>yang pertama kali keluar.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kolostrum ini disekresi oleh kelenjar payudara<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>pada hari pertama sampai hari ke empat
pasca<span class="apple-converted-space"> persalinan. Kolostrum </span>merupakan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>cairan dengan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>viskositas kental , lengket dan
berwarna kekuningan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kolostrum mengandung
tinggi<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>protein, mineral, garam,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>vitamin A, nitrogen, sel darah putih dan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>antibodi yang tinggi daripada<span class="apple-converted-space"> ASI matur. </span>Selain itu,<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kolostrum masih mengandung rendah<span class="apple-converted-space"> lemak dan laktosa.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protein utama pada kolostrum adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> immunoglobulin </span>(IgG, IgA dan IgM), yang
digunakan sebagai<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>zat antibodi
untuk mencegah dan menetralisir bakteri, virus, jamur dan parasite. Meskipun
kolostrum yang keluar sedikit menurut ukuran kita, tetapi volume kolostrum yang
ada dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> payudara </span>mendekati kapasitas
lambung bayi <span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>yang berusia 1-2
hari. Volume kolostrum antara 150-300 ml/24 jam. Kolostrum juga merupakan
pencahar<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ideal untuk membersihkan
zat yang tidak terpakai dari usus bayi yang baru lahir dan mempersiapkan
saluran pencernaan makanan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>bagi<span class="apple-converted-space"> makanan bayi yang akan datang. </span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI
Transisi / Peralihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI peralihan adalah ASI yang keluar setelah
kolostrum sampai sebelum ASI matang, yaitu sejak hari ke-4 sampai hari ke-10.
Selama dua minggu, volume air susu bertambah banyak dan berubah warna serta
komposisinya. Kadar imunoglobin dan protein berkurang, sedangkan lemak dan
laktosa meningkat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI
Matur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI matur disekresi pada hari ke sepuluh dan
seterusnya.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ASI matur tampak
berwarna putih.<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>Kandungan ASI
matur relative konstan, tidak menggumpal bila dipanaskan.<span class="apple-converted-space"> Air susu </span>yang mengalir pertama kali atau
saat lima menit pertama disebut foremilk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KOMPOSISI
ASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
adalah cairan yang alkalis (basa) berwarna putih kebiruan dengan berat jenis
1031. Rata-rata kandungan Asi dikumpulkan selama 24 jam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protein 1,5%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lemak 3,5%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karbohidrat 7,0%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Garam mineral 0,2 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zat besi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kadar vitamin A, B, C, D dan E lebih
tinggi dibandingkan kadarnya dalam ASS, tetapi lebih sedikit vitamin K dalam
ASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air 78,8%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">BAB III<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 13.0pt;">PENUTUPAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">KESIMPULAN<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem urogenital
merupakan sistem penggabungan antara sistem urinaria dan genital, yaitu sistem
eskresi dan sistem reproduksi. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem urinaria terdiri atas sepasang ginjal, ureter, kandung
kemih dan uretra. Sistem reproduksi pria terdiri dari sepasang tetstis, aluran
reproduksi berupa vas deferens, epididimis, vas everen dan uretra tunggal. Pada
pria dilengkapi penis sebagai organ kopulatoris dan kelenjar asesoris. Sisem
reproduksi wanita terdiri dari sepasang ovarium, saluran reproduksi berupa
sepasang tuba falopii serta uterus dan vagina tunggal. Pada wanita juga
terdapat organ genitalia eksternae dan kelenjar mammae.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Patologi
Manusia Dasar</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“Penyakit
Hati ”</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disusun Oleh :</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mia
Zulfiana (P2.31.31.0.14.027)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiara
Nurlita (P2.31.31.0.14.048)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Verawati
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D – III B</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politeknik
kesehatan kementrian kesehatan jakarta II</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HATI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Hati merupakan organ yang sangat penting dalam pengaturan
homeostasis tubuh meliputi metabolisme, biotransfromasi, sintesis, penyimpanan
dan imunologi. Penyebab penyakit hati bervariasi , sebagian besar disebabkan
oleh virus yang menular secara fekal-oral, parenteral, seksual, efek toksik
dari obat-obatan, akohol, racun, jamur dan lain-lain. </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gangguan penyakit hati
seringkali dihubungkan dengan penyakit hati tertentu, yang dibedakan menjadi
akut dan kronis. Dikatakan akut karena apabila kelainan hati tersebut terjadi
berlangsung selama 6 bulan. Sedangkan penyakit hati kronis apabila kelainan
hati tersebut terjadi berlangsung selama lebih dari 6 bulan.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Klasifikasi Penyakit Hati :</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1. Hepatitis</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2. Sirosis hati</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3. Kanker hati</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4. Perlemakan Hati</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5. Koleostasis dan jaundice</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6. Hemochromatosis</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7. Abses hati</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">DEFINISI HEPATITIS</span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hepatitis berasal dari dua
kata yaitu hepa (hepar/hati) dan itis (radang). Hepatitis merupakan radang yang
terjadi pada organ hati. Karena hampir seluruh tubuh penderita berwarna kekuning-kuningan
maka dalam masyarakat dikenal dengan istilah penyakit kuning (jaundice). Namun,
sebenarnya istilah sakit kuning dapat menimbulkan kerancuan karena tidak semua
sakit kuning disebabkan radang hati.</span></strong><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">EPIDEMIOLOGI HEPATITIS</span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hepatitis banyak melanda pada bayi dari usia 0-12 bulan, pada
anak-anak diperkirakan terjadi dari mulai usia 2- 15 tahun, orang dewasa 15-20
tahun dan orang tua diatas usia 40 tahun keatas. <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Namun
hepatitis yang banyak terjadi dan dialami oleh penduduk Indonesia adalah hepatitis
B.</span></strong></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><strong><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gambar
: virus dari jenis hepatitis yang kemudian akan merusak fungsi organ hati</span></strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">Problem </span><a href="http://penyakithati.org/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">penyakit hati</span></a><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> sangat besar, 1 dari 10 masyarakat Indonesia terserang
hepatitis B. <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kurang lebih 20 juta masyarakat Indonesia menderita hepatitis, 15
juta diantaranya menderita </span></strong></span><a href="http://penyakithepatitisb.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">hepatitis B</span></a><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"> dan 5 juta </span></strong><a href="http://penyakithepatitisc.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">hepatitis C</span></a><strong><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">.</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Sayangnya, tingginya angka ini tidak diikuti dengan kesadaran
dari masyarakat. Bahkan sebelumnya pemerintah pun juga tidak banyak menaruh
perhatian. Hepatitis B seperti fenomena gunung es yang hanya nampak sebagian
kecil saja, yaitu hanya sekitar 30%. Sementara menurut catatan Kementrian
Kesehatan sekitar 5-10 %. Sedangkan sisanya 70% tidak terjamah atau terdeteksi
oleh tenaga kesehatan.</span></div>
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<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Angka penyebaran virus hepatitis di Indonesia
yaitu berkisar 3-15%. Selain itu, tingginya angka penyebaran virus hepatitis
juga berkaitan degan kondisi kebersihan dan kepadatan penduduk yang mempermudah
penularan. Mahalnya pengobatan masih menjadi kendala utama. Terutama pada kasus
hepatitis B dan C. Untuk periksa darah saja sekitar 2 juta. Apalagi pengobatan
hepatitis. Pada hepatitis C, harga obatnya sangat mahal, bisa sampai ratusan
juta. Untuk satu suntikan 9 juta.</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></strong></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ETIOLOGI HEPATITIS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebabnya dapat berbagai macam,
mulai dari virus, hingga obat-obatan, alkohol, bahkan obat tradisional <span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">sekalipun.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">GEJALA/GAMBARAN UMUM HEPATITIS</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOtqty3WOP1gyfYvgTX_tjFkxQDMmxBzPGT84B35o12ZedJVDBbRr89Jy37AZjKRs9ziH-trlYHMfTy4y7weiWnBJ2DmNBdNCT7JwxJ3FabVN0jo08Ee73AsYjyrGo2gVVyvjRoReaHEU/s1600/gambar+awal.jpg"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></b></a></div>
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<span style="mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><strong><span style="color: blue;"></span></strong></div>
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<strong><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">Gambar : Urutan pada kerusakan fungsi organ hati</span></strong><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hepatitis
yang berlangsung kurang dari 6 bulan disebut hepatitis akut, hepatitis yang berlangsung
lebih dari 6 bulan disebut hepatitis kronis.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Hepatitis terdiri dari beberapa jenis diantaranya, Hepatitis A,B,
C, D, E, F dan G. Meskipun gejala yang dialami sama, tetapi ada perbedaan
antara jenis hepatitis yang satu dengan yang lainnya. Diantaranya dalam hal
penularan, penanganan dan dampaknya terhadap </span><a href="http://dedymeliala.blogspot.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">kesehatan.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis A</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jenis ini adalah yang paling ringan
dibanding dengan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">jenis hepatitis</span>
yang lain, dan dapat sembuh dengan sendirinya bahkan tanpa meninggalkan
bekas/jejak.<br />
Hepatitis A dapat menyebabkan pembengkakan hati, tetapi jarang menyebabkan kerusakan
permanen. Anda mungkin merasa seperti terkena flu, mual, lemas, kehilangan
nafsu makan, nyeri perut dan ikterik (mata/kulit berwarna kuning, tinja
berwarna pucat dan urin berwarna gelap) atau mungkin tidak merasakan gejala
sama sekali.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebersihan yang buruk pada saat menyiapkan dan menyantap makanan memudahkan
penularan virus ini. Karena itu, penyakit ini hanya berjangkit di masyarakat
yang kesadaran kebersihannya rendah. Penyebaran/ penularan penyakit ini bisa
melalui kotoran/tinja penderita; biasanya melalui makanan (fecal - oral), bukan
melalui aktivitas seksual atau melalui darah.</span>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Tanda dan gejala Hepatitis A yaitu</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">:</span></b>
</div>
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- Kelelahan</div>
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- Mual dan muntah<br />
- Nyeri perut atau rasa tidak nyaman, terutama di daerah hati (pada sisi kanan
bawah tulang rusuk)<br />
- Kehilangan nafsu makan<br />
- Demam<br />
- Urin berwarna gelap<br />
- Nyeri otot<br />
- Menguningnya kulit dan mata (jaundice).</div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQ2bMQZzpyR0SeIm8UO92irNmBlNWvmWdzKMjp1u_aYV6-FIeeOAjnlEcOuKjELqs0-oGi7EsqpoletHFpzTt9BDbd2uKqLXq8MUb2SeOE5rSon2tdhZ4jhVJQ5Tm4gVfVWvTWcMlher8/s1600/gejala+hepa+a.jpg"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciri penderita hepatitis</span></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis B</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Hepatitis B adalah suatu penyakit hati yang disebabkan oleh "Virus
Hepatitis B" (VHB)/ hepatitis serum, suatu anggota famili <i>Hepadnavirus</i>
yang dapat menyebabkan peradangan hati akut atau menahun yang pada sebagian
kecil kasus dapat berlanjut menjadi sirosis hati atau kanker hati. </span></div>
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<td style="height: 71.15pt; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjo0fXVsTAOgqeXe5XbbfF-A0A1vnB_uI09uM_EEeL_22cg2lKcCo3qy7YET0mQELwKsByvQwmoeiFqNxhUFV7XVjsygGBfVRrH2k6tfaAKdaw7uA_FDF-qLLDy0js-v9OQcMFVkcxNAkM/s1600/virus+hepatitis+b.jpg"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar virus hepatitis B</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Pada meraka yang terinfeksi VHB akut, 90% pada anak-anak dan 70% pada dewasa
tidak menampakkan gejala sama sekali. Hanya sepertiga dari yang terinfeksi
memperlihatkan keluhan, terutama mata kuning. Gejala mirip hepatitis A, seperti
flu, hilangnya nafsu makan, mual, muntah, rasa lelah, mata kuning dan muntah
serta demam.</span></div>
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<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3BLj9tRg97DmwbapKwV_WstEIWxh3U-L7VRR3hbMGMHd2Ph3zGW8_pgsW_glKu9kiJX3Lb5uzUvLRA1kGcughTPUMJ7OzYAGek_AkTLD2GjpAcoNz-q7at-DWYR2wLEorxZfeThGGDos/s1600/karena+hepa+b.jpg"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gambar penderita hepatitis B</span></div>
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</div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Secara vertikal cara penularan Hepatitis B dapat melalui darah, khususnya dari
ibu ke bayi. Secara horizontal dapat terjadi akibat penggunaan alat suntik yang
tercemar, tindik telinga, tusuk jarum, transfusi darah, penggunaan pisau cukur
dan sikat gigi secara bersama-sama (Hanya jika penderita memiliki penyakit
mulut, sariawan, gusi berdarah,dll), lendir (berciuman) atau luka yang
mengeluarkan darah serta hubungan seksual dengan penderita.<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis C</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis C adalah infeksi yang
terutama menyerang organ hati. Penyakit ini disebabkan oleh virus hepatitis C
(HCV). Hepatitis C seringkali tidak memberikan gejala, namun infeksi kronis
dapat menyebabkan parut (eskar) pada hati, dan setelah menahun menyebabkan
sirosis (pengerasan hati),stadium akhir penyakit hati dan kanker hati.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1J8PGSJ4tsuSEGpLVEo_PDokFjRk1mFRSq0dEMaCr1lfSHKFZsAiMHt6XYDcuHip2BnU6TMLltUZUddgMsgx5vmA9fGEQhVrJaUJZl04kd4N5hOzAhsRVYz28WHuheSzHM_mJ6pn7xMI/s1600/hepa+c.jpg"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Dalam beberapa kasus, orang yang mengalami sirosis juga mengalami gagal hati,
kanker hati, atau pembuluh yang sangat membengkak di esofagus dan lambung, yang
dapat mengakibatkan perdarahan hingga kematian.</span><span style="font-size: 8.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Hepatitis C menular terutama melalui darah. Sebelumnya, transfusi darah
bertanggung jawab atas 80% kasus hepatitis C. Kini hal tersebut tidak lagi
terjadi berkat kontrol yang lebih ketat dalam proses donor dan transfusi darah.
Virus ditularkan terutama melalui penggunaan jarum suntik untuk menyuntikkan
obat-obatan, pembuatan tato yang dilakukan dalam kondisi tidak higienis.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8AKCoFfgcqrezJPaEAeYbjYot1POFegoeIF36mPDoGUl8x07Gu33DmFSW_ayBVIXKz3ORBoLTfxHWKuW_gjLYgGfhCRWsVhrEV-LQqnR7zBS1v09CxKEYwZGo2ZNO5Qv8BYTf2bwXzcU/s1600/penyebab+hepa+c.jpg"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gejala hepatitis C sama dengan hepatitis B. Namun, hepatitis
C lebih berbahaya karena virusnya sulit menghilang. Pada sebagian besar pasien
(70% lebih), virus HCV terus bertahan di dalam tubuh sehingga mengganggu fungsi
liver.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Peginterferon dan ribavirin merupakan obat-obatan standar untuk HCV. Antara
50-80% pasien yang diobati sembuh. Pasien dengan sirosis atau kanker hati
mungkin memerlukan transplantasi hati, namun biasanya virus muncul kembali
setelah transplantasi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tidak ada vaksin untuk hepatitis
C.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<br />
<b>Hepatitis D</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis D (virus delta), adalah
virus cacat yang memerlukan pertolongan virus hepatitis B untuk berkembang biak
sehingga hanya ditemukan hanya pada orang yang terinfeksi hepatitis B. Virus
hepatitis D (HDV) adalah yang paling jarang tapi paling berbahaya dari semua
virus hepatitis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Pola penularan hepatitis D mirip dengan hepatitis B. Diperkirakan sekitar 15
juta orang di dunia yang terkena hepatitis B (HBsAg +) juga terinfeksi
hepatitis D. Infeksi hepatitis D dapat terjadi bersamaan (koinfeksi) atau
setelah seseorang terkena hepatitis B kronis (superinfeksi).<br />
<br />
Orang yang terkena koinfeksi hepatitis B dan hepatitis D mungkin mengalami
penyakit akut serius dan berisiko tinggi mengalami gagal hati akut. Orang yang
terkena superinfeksi hepatitis D biasanya mengembangkan infeksi hepatitis D kronis
yang berpeluang besar (70% - 80%) menjadi sirosis.</span></div>
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<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1ykuBDES0K6cyiMZ7FEGRZfTnG_uj5n3RoI2EGRaGt9PBmUjYP6b3IOpt1oQxH7bzvL_xtvULWsws91no8ed2JWZeD4gLa02e30OTQ5HrBhTGDogF1ys2mUupmIp6zboH2VkLYXaLTWQ/s1600/negara+hepa+d.jpg"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: red; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-themecolor: text1;">Tidak ada vaksin hepatitis D</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, namun dengan mendapatkan vaksinasi hepatitis B maka
otomatis Anda akan terlindungi dari virus ini karena HDV tidak mungkin hidup
tanpa HBV.<br />
<br />
Penularan hepatitis D dapat melalui hubungan seksual, jarum suntik dan
transfusi darah. Gejala penyakit hepatitis D bervariasi, dapat muncul sebagai
gejala yang ringan (ko-infeksi) atau amat progresif.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Hepatitis E</b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis E adalah suatu penyakit
yang menyerang hati (liver) yang disebabkan oleh Virus Hepatitis E.
Penyebarannya melalui makanan dan minuman yang terkontaminasi oleh virus ini.
Virus ini menurut lebih mudah menyebar pada daerah yang memiliki sanitasi yang
buruk.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 12.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Hepatitis E menyebabkan penyakit akut tetapi tidak menyebabkan infeksi kronis.
Secara umum, penderita hepatitis E sembuh tanpa penyakit jangka panjangkeculai
bila terjadi pada kehamilan, khususnya trimester ketiga, dapat mematikan.</span></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhtE6rGoS7oUrpEg_cdWBxHp9iH-4-ddXM-6gP3hAhm0_mXfxWnHE_QswZJ_3bAvhH_SOpMkADsS6XTqc-qhkAjLvvBhT4IXehYqGXwV2GokvnLjcAhaUa8sM7BosJSE5SR3bn7aQzPt1U/s1600/negara+hepa+e.jpg"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wilayah rentan hepatitis E</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Pada sebagian sangat kecil pasien (1-4%), terutama pada ibu hamil, hepatitis E
menyebabkan gagal hati akut yang berbahaya. Saat ini belum ada vaksin hepatitis
E yang tersedia secara komersial. Anda hanya dapat mencegahnya melalui
penerapan standar kebersihan yang baik.<br />
<br />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis F</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Baru ada sedikit kasus
yang dilaporkan. Saat ini para pakar belum sepakat hepatitis F merupakan penyakit
hepatitis yang terpisah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hepatitis G</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Gejala serupa hepatitis C, seringkali infeksi bersamaan dengan hepatitis B
dan/atau C. Tidak menyebabkan hepatitis fulminan ataupun hepatitis kronik.
Penularan melalui transfusi darah jarum suntik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tabel
perbandingan Virus Hepatitis A, B, C, D, dan E</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hepatitis A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hepatitis B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hepatitis C</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hepatitis D</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Hepatitis E</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Inkubasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2 – 4 minggu</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">1 – 6 bulan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2 miggu – 6 bulan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3 minggu – 3 bulan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3 – 6 minggu</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">2.penularan</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">- fekal oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">- jarang terjadi melalui daerah / seks</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">- Darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-Seksual</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-perinatal : tsk ada laporan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-sporadik</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-seksual : sering berganti pasangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-perinatal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-seksual</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-fekal oral</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-kontaminasi makanan</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">3.Kelompok</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Beresiko</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-militer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-penitipan anak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-pecandu obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-seksual</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-tenaga kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-resipien darah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-pecandu obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-tenaga kesehatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-resipien darah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-pecandu obat</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-penderita hepatitis B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">-pelancong daerah endemik</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Diagnosis akut</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">IgM Anti – HAV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">IgM Anti – HBc</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">HBs Ag</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">klinis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">IgM Anti - HDV</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">klinis</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 72.9pt;" valign="top" width="97">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Diagnosis kronis</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 78.2pt;" valign="top" width="104">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 83.8pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">Anti – HBc total</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">HBs Ag</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">HCV Ab</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 84.15pt;" valign="top" width="112">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">HDV Ag</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
<b>Tips mencegah hepatitis</b><br />
<br />
</span>1. Menjaga kebersihan makanan, lingkungan hidup.<br />
2. Menggunakan tusuk jarum, termasuk transfusi darah yang steril.<br />
3. Tidak melakukan <a href="http://dedymeliala.blogspot.com/2012/08/suka-seks-bebas-ketahui-akibatnya.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">seks bebas</span></a>,
terlebih seks bebas terhadap seorang pengidap hepatitis.<br />
4. Tidak menggunakan narkoba, terlebih yang menggunakan jarum suntik dalam
proses penggunaannya.<br />
5. Istirahat yang cukup.<br />
6. Olah raga teratur.<br />
7. Khusus untuk bayi agar diberikan imunisasi lengkap.<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KOMPLIKASI</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara ringkas perjalanan akhir dari penyakit
hepatitis adalah <b>sirosis hati</b> dan <b>hepatoma</b> (kanker
hati). Oleh karena itu perlu diketahui perjalanan penyakit hepatitis, hepatitis
B dan C yang dapat menjadi kronis dan sering menimbulkan dua komplikasi tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HEPATITIS B</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Infeksi hepatitis B yang didapatkan pada masa
perinatal dan balita biasanya asimtomatik dan dapat menjadi kronik pada 90%
kasus. Sedangkan bila infeksi terjadi pada orang dewasa hanya 5% yang menjadi
kronik, sisanya akan sembuh dengan sempurna. Pada beberapa pasien hepatitis B
kronik karsinoma hati dapat terjadi walaupun tidak ditemukan sirosis
hati. <b>Perkembangan menjadi sirosis dapat terjadi rata-rata 2-5% per
tahun dengan HbeAg positif dan 8-10% pada pasien HbeAg negatif</b>. Sirosis
hati akan lebih banyak terjadi apabila ditemukan kadar HBV-DNA yang tinggi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gagal hati (dekompensasi ditemukan pada 3,3%
kasus sirosis tiap tahunnya), dengan gejala asites merupakan gejala terbanyak
diikuti oleh <b>ikterus</b> dan <b>perdarahan</b>.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Angka kematian adalah 0-2% tanpa sirosis hati,
sedangkan dengan sirosis 14-20% dalam waktu 5 tahun sedangkan bila terjadi
dekompensasi meningkat hingga 70-80%.</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hepatitis akut dapat sembuh sempurna pada 90%
kasus</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> sedangkan
pada hepatitis kronik hilangnya virus amat sukar. Walaupun demikian replikasi
virus dapat terkontrol dengan anti virus, sehingga kemungkinan untuk menjadi
sirosis dan kanker hati dapat dikurangi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HEPATITIS C</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Infeksi akan menjadi kronik pada 70-90% kasus
dan seringkali tidak menimbulkan gejala apapun walaupun proses kerusakan hati
berjalan terus. Hilangnya virus setelah terjadinya hepatitis kronik sangat
jarang terjadi. Pada 15-20% pasien hepatitis C kronik terjadi sirosis hati,
dalam waktu 20-30 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan hati akibat infeksi kronik tidak
dapat tergambar pada pemeriksaan fisis maupun laboratorik</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Kecuali bila sudah terjadi sirosis
hati. Pada pasien dimana ALT selalu normal, sekitar 18-20% sudah terdapat
kerusakan hati yang bermakna, sedangkan di antara pasien dengan peningkatan ALT
hampir semuanya sudah mengalami kerusakan hati sedang sampai berat.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Progresivitas hepatitis kronik menjadi sirosis
hati tergantung beberapa faktor resiko yaitu : <b>asupan alkohol</b>, <b>ko-infeksi
dengan virus hepatitis B atau HIV, jenis kelamin laki-laki dan usia tua saat
terjadinya infeksi</b>. Setelah terjadi sirosis hati, maka dapat timbul kanker
hati dengan frekuensi 1-4% tiap tahunnya. Kanker hati dapat terjadi tanpa
melalui sirosis hati walaupun hal ini amat jarang terjadi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Selain gejala gangguan hati, dapat pula timbul
manifestasi ekstra hepatik, antara lain:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">cryoglobulinemia</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dengan komplikasi -
komplikasinya ( <b>glomerulopati</b>, kelemahan, <b>vaskulitis</b>, <b>purpura</b>,
atau <b>atralgia </b>), <b>porphyria cutanea tarda</b>, <b>sicca
syndrome</b> atau <b>lichen planus</b>. Patofisiologinya belum jelas,
namun dihubungkan kemampuan Virus Hepatitis C menganggu respon sistem
imunologis. Contohnya sel limfoid yang terinfeksi dapat berubah sifatnya
menjadi ganas karena dilaporkan tingginya angka kejadian<b>l imfoma non -
Hodgkin</b> pada pasien hepatitis C.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Perjalanan Penyakit Hepatitis B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Infeksi VHB dapat akut maupun kronis.
Pada infeksi VHB yang akut, mayoritas penderita sembuh. Pada penderita yang
berlanjut menjadi<span style="background: white; color: #5a5a5a;"> </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">infeksi kronis,
risiko untuk terjadinya sirosis hepatis, karsinoma hepatoselular, dan gagal
hati meningkat.6 Infeksi kronis ditandai dengan adanya HBsAg + minimal 6 bulan</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;">. </span><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 1.5pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 572px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 25.35pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="height: 25.35pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 25.35pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HbeAg</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Anti HbeAg </span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 25.35pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">HBV DNA</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 25.35pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">ALT Level </span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 25.35pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Biopsi Hati </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Imun
tolerans</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> HbeAg+</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> >
20.000 IU/ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Normal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Normal
atau aktivitas minimal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Imun
klirens</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> HbeAg +
atau</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">anti HbeAg + </span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> >
2.000 IU/ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Meningkat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Inflamasi
aktif</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 24.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Karier
inaktif (replikasi rendah) </span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> HbeAg - /
anti HbeAg +</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> <
2.000 IU/ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Normal</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 24.75pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Normal
atau inflamasi minimal</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.3pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Reaktivasi</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> HbeAg - /
anti HbeAg +</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> 2.000 -
20.000 IU/ml</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Meningkat</span></div>
</td>
<td style="height: 3.3pt; padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Inflamas,
Fibrosis </span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase 'imun
tolerans</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase imun tolerans
kebanyakan terjadi pada anak yang terinfeksi saat lahir oleh ibu positif
hepatitis B dengan level HBV DNA yang tinggi dan pada dewasa muda. Fase ini
biasanya terjadi selama 2–4 minggu, tetapi dapat bertahan sampai bertahun–tahun
pada mereka yang terinfeksi pada masa perinatal. Individu yang berada pada fase
ini sangat mudah menularkan ke individu lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase 'imun
klirens’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada fase ini,
sistem imun tubuh berusaha untuk mengeradikasi VHB dengan menghancurkan sel
hati yang terinfeksi.2 Sel hati yang hancur akan mengeluarkan ALT sehingga pada
fase ini level HBV DNA menurun, ALT meningkat, dan pada biopsi hati ditemukan
inflamasi hati yang aktif. Pada fase ini pengobatan untuk hepatitis
B diberikan. Pada fase ini dapat terjadi serokonversi HBeAg. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase 'karier’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Pada fase
ini level HBV DNA tidak terdeteksi atau rendah dan ALT biasanya normal
menunjukkan tidak ada replikasi VHB atau replikasi yang terjadi rendah. Fase
ini dapat berlangsung selama bertahun–tahun atau bahkan seumur hidup.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Fase ‘reaktivasi’</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada fase ini
level HBV DNA kembali meningkat diikuti dengan kadar ALT yang meningkat dan
inflamasi sel hati bahkan bisa sampai terjadi fibrosis. Penderita pada fase ini
juga perlu diberikan pengobatan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center">
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirosis Hepatis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirosis
Hepatis atau sirosis hati atau pengerasan pada hati merupakan kelainan bentuk
dan fungsi hati sebagai salah satu organ besar manusia yang menetralisir racun
dalam tubuh. Seseorang dengan sirosis mengalami pergantian jaringan hati yang
normal dengan jaringan parut yang merusak sel hati sehingga hati tidak dapat
berfungsi secara normal. Sirosis hepatis dapat terdiri atas sirosis hepatis
ringan hingga parah. Sirosis hepatis ringan dapat memperbaiki fungsi hati
dengan sendirinya, sehingga hati dapat bekerja secara normal kembali. Sedangkan
pada sirosis hepatis parah, jaringan parut yang terlalu banyak telah membuat
fungsi hati tidak dapat berfungsi dengan normal. Beberapa penyebab sirosis
hepatis adalah virus, obat-obatan tertentu, ataupun penyakit autoimun hati.
Cara penyembuhan terbaik bagi sirosis hepatis adalah dengan melakukan
pencangkokan hati. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Epidemiologi Sirosis</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penderita
sirosis hati lebih banyak dijumpai pada laki-laki jika dibandingkan dengan
wanita sekitar 1,6:1, dengan umur rata-rata terbanyak antara golongan umur
30-59 tahun, dengan puncaknya sekitar umur 40-49 tahun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gejala Cirrhosis (Sirosis Hepatis)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
gejala umum yang dialami penderita sirosis hepatis adalah :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sering
merasa lelah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mual dan
muntah</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kehilangan
nafsu makan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berat badan
berkurang</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gangguan
pencernaan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terjadi
pendarahan pada perut atau saluran esophagus</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gatal pada
tubuh</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mudah
mengalami memar dan pendarahan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Warna kulit
perlahan menguning (</span><a href="http://meetdoctor.com/topic/jaundice"><i><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">jaundice</span></i></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab Cirrhosis (Sirosis Hepatis)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut
adalah penyebab terjadinya sirosis hepatis :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penggunaan
akohol secara berlebihan dalam jangka waktu yang lama</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://meetdoctor.com/topic/hepatitis-b"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hepatitis B</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><a href="http://meetdoctor.com/topic/hepatitis-c"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">C</span></a><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Obat-obatan
tertentu</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terlalu
sering terkena paparan racun seperti arsenik</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kerusakan
saluran empedu (<i>primary biliary cirrhosis</i>)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penumpukan
lemak dalam hati (<i>nonalcoholic fatty liver disease</i>)</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyakit
hati yang disebabkan sistem kekebalan tubuh (<i>autoimmune hepatitis</i>)</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komplikasi Akibat Cirrhosis (Sirosis
Hepatis)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
komplikasi yang dapat terjadi akibat sirosis hepatis adalah :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih mudah
terinfeksi penyakit lainnya</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hilangnya
nafsu makan. Hal ini d iakibatkan ketidakmampuan tubuh untuk menerima
protein secara normal dalam tubuh</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pendarahan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembengkakan
pada kaki dan perut akibat penumpukan cairan akibat tidak berhasilnya hati
dalam menciptakan protein hati.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lebih rentan
terkena kanker hati</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosa Cirrhosis (Sirosis Hepatis)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebelum
memutuskan seseorang menderita sirosis hepatis, dokter biasanya akan melakukan
tes darah dan CT Scan. Tes tersebut dilakukan untuk melihat tingkatan gangguan
hati yang terdapat pada tubuh pasien. Guna memastikan sirosis hepatis positif
atau tidak, dokter akan melakukan pembedahan guna melihat kondisi jaringan
hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengobatan Cirrhosis (Sirosis Hepatis)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berbeda
tingkatan berbeda pula pengobatan yang dilakukan bagi penderita sirosis
hepatis. Seorang penderita sirosis hepatis ringan masih dapat melakukan
pengobatan seperti mengonsumsi obat-obatan penawar hepatitis B dan C. Selain
itu penderita sirosis hepatis ringan harus dapat meninggalkan kebiasaan merokok
guna mempercepat penyembuhan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedangkan
bagi penderita sirosis hepatis parah, pemberian antibiotik, serta rangkaian tes
darah serta CT scan hingga transplantasi hati.</span><span style="font-size: 1.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Transplantasi
dilakukan jika hati sudah dinyatakan tidak berfungsi kembali. Melakukan
transplantasi merupakan keputusan yang sulit karena membutuhkan pendonor dan
mengeluarkan biaya yang mahal. Selain itu, tidak selamanya hati dari hasil
donor cocok bagi pasien penerima donor</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pencegahan Cirrhosis (Sirosis Hepatis)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Beberapa
pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan adalah :</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghindari
konsumsi minuman beralkohol</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tetap
perhatikan jadwal imunisasi/vaksinasi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lakukan diet
sodium rendah</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kanker
Hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">EpidEmiologi kanker hati</span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Banyak Terjadi di Negara-negara
Berkembang ,</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kanker hati adalah tipe kanker paling umum kelima di antara
laki-laki dan ketujuh di antara wanita. Sekitar 85% kasus kanker hati di dunia
terjadi di negara-negara yang masih berkembang<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">.</i> Di Indonesia, diperkirakan terdapat sekitar 33.000 kasus baru
kanker hati setiap tahunnya. Angka ini diperkirakan akan meningkat seiring
dengan bertambahnya jumlah penderita hepatitis B dan C yang saat ini mencapai
30 juta jiwa.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Etiologi
Kanker Hati</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></i></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Penyebab
tingginya kasus kanker hati di negara-negara yang masih berkembang adalah
tingginya kasus hepatitis B dan C di negara-negara tersebut, termasuk di
Indonesia. Sebanyak 59% kasus kanker hati di negara yang masih berkembang
disebabkan oleh hepatitis B dan 33% oleh hepatitis C. Sedangkan di
negara-negara yang sudah maju seperti negara-negara di Eropa, penyebab utama
kanker hati adalah konsumsi alkohol yang tinggi dan </span><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/obesitas" target="_blank"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">obesitas </span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">yang
meningkat.<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i></b></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penyebab dan
bagaimana terjadinya perubahan pada sel-sel dalam kanker hati masih belum bisa
dipastikan. Walau demikian, risiko kanker hati sepertinya meningkat seiring
dengan kerusakan pada organ hati, seperti penyakit sirosis. Tetapi, tidak semua
kasus sirosis akan berujung pada kanker hati.</span></div>
<h4 style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></h4>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gejala
kanker hati</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Umumnya
pengidap kanker hati stadium awal tidak merasakan gejala yang berarti. Bentuk
gejala hanya akan terasa jelas pada stadium lanjut. Meski demikian beberapa
gejala berikut ini dapat diwaspadai sebagai gejala kanker hati:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merasa
sangat lelah dan lemas.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Urin
berwarna gelap.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sakit perut.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gatal-gatal.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Organ hati
membengkak.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merasa </span><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/mual" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mual</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
dan muntah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Turunnya
berat badan tanpa sebab.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit dan
bagian putih mata yang menguning.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gumpalan </span><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/tumor/" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tumor</span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">terbentuk
ketika sel-sel mulai berkembang dan bereproduksi secara tidak terkendali.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diagnosis
kanker hati</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemantauan untuk Deteksi Kanker Hati secara Intensif</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika
Anda termasuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kelompok orang yang
berisiko tinggi mengidap kanker hati seperti penderita </span><a href="http://www.alodokter.com/sirosis" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">sirosis</span></a><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, disarankan untuk melakukan pemeriksaan
berkala setiap enam bulan sekali.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemeriksaan
biasanya melalui dua tahap, yaitu tes darah dan ultrasonografi (USG). Tes darah
berfungsi untuk mendeteksi ada atau tidak adanya protein di dalam darah yang
disebut alfa fitoprotein (AFP). Selain itu, ultrasonografi atau USG dilakukan
untuk mengetahui kelainan pada organ hati.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tes Konfirmasi Diagnosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
beberapa tes yang dapat digunakan untuk mengonfirmasi diagnosis kanker hati,
yaitu:</span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MRI scan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CT scan</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Biopsi</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laparoskopi</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Meski
demikian, Anda tidak perlu menggunakan semua jenis tes untuk memastikan
diagnosis tersebut.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahap-tahap Perkembangan Kanker Hati</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem
peringkat Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) membagi lima tahap perkembangan
kanker hati sebagai berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stadium
A:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> pasien dalam kondisi sehat dan
hatinya berfungsi normal. Tapi telah tumbuh sebuah tumor berdiameter kurang
dari 5 cm, atau terdapat tiga tumor atau lebih dengan diameter kurang dari 3
cm.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stadium
B:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terdapat beberapa tumor dalam hati,
namun belum berpengaruh pada fungsi hatinya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stadium
C:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> kanker telah mulai menyebar ke dalam
pembuluh darah, ke dalam nodus getah bening sekitarnya atau bagian tubuh yang
lain. Tubuh sang pengidap tidak begitu sehat dan fungsi hatinya tidak bekerja
dengan begitu baik.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stadium
D:</span></b><span style="mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> si pengidap mulai menunjukkan gejala
tahap akhir penyakit hati, seperti penumpukan cairan dalam perut. Hati telah
kehilangan sebagian besar kemampuan fungsionalnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Koleostasis dan jaundice</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¡<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Koleostasis
merupakan keadaan akibat kegagalan produksi / pengeluaran empedu. Lamanya
menderita kolestasis dapat menyebabkan gagalnya penyerapan lemak dan vitamin A,
D, E, K oleh usus, juga adanya penumpukan asam empedu, bilirubin, dan kolestrol
di hati </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¡<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Adanya
kelebihan bilirubin dalam dalam sirkulasi darah dan penumpukan pigmen empedu
pada kulit, membran mukosa dan bola mata (pada sklera) disebut jaundice. Pada
keadaan ini kulit penderita terlihat kuning , warna urine lebih gelap, warna
feses lebih terang. Biasanya gejala tersebut timbul bila kadar bilirubin total
dalam darah melebihi 3 mg/dl. Pemeriksaam yang dilakukan untuk kolestasis dan
jaundice yaitu terhadap Alkali posfatase, Gamma GT, Bilirubin total dan
bilirubin direk.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Hemochromatosis</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¡<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Hemochromatosis
merupakan kelainan metabolisme<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>besi yang
ditandai dengan adanya pengendapan besi secara berlebihan dalam jaringan.
Penyakit ini bersifat genetik / turunan. Pemeriksaan laboratorium untuk
mendeteksi terjadinya hemochromatosis adalah pemeriksaan terhadap transferin
dan ferritin </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Abses Hati</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Wingdings 2"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Wingdings 2";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">¡<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span>Abses
hati dapat disebabkan oleh infeksi bakteri atau amuba. Kondisi ini disebabkan
karena bakteri berkembang biak dengan cepat, menimbulkan gejala dan menggigil. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Daftar Pustaka :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">1.
Hayes C. Peter, Mackay, Thomas W<i>.</i>, <i>Buku Saku Diagnosis dan Terapi</i>,
cetakan I, EGC, Jakarta, 1997: 165-184.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">2.
http: // www.Labtestonline.org/understanding/conditions/Hati_disease-4.html.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
3. http://medicastore.com</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
4. <span style="color: black;">Anonim,
<i>Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia</i>, Ed 30</span><span style="color: black; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 115%;">th</span><span style="color: black;">, The
Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1993. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">5. Anonim,
<i>MIMS Petunjuk Konsultasi</i>, PT. InfoMaster Lisensi CMP Medica, 2005:
84-87. Dipiro, Joseph T., <i>Gastrointestinal Disorders</i>, hal 195-246.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">6.
www.hepatologi.org</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: black;">7.
Ebook : Hepatologi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-13399848209598982812015-03-28T11:09:00.004+07:002015-03-28T11:09:57.831+07:00BINA SUASANA<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PengertianBinaSusasana<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertianbinasuasana</span><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #4e004d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalahmenjalinkemitraanuntukpembentukanopinipublikdgnberbagaiopiniygada
di masyarakat(toma,Toga, LSM,duniausaha/swasta,organisasiprofesi,pemerintahdll)
sehinggadapatmenciptakanopinipublik yang jujur
,terbukasesuainorma,situasi,dankondisimasyarakat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuanutamakegiataniniadalah
agar paratokohmasyarakatsebagaijembatanantarasektorkesehatansebagaipelaksana
program kesehatandenganmasyarakat
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massa/pembuatopiniumum.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #4e004d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adanyakesiapanpenyelenggarakesehatandansektorterkait</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; color: #4e004d; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tersedianyasasarandansumberdayalainnya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metode bina suasana dapat
berupa :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pelatiha</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konferensi
pers</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dialog
terbuka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Penyuluhan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pendidikan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Pertunjukkan
tradisional.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Diskusi meja bundar (<i>Round table
discussiaon)</i></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pertemuan
berkala di desa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kunjungan lapangan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Studi
banding</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Traveling</span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
seminar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sasaran</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="background: white;">a. TenagaprofesionalKesehatan</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">b. InstitusiPelayananKesehatan</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">c. Organisasimassa</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">d. OrganisasiProfesiKesehatan</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">e. LSM</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">f. Para pemukadan orang-orang berpengaruh di
masyarakkat</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">g. Kelompok media massa</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">h. Kelompokpengusaha yang terkaitKesehatan</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">i. KelompokpeduliKesehatan</span><br />
<br />
<b><br />
<span style="background: white;">Cara melakukanBinaSuasana<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengadakanpelatihan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengadakanlokakary<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengadakansaresehan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengadakanpenyuluhan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengadakanstudi banding kedaerah lain yang
berhasildalammembinaperansertamasyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<span style="background: white;">Langkah-langkahpelaksanaan</span></span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Identifikasimitrakerjabaiklintasprogram,sektor
,LSM,duniausaha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengelompokanmitrakerja<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembagiantugasdanfungsisertajadwalkegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemantauandanevaluasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indikatorkeberhasilan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
peningkatanjumlahkegiatandanjaringankemitraan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada forum
komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada
dokumentasikegiatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ada kesepakatantertulisdanlisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada opinipublik</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Teori Cara
MelakukanPendekatanBinaSuasanaPadaMasyarakat<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Binasuasanadilakukanmelalui
3 pendekatan, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. PendekatanIndividu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BinaSuasanaIndividuditujukankepadaindividu-individutokohmasyarakat.Denganpendekataninidiharapkan
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a) Dapatmenyebarluaskanopini yang
positifterhadapperilaku yang sedangdiperkenalkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b) Dapatmenjadiindividu-individupanutandalamhalperilaku
yang sedangdiperkenalkan.Yaitudenganbersediaataumaumempraktikkanperilaku yang
sedangdiperkenalkantersebut (misalnyaseorangpemuka agama yang rajinmelaksanakan
3 M yaituMenguras, MenutupdanMengubur demi
mencegahmunculnyawabahdemamberdarah).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c) Dapatdiupayakan agar merekabersediamenjadikaderdanturutmenyebarluaskaninformasigunamenciptakansuasana
yang kondusifbagiperubahanperilakuindividu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. PendekatanKelompok<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BinaSuasanaKelompokditujukankepadakelompok-kelompokdalammasyarakat,
sepertipengurusRukunTetangga (RT), pengurusRukunWarga (RW), MajelisPengajian,
PerkumpulanSeni, OrganisasiProfesi, OrganisasiWanita,
OrganisasiSiswa/Mahasiswa, OrganisasiPemuda, dan lain-lain.
Pendekataninidapatdilakukanolehdanataubersama-samadenganpemuka/tokohmasyarakat
yang telahpeduliterhadapperilaku yang diperkenalkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Denganpendekataninidiharapkankelompok-kelompoktersebutmenjadipeduliterhadapperilaku
yang
sedangdiperkenalkandanmenyetujuiataumendukungnya.Bentukdukunganinidapatberupakelompoktersebutbersediajugamempraktikkanperilaku
yang sedangdiperkenalkan,
mengadvokasipihak-pihak yang
terkaitdanmelakukankontrolsosialterhadapindividu-individuanggotanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.
PendekatanMasyarakatUmum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bina Suasana Masyarakat Umum dilakukan terhadap
masyarakat umum dengan membina dan memanfaatkan media-media komunikasi, seperti
radio, televisi, koran, majalah, situs internet, dan lain-lain, sehingga dapat
tercipta pendapat umum yang positif tentang perilaku tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 31.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dengan pendekatan ini diharapkan :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Media-media massa
tersebut menjadi peduli dan mendukung perilaku yang sedang diperkenalkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Media-media massa
tersebut lalu bersedia menjadi mitra dalam rangka menyebar-luaskan informasi
tentang perilaku yang sedang diperkenalkan dan menciptakan pendapat umum (opini
publik) yang positif tentang perilaku tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Suasana atau
pendapat umum yang positif ini akan dirasakan pula sebagai pendukung atau
“penekan” (social pressure) oleh individu-individu anggota masyarakat, sehingga
akhirnya mereka mau melaksanakan perilaku yang sedang diperkenalkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DaftarPustaka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/promosi-kesehatan/pedoman-pelaksanaan-promosi-kesehatan-di-puskesmas.pdf"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.depkes.go.id/resources/download/promosi-kesehatan/pedoman-pelaksanaan-promosi-kesehatan-di-puskesmas.pdf</span></i></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://doktergigi-semarang.blogspot.com/2013/05/pengertian-gerakan-pemberdayaan-bina.html"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://doktergigi-semarang.blogspot.com/2013/05/pengertian-gerakan-pemberdayaan-bina.html</span></i></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://ilyasjelek.blogspot.com/2010/08/strategi-advokasi-kesehatan.html"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://ilyasjelek.blogspot.com/2010/08/strategi-advokasi-kesehatan.html</span></i></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://edywarsanpunya.wordpress.com/tentang-aku/bina-suasana/"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">https://edywarsanpunya.wordpress.com/tentang-aku/bina-suasana/</span></i></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-45103527022483264862015-03-28T11:07:00.003+07:002015-03-28T11:07:57.824+07:00Teknik Khusus Dalam Berkomunikasi<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ilmu Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik Khusus Dalam Berkomunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disusun
Oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sekar
Ayu Nur Fadhilah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Priskilla
Esadianty<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelas
: DIV-2B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politeknik
Kesehatan Kementrian Kesehatan Jakarta 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jurusan
Gizi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian
Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Onong Uchjana Effendy</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi adalah proses penyampaian pesan oleh
seseorang kepada orang lain untuk memberitahu, mengubah sikap, pendapat, atau
perilaku, baik secara lisan (langsung) ataupun tidak langsung (melalui media).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Raymond Ross</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi adalah proses menyortir, memilih, dan pengiriman
simbol-simbol sedemikian rupa agar membantu pendengar membangkitkan respons/
makna dari pemikiran yang serupa dengan yang dimaksudkan oleh komunikator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gerald R. Miller</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi terjadi saat satu sumber menyampaikan pesan kepada
penerima dengan niat sadar untuk memengaruhi perilaku mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Everett M. Rogers </span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi adalah proses suatu ide dialihkan dari satu sumber
kepada satu atau banyak penerima dengan maksud untuk mengubah tingkah laku
mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Carl I. Hovland</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi adalah suatu proses yang memungkinkan seseorang
menyampaikan rangsangan (biasanya dengan menggunakan lambang verbal) untuk
mengubah perilaku orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">New Comb</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi adalah transmisi informasi yang terdiri dari
rangsangan diskriminatif dari sumber kepada penerima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bernard Barelson &
Garry A. Steiner</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi adalah proses transmisi informasi, gagasan, emosi,
keterampilan dan sebagainya dengan menggunakan simbol-simbol, kata-kata,
gambar, grafis, angka, dsb.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l15 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Colin Cherry</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #252137; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi adalah proses dimana pihak-pihak saling menggunakan
informasi dengan untuk mencapai tujuan bersama dan komunikasi merupakan kaitan
hubungan yang ditimbulkan oleh penerus rangsangan dan pembangkitan balasannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
Dasar Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
Umum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik Rapport<br />
</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik rapport,
yaitu suatu kondisi saling memahami dan mengenal tujuan bersama. Tujuan utama
adalah untuk menjembatani hubungan antara konselor dan konseli, sikap
penerimaan dan minat yang mendalam terhadap konseli dan masalahnya.
Implementasi teknik ini di dalam wawancara konseling, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemberian salam yang
menyenangkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menetapkan topik
pembicaraan yang sesuai<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suasana ruang konseling
yang nyaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sikap yang ditandai
dengan kehangatan emosi, realisasi tujuan bersama, menjamin kerahasiaan
konseli, saling percaya, dan saling menghargai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
mengulang kembali (restatement) <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan konselor untuk
mengulang kembali pernyataan konseli dengan maksud untuk memperjelas makna
pesan/ pernyataan yang disampaikan oleh konseli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
menerima (acceptance)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan konselor
sebagai sikap menerima apa adanya keadaan konseli. Tidak ada intepretasi
tertentu terhadap kehadiran konseli kepada konselor. Jadi tidak ada penilaian
positif atau negatif kepada konseli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
menstruktur (structuring)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Konselor menggunakan teknik ini
dalam konseling untuk menstruktur pertemuan konseling. Ada 4 teknik
penstrukturan, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penstrukturan
pembatasan peran (role limit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Penstrukturan pembatasan peran ini
dimaksudkan untuk menghindari peran diri yang tidak proporsional sehingga tidak
menimbulkan kesan keliru bagi konseli tentang peran konselor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penstrukturan
pembatasan waktu (time limit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan konselor untuk
mendorong konseli menggunakan waktu konseling secara efektif, efisien tetapi
produktif. Jika tidak dilakukan pembatasan waktu konseling bisa memakan waktu
lama tetapi tidak ada hasil. Kondisi yang demikian sering membosankan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penstrukturan
pembatasan gerak (action limit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan oleh konselor
membatasi gerak konseli dalam konseling jika ada konseli yang emosional
dan mengacau fasilitas ruang konseling. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penstrukturan
pembatasan masalah (problem limit)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan untuk
membatasi masalah yang dikemukakan konseli sehingga dua pihak menjadi fokus.
Sebagai contoh, konseli tidak bercerita tentang satu masalah saja tetapi banyak
masalah yang tidak ada kaitannya antara yang satu sehingga membingungkan. Dala
kondisi seperti itu konselor harus cermat mendengarkan dan menangkap mana masalah
pokok yang harus dibahas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
memantulkan perasaan (reflection of feeling) <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik yang digunakan konselor untuk
memantulkan perasaan konseli. Memantulkan perasaan perasaan konseli.
Memantulkan perasaan tidak mudah, karena itu konselor perlu mengenal berbagai
perasaan konseli, agar tepat dalam memberikan respon. Kata kunci yang digunakan
adalah sepertinya, nampaknya, kelihatannyam dan lain-lain. Perasaan konseli
dapat konselor lihat dari ekspresi maupun respon verbal atau nonverbal yang
ditampilkan konseli. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
Klarifikasi (clarification)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan konselor untuk
menyatakan makna pokok pernyataan konseli yang cukup panjang. Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli
: “ Saya ingin melanjutkan sekolah saya ke jenjang Perguruan Tinggi. Keinginan
saya itu telah direstui oleh ibu, tetapi ayah yang tidak menyetujuinya. Ayah
ingin saya untuk belajar bekerja, dan ayah mengatakan tidak mempunyai biaya
untuk menyekolahkan saya sampai ke perguruan tinggi.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konselor:
“ Pada dasarnya ada silang pendapat antara ibu dan ayah kamu.”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
simpulan sebagian (summary)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik yang digunakan konselor untuk
membuat kesimpulan setelah konseli menyatakan beberapa respon
(verbal/nonverbal). Ini dilakukan agar konselor dan konseli tidak segera
melupakan pernyataan sebelumnya, sebelum melanjutkan ke pernyataan berikutnya.
Teknik ini terutama dilakukan pada langkah sintesa. Contoh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konselor
: “Tadi kamu mengatakan bahwa tempat kos kamu sekarang tidak kondusif untuk
belajar, teman-teman di kos selalu rebut, sehingga kamu berniat untuk pindah
kos. Bukankah demikian ?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
mendukung/ penguatan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik yang digunakan konselor untuk
memberikan dukungan kepada konseli apabila pernyataan atau rencana-rencana
konseli dinilai oleh konselor cukup efektif, positif dan produktif. Penguatan
yang diberikan oleh konselor bisa berbentuk penguatan verbal maupun nonverbal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Diam
sebagai suatu teknik <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Diam untuk menyatakan atau
mempersilakan konseli untuk terus melanjutkan pembicaraan atau empati terhadap
ungkapan perasaan konseli. Diam bukan berarti membiarkan konseli. Diam adalah
sikap menghargai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 72.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selain
itu tidak jarang konseli tiba-tiba diam (tidak bersuara) dalam konseling.
Konseli yang diam memiliki banyak makna dalam konseling, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli dalam keadaan
bingung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli menolak
pembicaraan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli kehabisan
kata-kata atau ide danragu-ragu mengatakan selanjutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terlanjur mengatakan
sesuatu yang sebelumnya tidak perlu disampaikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli mengharapkan
sesuatu dari konselor tapi konselor tidak memberikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli sedang
memikirkan apa yang akan dikatakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 36.0pt 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli baru menyadari
akan ekspresi emosional sebelumnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Agar konseli tidak terdiam
tiba-tiba dalam konseling, maka konselor seharusnya mendorong konseli untuk
segera merangkai kalimat, membantu konseli merangkai kalimat yang hilang. Untuk
itu konselor perlu mendengarkan secara aktif pernyataan konseli dan
memperhatikan secara utuh tampilan konseli. Selain itu konselor juga
harus mengatur jalannya konseling supaya konseli dapat mengikuti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
konfrontasi<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan untuk
mengembalikan keadaan konseli pada posisi semula sesuai dengan keadaan yang
sebenarnya. Dalam konseling tidak jarang konseli tidak konsisten, artinya
menyatakan diri tidak sesuai dengan keadaan sebenarnya (inkonsisten).
Pernyataan yang satu bertentangan dengan pernyataan yang lain. Dalam keadaan
demikian teknik konfrontasi sangat tepat digunakan oleh konselor. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
mengakhiri <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan untuk
mengakhiri wawancara konseling. Pengakhiran ini dapat dilakukan dengan cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merangkum
isi pembicaraan, merangkum dapat dilakukan konselor atau konselor bersama-sama
konseli.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengatakan
bahwa waktu sudah habis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengajak
konseli bertemu di waktu yang akan datang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menunjukkan
isyarat gerak ( seperti melihat jam tangan atau jam dinding)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l22 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menekankan
sekali lagi bahwa konseli memiliki tugas untuk menindaklanjuti keputusan yang
akan dilakukan dalam sebuah tindakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l21 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
Khusus<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dalam konseling, disamping
menggunakan keterampilan-keterampilan dasar atau teknik-teknik umum, seperti
yang telah diuraikan di atas, dalam hal-hal tertentu dapat menggunakan
teknik-teknik khusus. Teknik khusus ini dikembangkan dari berbagai pendekatan
atau teori konseling, seperti Behaviorisme, Rational Emotive Threrapy, Gestalt,
dan lainnya. Berikut ini merupakan beberapa teknik khusus dalam wawancara
konseling.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Latihan
Arsetif<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik ini digunakan untuk konseli
yang mengalami kesulitan untuk menyatakan diri bahwa tindakannya adalah layak
atau benar, Latihan ini bermanfaat untuk membantu konseli yang tidak mempu
mengungkapkan perasaan yang sesungguhnya ia rasakan.Cara yang digunakan adalah
dengan permainan peran dengan bimbingan konselor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disensitisasi
Sistematis<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Disensitisasi sistematis merupakan
teknik konseling Behavioral yang memfokuskan bantuan untuk menenangkan konseli
dari ketegangan yang dialami dengan cara mengajarkan atau mengajak konseli
untuk rilek. Esensi teknik ini adalah untuk menghilangkan perilaku yang
diperkuat secara negatif dan menyertakan respon yang berlawanan dengan perilaku
yang akan dihilangkan. Dengan pengkondisian klasik respon-respon yang tidak
dikehendaki dapat dihilangkan secara bertahap. Jadi disensitisasi sistematis
pada hakekatnya merupakan teknik rileksasi yang digunakan untuk menghapus
perilaku yang diperkuat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Secara negatif biasanya merupakan
kecemasan, dan ia menyertakan respon yang berlawanan dengan perilaku yang akan
dihilangkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengkondisian
Aversi<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik
ini dapat digunaklan untuk menghilangkan kebiasaan buruk. Teknik ini
dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan kepekaan konseli agar mengamati respon pada
stimulus yang disinerginkan dengan kebalikan stimulus tersebut. Stimulus yang
tidak menyenangkan yang disajikan tersebut deberikan bersamaan deng munculnya
perilaku yang tidak dikehendaki kemunculannya. Pengkondisian ini diharapkan
terbentuk asosiasi antara perilaku yang tidak dikehendaki dengan stimulus yang
tidak menyenangkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembentukan
Perilaku Model<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik
ini dapat digunakan untuk membentuk perilaku baru pada konseli dan memperkuat
perilaku yang sudah terbentuk. Dalam hal ini konselor menunjukkan kepada
konseli tentang perilaku model, dapat digunakan audio, model fisik, model hidup
atau lainnya yang teramati dan dipahami jenis perilaku yang hendak dicontoh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Permainan
Dialog<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik
ini digunakan dengan cara konseli dikondisikan untuk mendialogkan dua
kecenderungan yang saling bertentangan, yaitu kecenderungan top dog.
Misalnya kecenderungan bertanggung jawab dengan kecenderungan masa bodoh. Pada
akhirnya konseli akan mengarahkan dirinya pada suatu posisi di mana ia berani
mengambil keputusan dan resiko. Penerapan teknik dialog ini dapat dilakukan
dengan menggunakan teknik “kursi kosong” <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Latihan
“Saya Bertangggung Jawab Atas…”<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Latihan
ini dimaksudkan untuk membantu konseli agar mengakui dan menerima
perasaan-perasaannya dari pada memproyeksikan perasaannya dari pada
memproyeksikan perasaannya kepada orang lain. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bermain
proyeksi <o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proyeksi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memantulkan
kepada orang lain perasaan-perasaan yang dirinya sendiri tidak mau melihatnya
atau menerimanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengingkari
perasaan-perasaan sendiri dengan cara memantulkannya kepada orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sering
terjadi perasaan-perasaan yang dipantulakan kepada orang lain merupakan atribut
yang dimilikinya. Perasaan-perasaan tersebut dikenal sebagai bentuk mekanisme
pertahanan ego. Dalam teknik ini konselor meminta konseli untuk mencoba atau
melakukan hal-hal yang diproyeksikan orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
Pembalikan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dalam
teknik ini konselor meminta konseli untuk memainkan peran yang berkebalikan
dengan perasaan-perasaan yang dikeluhkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 9)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tetap
pada Perasaan<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik
ini digunakan untuk konseli yang menunjukkan perasaan atau suasana hati yang
tidak menyenangkan atau sangat ingin menghindari perasaan tersbut. Konselor
mendorong konseli untuk tetap bertahan pada perasaan yang ingin dihindarinya
itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 10)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemberian
Tugas Rumah ( Home work assignment)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik
ini dimaksudkan untuk membina dan mengembangkan sikap-sikap tanggung jawab,
kepercayaan pada diri sendiri serta kemampuan untuk mengarahkan diri, mengolah
diri konseli dan mengurangi ketergantungan kepada konselor. Teknik yang
dilaksanakan dalam bentuk tugas-tugas rumah untuk melatih, membiasakan diri,
dan menginternalisasikan sistem nilai tertentu yang menuntut pola perilaku yang
diharapkan. Adapun tujuan
pemberian tugas rumah ini, yaitu untuk mempelajari bahan-bahan tertentu yang
ditugaskan untuk mengubah aspek kognisinya yang keliru, mengadakan
latihan-latihan tertentu berdasarkan tugas yang diberikan dan untuk
menghilangkan ide-ide dan perasaan-perasaan yang tidak rasional dan tidak
logis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 11)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Imitasi</span></i></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
Teknik untuk menirukan
secara terus menerus suatu model perilaku tertentu dengan maksud menghadapi dan
menghilangkan perilakunya sendiri yang bersifat negatif. Teknik ini efektif
diterapkan kepada koseli yang memiliki kebiasaan negatif yang sering kali
muncul dalam keseharian konseli tanpa disadarinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 12)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bermain
Peran<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik
ini untuk mengekspresikan berbagai jenis perasaan yang menekan
perasaan-perasaan negatif melalui suatu suasana yang dikondisikan sedemikian
rupa sehingga konseli dapat secara beebas mengungkapkan dirinya sendiri melalui
peran tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 13)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><!--[endif]--><b><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik
Kursi Kosong (Empty Chair)<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik
ini untuk membantu konseli yang mengalami masalah berkenaan dengan terhambatnya
komunikasi dengan orang lain, permasalahan yang dimaksudkan adalah ketidak
beranian/ ketidak sanggupan konseli untuk berhadapan denga orang yang
dimaksudkan. Melalui teknik ini konseli dilatihkan tentang cara berhadapam dan
berkomunikasi dengan seseorang dengan memanfaatkan media kursi kosong. Adapun
tujuan dari penggunaan teknik ini, yaitu: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l19 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 76.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengatasi masalah
konseli khususnya cara komunikasi konseli dengan menggunakan media kursi
kosong.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengatasi masalah
konseli yang menyangkut hubungan konseli dengan orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konseli mampu
berkomunikasi dengan baik sehingga masalahnya terentaskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
pada Penderita Redartasi Mental<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Definisi retardasi mental<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Menurut American Ass ociacion
on Mental Retardation (AAMR) 1992 retardasi mental yaitu: Kelemahan atau
ketidakmampuan kognitif muncul pada masa kanak-kanak (sebelum 18 tahun) di
tandai dengan IQ di bawah normal (IQ 70 – 75 atau kurang), dan di sertai
keterbatasan lain pada sedikitnya dua area berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Berbicara dan berbahasa,
keterampilan merawat diri, ADL, keterampilan sosial,penggunaan sarana
masyarakat, kesehatan dan keamanan, akademik, fungsional, bekerja dan rileks,
dan lain-lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Berikut ini adalah klasifikasi
retardasi mental yang di tunjukan dengan bagan (Dr.wiguna & ika,2005)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt 18.0pt 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RM
ringan (IQ 55-70) membutuhkan bantuan tentang masalah kehidupannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RM
sedang (IQ 40-55) membutuhkan pelayanan pendidikan yang khusus dan dukungan
pelayanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt 18.0pt 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RM
Berat (IQ 25-40) memerlukan super visi yang ketat dan pelayanan khusus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: 4.5pt 18.0pt 67.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">RM
Sangat berat (IQ<25) memerlukan supervise total dan perawatan sepanjang
hidupnya, karena pada tahap ini pasien benar-benar tidak mampu mengurus dirinya
sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyebab Retardasi Mental<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor prenatal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Mengonsumsi alkohol, bahan-bahan
kimia, dan nutrisi yang buruk dan penyakit ibu hamil
dapat menyebabkan retardasi mental.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor psikososial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Seperti lingkungan rumah atau social
yang miskin yaitu yang tidak memberikan stimulasi intelektual, penelantaran,
atau kekerasan dari orang tua dapat menjadi penyebab atau memberi kontribusi
dalam perkembangan RM. (Nevid 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kasus yang berhubungan
dengan aspek psikososial di sebut sebagai RETARDASI budaya-keluarga
(cultural-familial retardantion) pengaruh cultural yang mungkin
memberikan kontribusi terhadap gangguan ini termasuk penganiayaan, penelantaran
dan deprivasi sosial. (Durand,2007)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h2 style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12.0pt; font-weight: normal; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Faktor biologis<o:p></o:p></span></h2>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 13.5pt 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh
genetik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kebanyakan peneliti percaya bahwa di
samping pengaruh-pengaruh lingkungan,penderita retardasi mental mungkin di
pengaruhi oleh gangguan gen majemuk (lebih dari satu
gen). (Abuelo,1991,dalam Durand,2007).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh
kromosom<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Para peneliti menemukan bahwa penderita sindrom down
memiliki sebuah kromosom kecil tambahan semenjak itu sejumlah penyimpangan
kromosom lain menimbulkan retardasi mental telah terindentifikasi yaitu Down
Syndrome dan Fragile X syndrome.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perspektif
aliran-aliran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran
psikoanalisis : penyebab retardasi mental adalah
salah satunyadikarenakan oleh prenatal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran
behavorisme : karena pola asuh yang salah yaitu memodeling dengan cara yang
keliru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran
kognitif (Bandura,Rotter) : berfokus pada peran dari peran kognitif atau
kognisi dan dari belajar melalui pengamatan (modeling) dalam prilaku manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran
humanistic : menekankan bahwa anak-anak retardasi mental memiliki
keunikan tersendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aliran
psikologi transpersonal : pada konsep transendetal yaitu hubungan antara
seorang individu dengan tuhannya, disini di jelaskan bahwa seseorang individual
harus menghargai setiap ciptaan Allah SWT, walaupun terdapat perbedaan baik
dari segi fisik, kesehatan mental dan proses kognitif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gejala
retardasi mental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Menurut kriteria DSM-IV-TR untuk gejala anak
retardasi mental terbagi dalam tiga kelompok yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki
IQ < 70<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Adanya
defisit atau rendahya dalam fungsi adaptif yang muncul beragam setidaknya dua
bidang yakni, komunikasi merawat diri sendiri, mengurus rumah,keterampilan
sosial, interpersonal, memanfaatkan sumber daya di masyarakat, keterampilan
akademis, pekerjaan, kesehatan dan keselamatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Ciri
intelektual dan kemampuan adaptif itu harus muncul sebelum mencapai 18
tahun. (brown, dkk 1991 dalam sekar, 2007) menyatakan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lamban
dalam mempelajari hal-hal yang baru, tanpa latihan terus-menerus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesulitan
dalam menggeneralisasi dan mempelajari hal-hal yang baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kemampuan
bicaranya sangat kurang bagi anak retardasi mental berat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cacat
fisik dan perkembangan gerak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kurang
dalam kemampuan menolong diri sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tingkah
laku dan interaksi yang tidak lazim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">§<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tingkah
laku kurang wajar yang terus-menerus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
pengobatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Terapi yang di gunakan adalah menggunakan beberapa cara, yaitu
diantaranya sebagai berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
baca (dengan pendekatan montesoori) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tujuan
ini bertujuan untuk memberikan edukasi secara dini kepada pasien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pilihan
bebas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="tab-stops: 13.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan
cara ini anak di beri kebebasan untuk memilih kebutuhan yang sesuai dengan
minatnya, aktivitas kehidupan sehari-hari pasien menjadi bagian dari kurikulum
yang di berikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
perilaku<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberikan
pengetahuan tentang cara pandang si anak tersebut. Terapi ini bertujuan untuk
mengubah perilaku yang cenderung agresif dan menciptakan self injury.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
bicara konselor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberikan
contoh prilaku bicara yang baik, karena pada dasarnya, anak retardasi mental
akan terlihat dalam mengucapkan sebuah kata-kata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
sosialisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasien
di ajak untuk dapat berkominikasi dengan orang lain, melakukan interaksi secara
verbal sehingga disini akan menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri, perasaan di terima
oleh lingkungan dan motivasi pada diri pasien agar tetap survive dalam
menghadapi kehidupan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
bermain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pasien
di bimbing untuk dapat mengerjakan sesuatu hal berupa hasil karya, atau sebuah
permainan. Terapi ini bertujuan untuk dapat mengasah kemampuan pasien di bidang
kognitif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
menulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara
ini di gunakan untuk dapat mempermudah proses berjalanya terapi. Tujuan dari
pada terapi ini adalah untuk melemaskan otot-otot atau syaraf tangan dalam
beraktivitas sehingga tubuh pasien tidak kaku dan lebih fleksibel dalam
menanggapi respon atau stimulus yang berada di sampingnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
okupasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
ini dilakukan dengan cara memijat-mijat bagian syaraf anak tersebut seperti
pada bagian pergelangan tangan, kaki, dan daerah tubuh lainnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
music<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terapi
ini di lakukan dengan cara pasien di arahkan untuk dapat mendengarkan dan
memaknai sebuah alunan musik. Terapi ini bertujuan untuk dapat mengasah fungsi
auditory pasien akan stimulus suara yang di dengarkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prevensi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Salah satu usaha intervensi dini dapat membidik dan
membantu anak yang karena lingkungannya yang tidak adekuat, beresiko
mengembangkan ratardasi cultural familial (Dewell dkk, dalam G unarsa 2002).
Program head star nasional adalah salah satu bentuk upaya intervensi dini.
Program ini mengombinasikan dukungan pendidikan, medis, dan social untuk
anak-anak dan keluarganya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Saat ini sudah banyak beberapa pendekatan yang di gunakan
untuk mendeteksi gangguan perkembangan ini sejak awal, sejak dalam kandungan.
Tujuannya agar dapat di ketahui apakah si calon bayi memiliki abnormalitas
genetik seperti retardasi mental, yang dapat menyebabkan kondisi yang menghambat
perkembangan bayi. Adapun pendekatan yang sering di lakukan adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Scanning dengan
menggunakan ultrasound<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cara ini dapat
mendeteksi komdisi-kondisi yang berhubungan dengan cacat fisik melalui
gelombang suara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amniocentesis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yaitu pengambil
sampel cairan amnion melalui dinding perut ibu yang sedang hamil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Chorionic Villis
Sampling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yaitu mengambil
sampel jaringan chorion melalui vagina ibu yang sedang hamil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Genetic screening<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan pendekatan
yang paling mutakhir saat ini dikarenakan memiliki tingkat ketepatan yang
tinggi (Gunarsa,2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Prevensi yang di berikan kepada anak
dengan retardasi mental akan lebih efektif apabila di lakukan sejak awal bahkan
pada usia pra sekolah. Ini tidak hanya melibatkan orang tua, melibatkan juga
pribadi-pribadi lain dalam keluarga. Prevensi ini meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mendorong
anak agar bereksplorasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengajarkan
kemampuan dasar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merayakan
setiap kemajuan perkembangan yang sudah di capai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bimbing
anak dalam mengulang kembali apa yang sudah di pelajari dan kemudian arahkan
anak untuk mempelajari keterampilan baru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 39.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo21; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lindungi
anak dari kondisi-kondisi yang membahayakan, tidak menyenangkan, atau
punishment (hukuman)(Gunarsa, 2002)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Teknik komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dari
konsep di atas, teknik komunikasi yang dilakukan sangat sederhana namun sukar
untuk dilakukan. Jangan menganggap pasien sebagai orang yang rendah, mereka
sama seperti kita, namun mereka memiliki kekurangan yang tidak dapat
berkomunikasi layaknya orang normal.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikut
teknik yang dapat diterapkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perjelas
kata-kata yang di ucapkan klien mengulang kembali, biasanya orang yang terkena
retardasi mental berbicara kurang jelas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melakukan
interaksi secara verbal sehingga di sini akan menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batasi
topik dan buat topik tentang hal yang disukainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ciptakan
lingkungan yang respondif dan kaya akan bahasa sehingga memungkinkan anak untuk
berkomunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jangan
menyinggung kata-kata yang klien ucapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"> Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berikan
klien kesempatan jika ingin berbicara sesuatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> D.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
pada Anak Autis<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 10.5pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US">Ada empat tingkatan komunikasi pada anak autis, yang
tergantung dari kemampuan berinteraksi, cara berkomunikasi, dan pengertian anak
itu sendiri. Keempat tahap tersebut adalah<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>“The
Own Agenda Stage”, “The Requester Stage”, “The Early Communicator Stage”<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></i>dan<span class="apple-converted-space"><i> </i></span><i>“The Partner Stage”.</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pada tahap
pertama (<i>The Own Agenda Stage</i>) anak biasanya merasa tidak bergantung
pada orang lain, ingin melakukan sesuatu sendiri. Anak kurang berinteraksi
dengan orang tua dan hampir tidak pernah berinteraksi dengan anak lain. Anak
juga melihat atau meraih benda yang dia mau. Anak tidak berkomunikasi dengan
orang lain dan bermain dengan cara yang tidak lazim. Anak juga membuat suara
untuk menenangkan diri, menangis atau menjerit untuk menyatakan protes. Anak
suka tersenyum dan tertawa sendiri. Anak pada tahap ini hampir tidak mengerti
kata-kata yang kita ucapkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">B.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pada tahap
kedua<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>(The Requester Stage),</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>anak mulai dapat berinteraksi walaupun
dengan singkat. Anak menggunakan suara atau mengulang bebeapa kata untuk
menenangkan diri atau memfokuskan diri. Anak meraih yang dia mau atau menarik
tangan orang lain bila menginginkan sesuatu. Anak meraih yang dia mau atau
menarik tangan orang lain bila menginginkan sesuatu. Apabila anak diajak
bermain yang melibatkan kontak fisik, anak bisa meminta anda untuk meneruskan
permainan fisik dengan melakukan kontak mata, senyum, gerak tubuh atau<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><span class="skimlinks-unlinked">suara.Anak</span><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>kadang-kadang mengerti perintah
keluarga dan tahap-tahap kegiatan rutin di keluarga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">C.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pada tahap
ketiga<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>(The Early Communicator
Stage)</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>anak dapat
berinteraksi dengan orang tua dan orang yang dikenal. Anak ingin mengulang
permainan dan bisa bermain dalam jangka waktu lama. Anak meminta anda
meneruskan permainan fisik yang disukai dengan menggunakan gerakan yang sama,
suara, dan kata setiap anda main. Kadang-kadang anak meminta atau merespon
dengan mengulang apa yang anda katakan<i>(echolali).</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"> Anak
juga dapat meminta sesuatu dengan menggunakan gambar, gerak tubuh, atau kata.
Anak mulai dapat memprotes atau menolak sesuatu dengan menggunakan gerak,
suara, kata yang sama. Anak pada tahap ini dapat mengerti kalimat sederhana
atau kalimat yang sering digunakan, mengerti nama benda atau nama orang yang
sehari-hari ditemui, dapat mengatakan “hai” dan “dadah”, dapat menjawab
pertanyaan dengan mengatakan ya/tidak, dan dapat menjawab pertanyaan ‘apa itu?”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">D.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Pada tahap
yang paling tinggi yaitu “<i>The Partner Stage</i>”, anak dapat berinteraksi
lebih lama dengan orang lain dan dapat bermain dengan anak lain. Anak juga
sudah dapat menggunakan kata-kata atau metode lain dalam berkomunikasi untuk
meminta protes, setuju, menarik perhatian sesuatu, bertanya dan menjawab
sesuatu. Anak juga dapat mulai menggunakan kata-kata atau metode lain untuk
berbicara mengenai waktu lampau dan yang akan datang, menyatakan keinginannya
dan meminta sesuatu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Anak pada
tahap ini sudah dapat membuat kalimat sendiri dan melakukan percakapan pendek.
Kadang-kadang anak mengulanginya membetulkan apa yang dikatakannya ketika orang
lain tidak mengerti. Anak pada tahap ini sudah lebih banyak mengerti
perbendaharaan kata-kata.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Tetapi
pada tahap<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>Partner Stage</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>ini, anak masih punya kesulitan dalam
berkomunikasi. Umpamanya anak berhenti bermain dengan anak lain bila tidak
mengetahui apa yang harus dilakukan, seperti dalam pemainan imajiner yang
mengandung banyak pembicaraan atau bermain pura-pura. Anak juga akan
menggunakan<i>echolali</i><span class="apple-converted-space"> </span>(menirukan
perkataan orang lain) bila dia tidak mengerti perkataan orang lain atau bila
dia tidak dapat membuat kalimat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 36.0pt 45.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Anak
pada tahap akhir ini masih mengalami kesulitan dalam mengikuti percakapan. Cara
mengatasi kesulitan ini adalah dengan merespon orang dengan berinisiatif
bercakap-cakap sendiri, berusaha bercakap-cakap dengan topik yang disukai. Anak
mungkin melakukan kesalahan tata bahasa terutama kata ganti, sepeti kamu, saya,
dia. Anak akan bingung bila percakapan terlalu rumit atau orang tidak berkata
langsung padanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"> Anak juga
dapat mengalami kesulitan dengan aturan percakapan. Anak tidak tahu bagaimana
memulai dan mengakhiri percakapan, tidak mendengar perkataan orang lain, tidak
bisa fokus pada satu topik, tidak berusaha mengklarifikasi perkataan yang tidak
dimengerti orang dan memberi terlalu sedikit detail atau terlalu banyak detail.
Anak mungkin tidak paham isyarat sosial yang diberikan orang lain melalui
ekspresi wajah atau bahasa tubuh dan tidak mengerti humor atau permainan
kata-kata.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">Teknik Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Bantu anak untuk melakukan
kontak mata secara terfokus sehingga mudah diajak berkomunikasi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Perjelas kata-kata yang
diucapkan klien dengan mengulang kembali biasanya orang yang terkenan retardasi
mental berbicara kurang jelas.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Melakukan interaksi secara
verbal dan non verbal sehingga disini akan menumbuhkan rasa percaya diri.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Batasi topic dan buat topic
tentang hal yang disukainya.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Ciptakan lingkungan yang
responsif dan kaya akan bahasa sehingga memungkinkan anak untuk berkomunikasi.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Jangan menyinggung kata-kata
yang klien ucapkan.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Gunakan alat bantu agar
mempermudah komunikasi, penggunaan alat bantu merupakan jembatan untuk berlatih
bicara.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Berikan klien kesempatan jika
ingin berbicara sesuatu.</span></div>
<div style="line-height: 17.05pt; margin-bottom: 9.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US">Lakukan komunikasi dengan sabar
dan penuh perhatian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> E.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
pada Klien dengan Gangguan Wicara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Kelainan bicara adalah salah satu
jenis kelainan perilaku komunikasi yang ditandai dengan adanya kesalahan dalam
proses produksi bunyi bicara. Secara klinis gejala kelainan bicara dalam
hubungnnya dengan penyebab kelainan bicara tersebut dapat dibedakan sebagai
berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disaudia
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan bicara akibat adanya
gangguan pendengaran ini menyebabkan penderita mengalami kesulitan untuk
menerima dan mengolah intensitas, nada dan kualitas bunyi bicara. Kompensasi :
menggunakan bahas isyarat atau sikap tubuh dalam berkomunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dislogia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelainan bicara berkenaan dengan
rendahnya kapasitas mental intelektual atau tingkat kecerdasan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disartria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelainan bicara yang terjadi akibat
adanya kelumpuhan, kelemahan, spastisitas atau gangguan koordinasi otot-otot
organ-organ bicara sehubungan dengan adanya kerusakan atau lesi pada susunan
saraf pusat maupun perifer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Disglosia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelainan bicara yang terjadi akibat
adanya kelainan bentuk dan struktur organ bicara, khususnya articulator. Misal
palatoskisis ( celah pada palatum kadang disertai celah pada bibir), malokulasi
(kelainan struktur gigi atas dan bawah), Anomali (sebab-sebab lain yang
menyebabkan kelainan bentuk edan struktur organ bicara : menghisap ibu jari,
sariawan, fraktur mandibula dll).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dislalia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelainan bicara yang berkaitan
dengan kondisi psikososial, misal :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kurang perhatian auditif : tikus → kikus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rentang memori pendek : sepatu → tu atau
atu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Gangguan persepsi auditorius : bunyi
bicara yang hampir sama, mata → maka<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesalahan meniru <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Idioglosia : pada anak kembar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bilingualisme <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Kesalahan artikulasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gangguan wicara dapat terjadi akibat kerusakan organ
lingual, kerusakan pita suara, ataupun gangguan persyarafan. Berkomunikasi
dengan klien dengan gangguan wicara memerlukan kesabaran supaya pesan dapat
dikirim dan ditangkap dengan benar. Klien yang mengalami gangguan wicara
umumnya telah belajar berkomunikasi dengan menggunakan bahasa isyarat atau
menggunakan tulisan dan gambar.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada
saat berkomunikasi dengan klien dengan gangguan wicara, hal-hal berikut perlu
diperhatikan :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">B</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">enar-benar dapat memperhatikan mimik dan gerak bibir klien.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Usahakan memperjelas hal yang disampaikan dengan mengulang kembali
kata-kata yang diucapkan klien.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengendalikan pembicaraan supaya tidak membahas terlalu banyak topik.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengendalikan pembicaraan sehingga menjadi lebih rileks dan pelan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Memperhatikan setiap detail komunikasi sehingga pesan dapat diterima dengan
baik.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apabila perlu, gunakan bahasa tulisan dan simbol.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apabila memungkinkan, hadirkan orang yang terbiasa berkomunikasi lisan dengan
klien untuk menjadi mediator komunikasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Teknik dalam berkomunikasi dengan
klien gangguan wicara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Dengarkan
dengan penuh perhatian, kessabaran, dan jagan menginterupsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Ajukan
pertanyaan sederhana yang hanya membutuhkan jawaban “ya” dan “tidak”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Berikan
waktu untuk terbentuknya pemahaman dan respon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Gunakan
petunjuk visual ( kata-kata, gambar, dan objek ) jika mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Hanya
ijinkan satu orang untuk berbicara pada satu waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Jangan
berteriak atau berbicara terlalu keras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Beritahu
klien jika anda tidak mengerti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8. Bekerja
sama dengan ahli terapi bicara jika dibutuhkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Alat bantu yang digunakan untuk
berkomunikasi dengan klien gangguan wicara :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Papan
tulis dan spidol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Papan
komunikasi dengan kata, huruf, atau gambar yang umum untuk menunjukkan
kebutuhan dasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Alarm
pemanggil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Bahasa
isyarat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Penggunaan
kedipan mata atau gerakan jari untuk respon sederhana (“ya” dan “tidak”)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 27pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> F.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
pada Klien dengan Gangguan Penglihatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Gangguan penglihatan dapat terjadi
baik karena kerusakan organ, misal kornea, lensa mata, kekeruhan humor vitreus,
maupun kerusakan kornea serta kerusakan saraf penghantar impuls menuju otak.
Kerusakan di tingkat persepsi antara lain dialami klien dengan kerusakan otak.
Semua ini mengakibatkan penurunan visus hingga dapat menyebabkan kebutaan, baik
parsial maupun total.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Akibat kerusakan visual, kemampuan
menangkap rangsang ketika berkomunikasi sangat tergantung pada pendengaran dan
sentuhan. Oleh karena itu, komunikasi yang dilakukan harus mengoptimalkan
fungsi pendengaran dan sentuhan karena fungsi penglihatan sedapat mungkin harus
digantikan oleh informasi yang dapat ditransfer melalui indra yang lain.
Sebagai contoh, ketika melakukan orientasi ruang perawatan, klien harus mendapat
keterangan yang memvisualisasi kondisi ruang rawat secara lisan, misalnya
dengan menerangkan letak meja dan kursi, menerangkan berapa langkah posisi
tempat tidur dari pintu, letak kamar mandi dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Berikut adalah teknik-teknik yang
perlu diperhatikan selama berkomunikasi dengan klien yang mengalami gangguan
penglihatan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sedapat
mungkin ambil posisi yang dapat dilihat klien bila ia mengalami kebutaan
parsial atau sampaikan secara verbal keberadaan/ kehadiran perawat ketika anda
berada dekatnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Identifikasi
diri anda dengan menyebutkan nama (dan peran) anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Berbicara
dengan menggunakan nada suara normal karena kondisi klien tidak memungkinkannya
menerima pesan non verbal secara visual. Nada suara anda memegang peranan besar
dan bermakna bagi klien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Terangkan
alasan anda menyentuh atau mengucapkan kata-kata sebelum melakukan sentuhan
pada klien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Ketika
anda akan meninggalkan ruangan atau hendak memutus komunikasi/ pembicaraan,
informasikan kepadanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Orientasikan
klien pada suara-suara yang terdengar di sekitarnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Orientasikan
klien pada lingkungannya bila klien di pindah ke lingkungan yang asing baginya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l24 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> G.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
pada Klien dengan Gangguan Pendengaran<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Gangguan
pendengaran dapat terjadi berupa penurunan pendengaran hingga tuli. Bentuk tuli
yang selama ini dikenal ialah tuli perspektif dan tuli konduktif. Tuli
perspektif adalah tuli yang terjadi akibat kerusakan sistem saraf, sedangkan
tuli konduktif terjadi akibat kerusakan struktur panghantar rangsang suara.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada klien dengan gangguan pendengaran, media
komunikasi yang paling sering digunakan ialah media visual. Klien menangkap
pesan bukan dari suara yang di keluarkan orang lain, tetapi dengan mempelajari
gerak bibir lawan bicaranya. Kondisi visual menjadi sangat penting bagi klien ini
sehingga dalam melakukan komunikasi, upayakan supaya sikap dan gerakan anda
dapat ditangkap oleh indra visualnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Hal-hal
yang perlu diperhatikan sebelum berkomunikasi dengan klien gangguan pendengaran
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Periksa adanya bantuan pendengaran dan kaca mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kurangi kebisingan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dapatkan perhatian klien sebelum memulai pembicaraan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berhadapan dengan klien dimana ia dapat melihat
mulut anda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jangan mengunyah permen karet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bicara pada volume suara normal - jangan teriak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Susun ulang kalimat anda jika klien salah mengerti<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sediakan penerjemah bahasa isyarat jika diindiksikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Berikut
adalah tehnik-tehnik komunikasi yang dapat digunakan klien dengan pendengaran :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Orientasikan
kehadiran diri anda dengan cara menyentuh klien atau memposisikan diri di depan
klien.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Usahakan menggunakan
bahasa yang sederhana dan bicaralah dengan perlahan untuk memudahkan klien
membaca gerak bibir anda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Usahakan
berbicara dengan posisi tepat di depan klien dan pertahankan sikap tubuh dan
mimik wajah yang lazim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tunggu sampai
Anda secara langsung di depan orang, Anda memiliki perhatian individu tersebut
dan Anda cukup dekat dengan orang sebelum Anda mulai berbicara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pastikan bahwa
individu melihat Anda pendekatan, jika kehadiran Anda mungkin terkejut orang
tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Wajah-keras
mendengar orang-langsung dan berada di level yang sama dengan dia sebisa
mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jangan
melakukan pembicaraan ketika anda sedang mengunyah sesuatu misalnya makanan
atau permen karet.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika Anda
makan, mengunyah atau merokok sambil berbicara, pidato Anda akan lebih sulit
untuk mengerti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gunakan bahasa
pantomim bila memungkinkan dengan gerakan sederhana dan perlahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gunakan bahasa
isyarat atau bahasa jari bila anda bisa dan diperlukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">11.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apabila ada
sesuatu yang sulit untuk dikomunikasikan, cobalah sampaikan pesan dalam bentuk
tulisan atau gambar (simbol).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">12.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika orang
yang memakai alat bantu dengar dan masih memiliki kesulitan mendengar, periksa
untuk melihat apakah alat bantu dengar di telinga orang. Juga periksa untuk
melihat bahwa dihidupkan, disesuaikan dan memiliki baterai bekerja. Jika
hal-hal ini baik dan orang yang masih memiliki kesulitan mendengar, mencari
tahu kapan dia terakhir memiliki evaluasi pendengaran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">13.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jauhkan tangan
Anda dari wajah Anda saat berbicara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">14.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengakui bahwa
hard-of-mendengar orang mendengar dan memahami kurang baik ketika mereka lelah
atau sakit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">15.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mengurangi
atau menghilangkan kebisingan latar belakang sebanyak mungkin ketika melakukan
pembicaraan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">16.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bicaralah
dengan cara yang normal tanpa berteriak. Melihat bahwa lampu tidak bersinar di
mata orang tuna rungu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">17.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika seseorang
telah memahami sesuatu kesulitan, menemukan cara yang berbeda untuk mengatakan
hal yang sama, bukan mengulangi kata-kata asli berulang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">18.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gunakan
sederhana, kalimat singkat untuk membuat percakapan anda lebih mudah untuk
mengerti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">19.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Menulis pesan
jika perlu. Biarkan waktu yang cukup untuk berkomunikasi dengan orang gangguan
pendengaran. Berada di terburu-buru akan membawa stres semua orang dan
menciptakan hambatan untuk memiliki percakapan yang berarti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber
Pustaka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://darkchocolateandbeautifulrain.blogspot.com/2013/11/makalah-komunikasi-pada-klien-dengan.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://darkchocolateandbeautifulrain.blogspot.com/2013/11/makalah-komunikasi-pada-klien-dengan.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://isnaynihuda.blogspot.com/2012/03/komunikasi-pada-klien-dengan-gangguan.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://isnaynihuda.blogspot.com/2012/03/komunikasi-pada-klien-dengan-gangguan.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://sitirochana.blogspot.com/2010/04/komunikasi-pada-klien-dengan-gangguan_16.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">http://sitirochana.blogspot.com/2010/04/komunikasi-pada-klien-dengan-gangguan_16.html</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-52552917906872205252015-03-28T10:55:00.004+07:002015-03-28T10:55:47.331+07:00Persepsi<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makalah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ilmu Komunikasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">materi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Disusun
oleh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nur Nida
Fitroh (P23131114032)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Stephanie
Yesica (P23131114043)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Kelas:
DIV/IIB<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dosen
pembimbing: dr. Maria Poppy Herlianti, B.Sc, M.Epid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Poltekkes Kemenkes Jakarta II Jurusan Gizi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">I. Pengertian Persepsi <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNDGPDeiI1lceJLdI3wJnP3pelO5WLXjBlfKocx2FeXkEnegiTXPzwWoSK0E7OXBKQ0cX-iuBJfp5myDMFHBZTB-RVAgThDJoS8XvNNCdIH2_ryv9nLDamTeg84t_zZW0nAhAw4BkOoEqc/s1600/images.jpg"><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Persepsi memiliki banyak sekali pengertian. Secara
sederhana</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">,</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> persepsi </span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">yaitu</span></span><span class="apple-style-span"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> cara seseorang dalam memahami sesuatu atau bagaimana ia
melihat suatu objek. Persepsi juga berarti proses pemahaman atau pemberian
makna atas suatu informasi terhadap stimulus. Stimulus didapat dari proses
penginderaan terhadaop objek, peristiwa, atau hubungan-hubungan antar gejala
yang selanjutnya diproses oleh otak. Lewat persepsi lah, proses kognisi dimulai</span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Berlin Sans FB","sans-serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian Persepsi menurut
para ahli:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Maramis: </span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">menyatakan bahwa p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ersepsi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> merupakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">daya mengenal barang,
kualitas atau hubungan, dan perbedaan antara hal ini melalui proses mengamati,
mengetahui, atau mengartikan setelah pancaindranya mendapat rangsang.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bimo
Walgito</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">:
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">menyatakan
bahwa persepsi merupakan proses yang terjadi di dalam diri individu yang
dimulai dengan diterimanya rangsang, sampai rangsang itu disadari dan
dimengerti oleh individu sehingga individu dapat mengenali dirinya sendiri dan
keadaan di sekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Davidoff</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> : menyatakan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bahwa persepsi
merupakan proses pengorganisasian dan penginterpretasian terhadap stimulus oleh
organisme atau individu sehingga didapat sesuatu yang berarti dan merupakan
aktivitas yang terintegrasi dalam diri individu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Persepsi
dalam arti sempit : adalah penglihatan, bagaimana cara seseorang melihat
sesuatu . Dalam arti luas : adalah pandangan atau pengertian ,
yaitu bagaimana seeseorang memandang atau mengartikan sesuatu</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yang diperoleh melalui
sistem indera manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Misalnya
pada waktu seorang melihat sebuah gambar, membaca tulisan, atau mendengar suara
tertentu, ia akan melakukan interprestasi berdasarkan pengetahuan yang
dimilikinya dan relevan dengan hal-hal itu.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi
persepsi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor
Internal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> yang
mempengaruhi persepsi, yaitu faktor-faktor yang terdapat dalam diri individu,
yang mencakup beberapa hal antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fisiologis.
Informasi masuk melalui alat indera, selanjutnya informasi yang diperoleh ini
akan mempengaruhi dan melengkapi usaha untuk memberikan arti terhadap
lingkungan sekitarnya. Kapasitas indera untuk mempersepsi pada tiap orang
berbeda-beda sehingga interpretasi terhadap lingkungan juga dapat berbeda.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Perhatian.
Individu memerlukan sejumlah energi yang dikeluarkan untuk memperhatikan atau
memfokuskan pada bentuk fisik dan fasilitas mental yang ada pada suatu obyek. Energi
tiap orang berbeda-beda sehingga perhatian seseorang terhadap obyek juga
berbeda dan hal ini akan mempengaruhi persepsi terhadap suatu obyek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Minat.
Persepsi terhadap suatu obyek bervariasi tergantung pada seberapa banyak energi
atau perceptual vigilance yang digerakkan untuk mempersepsi. Perceptual
vigilance merupakan kecenderungan seseorang untuk memperhatikan tipe tertentu
dari stimulus atau dapat dikatakan sebagai minat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Kebutuhan
yang searah. Faktor ini dapat dilihat dari bagaimana kuatnya seseorang individu
mencari obyek-obyek atau pesan yang dapat memberikan jawaban sesuai dengan
dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Pengalaman
dan ingatan. Pengalaman dapat dikatakan tergantung pada ingatan dalam arti
sejauh mana seseorang dapat mengingat
kejadian-kejadian lampau untuk mengetahui suatu rangsang dalam pengertian luas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Suasana
hati. Keadaan emosi mempengaruhi perilaku seseorang, mood ini menunjukkan
bagaimana perasaan seseorang pada waktu yang dapat mempengaruhi bagaimana
seseorang dalam menerima, bereaksi dan mengingat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Faktor
Eksternal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> yang
mempengaruhi persepsi, merupakan karakteristik dari linkungan dan obyek-obyek
yang terlibat didalamnya. Elemen-elemen tersebut dapat mengubah sudut pandang
seseorang terhadap dunia sekitarnya dan mempengaruhi bagaimana seseoarang merasakannya
atau menerimanya. Sementara itu faktor-faktor eksternal yang mempengaruhi
persepsi adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ukuran
dan penempatan dari obyek atau stimulus. Faktor ini menyatakan bahwa semakin
besrnya hubungan suatu obyek, maka semakin mudah untuk dipahami. Bentuk ini
akan mempengaruhi persepsi individu dan dengan melihat bentuk ukuran suatu
obyek individu akan mudah untuk perhatian pada gilirannya membentuk persepsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Warna
dari obyek-obyek. Obyek-obyek yang mempunyai cahaya lebih banyak, akan lebih
mudah dipahami (to be perceived) dibandingkan dengan yang sedikit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Keunikan
dan kekontrasan stimulus. Stimulus luar yang penampilannya dengan latarbelakang
dan sekelilingnya yang sama sekali di luar sangkaan individu yang lain akan
banyak menarik perhatian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Intensitas
dan kekuatan dari stimulus. Stimulus dari luar akan memberi makna lebih bila
lebih sering diperhatikan dibandingkan dengan yang hanya sekali dilihat.
Kekuatan dari stimulus merupakan daya dari suatu obyek yang bisa mempengaruhi
persepsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Motion
atau gerakan. Individu akan banyak memberikan perhatian terhadap obyek yang
memberikan gerakan dalam jangkauan pandangan dibandingkan obyek yang diam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Factor
lain yang mempengaruhi persepsi individu</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 18.0pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Primary
Effect</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> :
Pentingnya Kesan Pertama<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">M</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">erupakan faktor penting dalam
proses persepsi manusia. Setiap orang dari kita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">pasti memiliki hari yang baik dan
hari yang buruk dalam kehidupan kita, bahkan faktor baik dan buruk tersebut
dapat mempengaruhi persepsi oranglain terhadap kita. Apakah ketika kita membuat
kesan pertama kita pada hari yang baik atau yang buruk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Informasi pertama
yang kita dapat dari orang lain cenderung mempengaruhi pendapat kita terhadap
mereka dibandingkan informasi-informasi selanjutnya. Inilah yang disebut <i>primacy
effect </i>sebagai contoh : ketika Budi bertemu dengan Anto seorang yang
sangat hebat di bidang Fisika, Budi melihat bahwa Anto ini adalah seorang siswa
SMA yang jago Fisika dan menjadi juara kelas, serta ramah dengan siapapun.
Kesan pertama Budi akan positif. Setelah itu ketika ia bertemu lagi dengan Anto
di kafe, dimana ia duduk sendiri dan setengah mabuk, Budi melihat sisi lain
dari Anton. Namun, karena kesan pertama bertemu adalah positif, Budi
mengabaikan hal tersebut dan mengira bahwa dia berada di bar sendirian akrena
adanya sesuatu yang negatif yang menimpanya. Dan Sebaliknya, ketika mereka
bertemu, kesan pertama negatif. Dan ketika keesokan harinya mereka bertemu
kesan yang terlihat cukup possitif, namun karena awalnya negatif. Maka kesan
yang mendominasi justru yang negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">II. Jenis Persepsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">a) Persepsi terhadap Lingkungan
Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Dalam
mempersepsi lingkungan fisik, kita terkadang melakukan kekeliruan. Indera kita
tidak jarang melakukan kekeliruan. Indera kita tidak jarang menipu kita. Latar
belakang pengalaman, budaya dan suasana psikologis yang berbeda membuat persepsi kita berbeda atas
suatu objek.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">b) Persepsi Sosial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Persepsi sosial adalah proses
menangkap arti objek-objek sosial dan kejadian-kejadian yang kita alami dalam
lingkungan kita. Beberapa prinsip penting mengenai persepsi sosial:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">1) Persepsi
Berdasarkan Pengalaman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Persepsi manusia terhadap
seseorang, objek atau kejadian biasanya berdasarkan pengalaman masa lalu.
Ketiadaan pengalaman terdahulu dalam menghadapi suatu objek jelas akan membuat
seseorang menafsirkan objek tersebut berdasarkan dugaan semata. Seorang anggota
suku primitif di pedalaman Afrika yang belum pernah mengetahui televisi,
kemungkinan besar akan menganggapnya sebagai sihir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">2) Persepsi bersifat
selektif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Atensi kita pada suatu rangsangan merupakan
faktor utama yang menentukan selektivitas kita atas rangsangan tersebut. Atensi
dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor internal: faktor biologis, fisiologis, sosial
budaya seperti agama, pendidikan, pekerjaan, gender dan sebagainya. Faktor
eksternal: gerakan, intensitas, kontras dan perulangan objek yang dipersepsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">3) Persepsi bersifat
dugaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.7pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> Proses persepsi yang bersifat dugaan
memungkinkan kita menafsirkan suatu objek dengan makna lebih lengkap dari sudut
pandang manapun. Contoh:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"> </span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. . . <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">. . . . <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika
ketiga titik dan keempat titik secara terpisah dihubungkan dan membentuk suatu
gambar, dengan syarat setiap titikhanya boleh dilewati satukali, kemungkinan
hasilgambar di atas berbeda-beda sangat tergantung pada persepsi orang yang
melakukan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: center 240.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4) Persepsi bersifat evaluatif <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Dalam konteks komunikasi
massa, tidak ada satu surat kabar, majalah, radio, atau televisi yang objektif,
independen atau netral dalam melaporkan fakta dan kejadian melalui beritanya.
Pada dasarnya bahasa itu tidak netral, di dalamnya ada muatan pribadi,
kelompok, kultural atau ideologis meskipun bersifat samar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5)
Persepsi bersifat kontekstual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.55pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Rangsangan dari luar
harus diorganisasikan. Dari semua pengaruh dalam persepsi kita, konteks
merupakan salah satu pengaruh paling kuat. Dalam mengorganisasikan objek, yakni
meletakkannya dalam suatu konteks tertentu, digunakan prinsip-prinsip berikut:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a. Struktur objek atau kejadian
berdasarkan prinsip kemiripan atau kedekatan dan kelengkapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 49.65pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b. Kita cenderung mempersepsi suatu
rangsangan atau kejadian yang terdiri dari objek dan latar belakangnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">III. </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">Proses
Persepsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Dari
segi psikologi dikatakan bahwa tingkah laku seseorang merupakan fungsi dari
cara dia memandang. Dalam proses persepsi, terdapat tiga komponan utama
berikut:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Seleksi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah proses penyaringan oleh indra terhadap rangsangan dari luar, intensitas
dan jenisnya dapat banyak atau sedikit.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interprestasi</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu proses mengorganisasikan
informasi sehingga mempunyai arti bagi seseorang. Interprestasi dipengaruhi
oleh berbagai faktor, seperti pengalaman masa lalu, sistem nilai yang dianut,
motivasi, kepribadian, dan kecerdasan. Interprestasi juga bergantung pada
kemampuan seseorang untuk mengadakan pengkatagoriaan informasi yang kompleks
menjadi sarjana.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 35.45pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Interprestasi dan persepsi kemudian
ditrjemahkan dalam bentuk <i>tingkah laku</i>
sebagai rek</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">a</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">si
(Depdikbud, 1985), dalam Soelaeman, 1987). Jadi, proses persepsi adalah
melakukan seleksi, interprestasi, dan pembulatan terhadap informasi yang
sampai.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita
dapat mengilustrasikan bagaimana persepsi bekerja dengan menjelaskan tiga
langka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">h</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yang terlibat dalam prosesnya.tahap-tahap ini bersifat countinu, bercampur
baur, dan berumpang tindih satu sama lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BimoWalgito
(2002) mengemukakan proses-proses terjadinya persepsi :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu
obyek atau sasaran menimbulkan stimulus, selanjutnya stimulus tersebut
ditangkap oleh alat indera. Proses ini berlangsung secara alami dan berkaitan
dengan segi fisik. Proses tersebut dinamakan proses kealaman</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kita
mencium parfum orang yang berdekatan dengan kita. Kiat mencicipi sepotong kue.
Kiat merasakan telapak tangan berkeringat ketika kita berjabat tangan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Stimulus suatu obyek yang diterima
oleh alat indera, kemudian disalurkan keotak melalui syaraf sensoris. Proses
pentransferan stimulus keotak disebut proses psikologis, yaitu berfungsinya
alat indera secara normal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Otak selanjutnya memproses stimulus
hingga individu menyadari obyek yang diterima oleh alat inderanya. Proses ini
juga disebut proses psikologis. Dalam hal ini terjadilah adanya proses
persepsiya itu suatu proses dimana individu mengetahui dan menyadari suatu
obyek berdasarkan stimulus yang mengenai alat inderanya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOPTHcl98DTkpkOCM3MJ2bg1GHZvYNNGEDY3n9KLvNv9EFBJRpTULchZw3CTq-76rY6Gj8NoLLuKUMSz9YfpKXG5QIrS71TTSGJz1BiuRVTx00lSKNfvQQUmJMjyt_Ma3lhFK1ZgrPBsA/s1600/fg.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOPTHcl98DTkpkOCM3MJ2bg1GHZvYNNGEDY3n9KLvNv9EFBJRpTULchZw3CTq-76rY6Gj8NoLLuKUMSz9YfpKXG5QIrS71TTSGJz1BiuRVTx00lSKNfvQQUmJMjyt_Ma3lhFK1ZgrPBsA/s1600/fg.png" height="211" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="color: #e36c0a; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-themecolor: accent6; mso-themeshade: 191;">IV. Kekeliruan dan Kegagalan
Persepsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Persepsi kita sering tidak cermat.
Salah satu penyebabnya adalah asumsi atau pengharapan kita. Kita mempersepsi
sesuatu atau seseorang sesuai dengan pengharapan kita. Beberapa bentuk
kekeliruan dan kegagalan, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.
Kesalahan Atribusi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Atribusi
adalah proses internal dalam diri kita untuk memahami penyebab perilaku orang
lain. Untuk mengenal orang lain, kita memerlukan beberapa informasi, misalnya
penampilan fisik, usia, gaya pakaian, daya tarik dan sebagainya. Kita dapat
menduga sifat pria setengah baya dengan rambut gondrong, telinga beranting atau
seorang wanita muda, rambut pendek seperti pria, selalu pakai rok mini dengan
asesoris yang antik. Namun dugaan kita belum tentu benar. Kesalahan atribusi
bisa terjadi ketika kita salah menaksir makna pesan atau maksud perilaku si
pembicara, misalnya seseorang menguap, dapat menunjukkan apakah ia bosan,
mengantuk, letih, acuh tak acuh, atau khawatir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Efek
Halo<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Efek
halo merujuk pada fakta bahwa begitu kita membentuk kesan menyeluruh mengenai
sesorang, kesan yang menyeluruh ini cenderung menimbulkan efek yang kuat atas
penilaian kita akan sifat-sifatnya yang spesifik. Gagasan yang dianggap biasa
bila dikemukakan oleh orang awam boleh jadi akan dianggap brilian atau kreatif
bila dikemukakan oleh tokoh nasional sehingga cepat diliput oleh pers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Kesan
menyeluruh itu sering kita peroleh dari kesan pertama, yang biasanya
berpengaruh kuat dan sulit digoyahkan. Kita bisa saja memperoleh kesan bahwa
seseorang tidak terampil berkomunikasi berdasarkan pengamatan selama wawancara
pekerjaan yang menegangkan. Padahal dalam situasi keseharian ia adalah orang
yang terampil dan luwes berkomunikasi, hanya karena tegang ia menjadi sulit
berkomunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Stereotip<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Stereotip yaitu
menggeneralisasikan orang-orang berdasarkan sedikit informasi dan membentuk
asumsi mengenai mereka berdasarkan keanggotan dalam kelompok. Larry A. Samovar
dan Richard E.Porter, mendifinisikan stereotip sebagai persepsi atau kepercayaan
yang kita anut mengenai kelompok atau individu berdasarkan pendapat dan sikap
yang lebih dulu terbentuk. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Contoh stereotip:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Laki-laki berpikir logis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wanita bersikap emosional<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orang Batak kasar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orang Padang pelit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;">-<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Orang Tasikmalaya tukang kredit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Prasangka<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suatu kekeliruan persepsi terhadap orang yang berbeda adalah
prasangka (prejudice), suatu konsep yang dekat dengan stereotip. Prasangka
adalah sikap yang tidak adil terhadap seseorang atau suatu kelompok. Prasangka
ini bermacam-macam, yang populer adalah prasangka rasial, kesukuan (etnik),
gender dan agama. Budaya dan kepribadian sangat mempengaruhi prasangka.
Prasangka yang berlebihan dapat menghambat komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Pesan
yang meragukan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Jika suatu
pernyataan seseorang meragukan,itu berarti bahwa kita tidak pasti apa yang
dikatakan orang tersebut. Ada bermacam-macam tipe dari keraguan, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keraguan arti pesan, maksud pesan
dan keraguan efek pesan. Keraguan arti pesan berkenaan dengan ketidakpastian
perkiraan arti pesan yang sesungguhnya. Makin besar keraguan arti pesan, makin
sulit untuk dipahami. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keraguan maksud berkenaan dengan
ketidakpastian menentukan mengapa komunikator menyatakan pesan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keraguan efek berkenaan
ketidakpastian memprediksi atau memperkirakan konsekuensi darisuatu pesan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Strategi untuk mengurangi ketidakpastian ada tiga yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. Strategi aktif, bila kita aktif mencari
informasi tentang seseoraang dengan cara apapun selain berinteraksi dengan orang itu. Kita
dapat juga memanipulasi lingkungan dengan cara tertentu sehingga dapat
mengamati seseorang secara lebih spesifik dan jelas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. Strategi pasif, bila kita mengamati
orang lain tanpa orang itu sadar bahwa dia sedang kita amati. Yang paling
bermanfaat dalam observasi pasif adalah mengamati seseorang dalam tugas aktif
tertentu , misalnya interaksi dengan orang lain dalam situasi informal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Strategi interaktif, bila kita
sendiri berinteraksi dengan seseorang. Kita juga mendapatkan pengetahuan
tentang orang lain dengan mengungkapkan informasi tentang diri kita sendiri.
Pengungkapan diri menciptakan lingkungan dan mendorong pengungkapan dari orang
lain yang lebih kita kenal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketiga strategi ini bermanfaat untuk mengurangi
ketidakpastian mengenai orang lain. Sayang banyak orang merasa bahwa mereka
sudah cukup mengenal, sehingga hanya menerapkan strategi pasif. Strategi aktif
lebih bersifat mengungkapkan dan strategi interaktif lebih banyak
mengungkapkannya. Menerapkan ketiga strategi ini akan membuat persepsi anda
seakurat mungkin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Daftar
Pustaka</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://deddysumardi.wordpress.com/2012/04/09/memahami-proses-terjadinya-persepsi/">https://deddysumardi.wordpress.com/2012/04/09/memahami-proses-terjadinya-persepsi/</a></div>
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<a href="http://ahmadroihan8.blogspot.com/2013/10/persepsi-dalam-psikologi-lengkap.html"><span lang="EN-US">http://ahmadroihan8.blogspot.com/2013/10/persepsi-dalam-psikologi-lengkap.html</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.pengertianahli.com/2013/11/pengertian-persepsi-menurut-para-ahli.html#_"><span lang="EN-US">http://www.pengertianahli.com/2013/11/pengertian-persepsi-menurut-para-ahli.html#_</span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayu Anggraeni, dkk.2012.Teori Komunikasi.Jakarta:Politeknik
Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Jakarta II.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-42652593878825640522015-03-28T10:47:00.002+07:002015-03-28T10:47:47.033+07:00Komunikasi Non-verbal<div class="Section1">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ILMU
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi Non-verbal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Disusun
oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Nur Aini Afifah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> (P231311140</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: JA;">31</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Susilawati
(P23131114044)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DIV – II
B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dosen
Pembimbing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">dr. Maria Poppy Herlianty, M.
Epid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes
Jakarta II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jurusan
GI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">ZI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;"><br /></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pengertian Komunikasi Non-verbal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi non-verbal adalah komunikasi yang
menggunakan pesan-pesan non-verbal. Istilah non-verbal biasanya digunakan untuk
melukiskan semua peristiwa komunikasi di luar kata-kata terucap dan tertulis.
Secara teorotis komunikasi verbal dan non-verbal dapat dipisahkan. Namun dalam
kenyataanya, kedua jenis komunikasi ini saling jalin menjalin, saling
melengkapi dalam komunikasi yang kita lakukan sehari-hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Para ahli di bisang komunikasi non-verbal biasanya
menggunakan definisi “tidak menggunakan kata” dengan ketat, dan tidak menyamakan
komunikasi non-verbaldengan komunikasi non-lisan. Contoh: bahasa isyarat dan
tulisan tidak dianggap sebagai komunikasi non-verbal karena menggunakan kata,
sedangkan intonasi dan gaya bicara tergolong sebagai komunikasi non-verbal.
Komunikasi non-verbal juga berbeda dengan komunikasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batasan
lain mengenai komunikasi nonverbal dikemukakan oleh beberapa ahli lainnya,
yaitu;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Frank EX Dance dan Carl E. Larson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
nonverbal adalah sebuah stimuli yang tidak bergantung pada isi simbolik untuk
memaknainya (a stimulus not dependent on symbolic content meaning). <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Edward Sapir<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
nonverbal adalah sebuah kode yang luas yang ditulis tidak di mana pun juga,
diketahui oleh tidak seorang pun dan dimengerti oleh semua (an elaborate code
that is written nowhere, known to none, and understood by all).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Malandro dan Barker yang dikutip dari
Ilya Sunarwinadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasin Antar
Budaya memberikan batasan-batasannya sebagai berikut. 1) Komunikasi nonverbal
adalah komunikasi tanpa kata-kata. 2) Komunikasi nonverbal terjadi bila
individu berkomunikasi tanpa menggunakan suara. 3) Komunikasi nonverbal adalah
setiap hal yang dilakukan oleh seseorang yang diberi makna oleh orang lain. 4)
Komunikasi nonverbal adalah studi mengenai ekspresi wajah, sentuhan, waktu, gerak
isyarat, bau, perilaku mata dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bentuk-bentuk Komunikasi Non-verbal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi non-verbal dibagi menjadi tujuh bentuk
yaitu, komunikasi visual, komunikasi sentuhan, komunikasi gerakan tubuh,
komunikasi lingkungan, komunikasi penciuman, komunikasi penampilan, dan
komunikasi citarasa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi
Visual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi visual merupakan salah satu bentuk
komunikasi yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan pesan berupa gambar, grafik,
lambang, atau simbol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Penggunaan gambar yang relevan dan penggunaan warna
yang tepat serta bentuk yang unik akan membantu mendapat perhatian pendengar.
Dibanding dengan hanya mengucapkan kata-kata saja, penggunaan komunikasi visual
akan lebih cepat dalam pemrosesan informasi kepada para pendengar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rambu lalu lintas<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525;">dan ikon
ikon di dalam<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>program
komputer<span style="color: #252525;">adalah bentuk komunikasi visual sederhana,
seperti juga ikon di dalam keyboard portable<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>sound</i>.
Di jalan pun seperti<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>zebra
cross<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525;">dan ikon<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>sepeda
motor<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525;">terjadi hubungan komunikasi secara visual seperti logo
logo perusahaan dan tanda di<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span></span>kebun
raya<span class="apple-converted-space"><span style="color: #252525;"> </span></span><span style="color: #252525;">dan </span>kebun binatang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh komunikasi visual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Gambar 2.1.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<span
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi
Sentuhan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ilmu yang mempelajari tentang sentuhan dalam
komunikasi non verbal sering disebut haptik. Sebagai contoh: bersalaman,
pukulan, mengelus, sentuhan dipunggung, dan lain sebagainya merupakan salah
satu bentuk komunikasi yang menyampaikan suatu maksud/tujuan tertentu dari
orang yang menyentuhnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Contoh
komunikasi sentuhan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span
style='font-family:"Times New Roman","serif"'>Gambar 2.2.1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
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</tr>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi
Gerakan Tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kineksi atau gerakan tubuh merupakan bentuk
komunikasi non verbal seperti melakukan kontak mata, ekspresi wajah, isyarat
dan sikap tubuh. Gerakan tubuh digunakan untuk menggantikan suatu kata yang
diucapkan. Seseorang dapat mengetahui informasi yang disampaikan melalui
gerakan tubuh tanpa harus mengucapkan suatu kata. Contoh: mengganggukan kepala
yang berarti setuju<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Contoh komunikasi
gerakan tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi
Lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lingkungan dapat memiliki pesan tertentu bagi orang
ynag melihat atau merasakannya. Contoh : arang, ruang, temperatur, dan warna.
Ketika seseorang menyebutkan bahwa “jaraknya sangan jauh”,”ruangan ini
bersih”,”lingkungannya sejuk” dan lainnya, berarti orang tersebut menyatakan
demikian karena atas dasar penglihatan dan perasaan kepada lingkungan tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Contoh komunikasi
lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi
Penciuman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi penciuman merupakan bentuk komunikasi
dimana penyampaian suatu pesan/informasi melalui aroma yang dapat dihirup pleh
indera penciuman. Contoh : aroma parfum bulgari, orang tersebut tidak akan
menyadari bahwa parfum tersebut termasuk parfum bulgari apabila ia hanya
mencium sekali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Contoh komunikasi
penciuman</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi
Penampilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Seseorang yang memakai pakaian yang rapi atau dapat
dikatakan berpenampilan menarik, sehingga mencerminkan kepribadiannya. Hal ini
merupakan bentuk komunikasi yang menyampaikan pesan kepada orang yang
melihatnya. Orang akan menerima pesan berupa tanggapan yang negatif apabila
penampilannya buruk.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Contoh komunikasi
penampilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi
Citarasa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Komunikasi citarasa merupakan salah satu bentuk
komunikasi dimana penyampaian suatu pesan./informasi melalui citarasa dari
suatu makanan atau minuman. Seseorang tidak akan mengatakan bahwa suatu
makanan/minuman memiliki rasa enak, manis, lezat, dan lainnya, apabila makanan
tersebut belum dimakan/diminum sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa citarasa dari
makanan/minuman tadi menyampaikan suatu maksud atau makna</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTrQ6RL0_WgvWQIwU50yrtZnWygxV0222e-jcc0bLHdlNWvYi9u2nnH1ZXLiCpGFSXh8zo3SiTqB7S-r98LSeWGnht7PxtR88l-7zVECOp_O9zYWDhbOHUIayDaDH8-xKwcAvqjxtsGk/s1600/efgbgh.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPTrQ6RL0_WgvWQIwU50yrtZnWygxV0222e-jcc0bLHdlNWvYi9u2nnH1ZXLiCpGFSXh8zo3SiTqB7S-r98LSeWGnht7PxtR88l-7zVECOp_O9zYWDhbOHUIayDaDH8-xKwcAvqjxtsGk/s1600/efgbgh.png" /></a></div>
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<span
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Fungsi Pesan Non-verbal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rakhmat (1985) menjelaskan bahwa komunikasi
non-verbal memiliki beberapa fungsi seperti, repetisi, substitusi, kontradiksi,
komplemen, dan aksentuasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi pertama :
Repetisi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perilaku nonverbal
dapat mengulangi perilaku verbal. Misalnya, Anda menganggukkan kepala ketika
mengatakan "Ya," atau menggelengkan kepala ketika mengatakan
"Tidak," atau menunjukkan arah (dengan telunjuk) ke mana seseorang
harus pergi untuk menemukan WC.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.6pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Kedua :
Subtitusi</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perilaku nonverbal
dapat menggantikan perilaku verbal, jadi tanpa berbicara Anda bisa berinteraksi
dengan orang lain. Misalnya, seorang pengamen mendatangi mobil Anda kemudian
tanpa mengucapkan sepatah katapun Anda menggoyangkan tangan Anda dengan telapak
tangan mengarah ke depan (sebagai kata pengganti "Tidak").Isyarat
nonverbal yang menggantikan kata atau frasa inilah yang disebut emblem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Ketiga : Kontradiksi</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perilaku nonverbal
dapat membantah atau bertentangan dengan perilaku verbal dan bisa memberikan
makna lain terhadap pesan verbal . Misalnya, Anda memuji prestasi teman sambil
mencibirkan bibir.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Kelima :
Komplemen</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perilaku Nonverbal
dapat meregulasi perilaku verbal. Misalnya, saat kuliah akan berakhir, Anda
melihat jam tangan dua-tiga kali sehingga dosen segera menutup kuliahnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Keelima :
Aksentuasi</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memperteguh,
menekankan atau melengkapi perilaku verbal. Misalnya, menggunakan gerakan
tangan, nada suara yang melambat ketika berpidato. Isyarat nonverball tersebut
disebut affect display.</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Peran Komunikasi Non-verbal Dalam Komunikasi
Sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">komunikasi non-verbal memiliki peran yang
sangat penting. Hal ini sesuai dengan pernyataan dari Leathers (1976):<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-faktor
non-verbal sangat menentukan makna dalam komunikasi interpersonal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ketika kita mengobrol
atau berkomunikasi tatap muka, kita banyak menyampaikan gagasan dan pikiran
kita lewat pesan-pesan non-verbal. Pada gilirannya orang lain pun lebih banyak
membaca pikiran-pikiran kita lewat petunjuk-petunjuk non-verbal. Menurut
Birdwhistell tidak lebih dari 30%-35% makna sosial percakapan atau interaksi
dilakukan dengan kata-kata, dan sisanya dilakukan dengan pesan non-verbal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perasaan dan emosi lebih cermat
disampaikan lewat pesan non-verbal ketimbang pesan verbal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Mahrabian
(1967), hanya 7% perasaan kasih sayang dapat dikomunikasikan dengan kata-kata.
Selebihnya, 38% dikomunikasikan lewat suara, dan 55% dikomunikasikan melalui
ungkapan wajah (senyum, kontak mata, dan sebagainya).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan non-verbal menyampaikan makna
dan maksud yang relatif bebas dari penipuan, distorsi, dan kerancauan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan non-verbal
jarang dapat diatur oleh komunikator secara sadar. Misalnya sejak zaman
prasejarah, wanita selalu mengatakan “tidak” dengan lambing verbal, tetapi pria
jarang tertipu. Mereka tahu ketika “tidak” diucapkan, seluruh anggota tubuhnya
menyatakan “ya”. Kecuali actor-aktor yang terlatih, kita semua lebih jujur
berkomunikasi melalui pesan non-verbal. Hal yang kadang kemudian terjadi adalah
double binding dimana ketika pesan non-verbal bertentangan dengan pesan verbal,
orang pada akhirnya akan bersandar pada pesan non-verbal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan non-verbal mempunyai fungsi
metakomunikatif yang sangat diperlukan untuk mencapai komunikasi yang
berkualitas tinggi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi metakomunikatif
artinya memberikan informasi tambahan yang memperjelas maksud dan makna pesan.
Di atas telah dipaparkan mengenai fungsi repetisi, substitusi, kontradiksi, komplemen,
dan aksentuasi. Semua ini menambah kadar informasi dalam penyampaian pesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan non-verbal merupakan cara
berkomunikasi yang lebih efisien dibandingkan dengan pesan verbal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dari segi waktu, pesan
verbal sangat tidak efisien. Dalam paparan verbal selalu terdapat redundansi
(lebih banyak lambang dari yang diperlukan), repetisi, ambiguity, dan
abstraksi. Diperlukan lebih banyak waktu untuk mengungkapkan pikiran kita
secara verbal daripada secara nonverbal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan non-verbal
merupakan sarana sugesti yang paling tepat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 16.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada situasi komunikasi
yang menuntut kita untuk mengungkapkan gagasan atau emosi secara tidak
langsung. Sugesti di sini dimaksudkan menyarankan sesuatu kepada orang lain
secara implicit. Leathers (1976) menyatakan bahwa jika anda meminta pelayanan
seksual dari anak di bawah umur secara verbal, anda dapat menerima hukuman
pernjara. Jika anda melakuka hal yang sama secara non-verbal, anda bebas dari
hukuman. Kita dapat memuji seseorang secara verbal, tetapi mengecamnya secara
non-verbal. Inipun sulit dituntut secara hukum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jenis-Jenis Pesan Non-verbal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Duncan (dalam Rakhmat : 1985) menyebutkan terdapat
beberapa jenis pesan non-verbal yaitu, pesan kinesik, pesan proksemik, pesan
artifaktual, pesan paralinguistik, dan pesan sentuhan dan bau-bauan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.7pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan Kinesik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan kinesik merupakan pesan yang menggunakan
gerakan tubuh yang berarti. Pesan ini terdiri dari 3 komponen utama, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -25.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan Fasial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan ini menggunakan air muka untuk menyampaikan
pesan tertantu. Menurut penelitian wajah dapat menyampaikan paling sedikit 10
kelompok makna: bahagia, terkejut, takut, marah, sedih, muak, mengancam, minat,
takjub, dan tekad. Leathers (1976) menyimpilkan penelitian tentang wajah
sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Wajah
mengomunikasikan tentang ekspresi senang atau tak senang yang menunjukan
komunikator memandang objeknya baik atau buruk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Wajah
mengomunikasi minat seseorang kepada orang lain atau lingkungan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Wajah
mengomunikasikan intensitas keterlibatan dalam suatu situasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Wajah
mengomunikasikan tingkat pengendalian individu terhadap pernyataan sendiri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level4 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Wajah mungkin
mengomunikasikan adanya atau kurangnya pengertian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -25.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan Gestural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menunjukan gerakan sebagai anggota badan seperti
mata dan tangan untuk mengomunikasikan berbagai makna. Menurut galloway, pesan
ini berfungsi untuk mengungkapkan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mendorong/membatasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menyesuaikan/mempertentangkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Responsif/tak
responsif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perasaan
positif/negatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Memperhatikan/tidak
memperhatikan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Melancarkan/tidak
responsif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menyetujui/menolak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan gestural yang mempertentangkan terjadi bila pesan
gestural memberikan arti lain dari pesan verbal atau pesan lainnya. pesan
gestural tak responseif menunjukan gestur yang ttidak ada kaitannya dengan
pesan yang diresponnya. Pesan gestural negatif mengungkapkan sikap dingin,
merendahkan, atau menolak. Pesan gestural tak responsig mengabaikan permintaan
untuk bertindak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 38.05pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -25.2pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan Postural<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 61.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 38.05pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Berkaitan dengan
keseluruhan anggota badan. Mehrabian menyebutkan tiga makna yang dapat
disampaikan postur<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Immediacy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ungkapan
kesukaan atau ketidak sukaan terhadap individu yang lain. Postur yang condong
kearah lawan bicara memnunjukan kesukaan atau penilaian positif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Power<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mengungkapkan status yang tinggi pada
komunikator<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Renponsivenesss<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Individu mengomunikasikannya bila ia
bereaksi secara emosiaonal pada lingkungan, baik positif maupun negatif.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 99.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan Proksemik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Pesan proksemik disampaikan melalui
pengaturan jarak dan ruang. Umumnya dengan mengatur jarak kita mengungkapkan
keakraban kita dengan orang lain. Antropolog Edwad T. Hall menyebutkan empat
macam jarak yang dipergunakan oleh orang Amerika ketika berhubungan dengan
orang lain. Kita ingin menegaskan<span class="apple-converted-space"> </span><i>orang
Amerika,</i>karena pengaturan jarak ini bergantung pada kebudayaan dan
norma-norma sosial yang berlaku. Di Indonesia, tampaknya belum ada penelitian
tentang perbedaan pengaturan jarak. Pesan proksemik juga diungkapkan dengan
mengatur ruangan objek dan rancangan interior. Pesan proksemik dapat
mengungkapkan status sosial-ekonomi, keterbukaan, dan keakraban. Berikut tabel
klasifikasi jarak dari Edward T. Hall.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Proksemik atau pengaturan jarak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 62.1pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 454px;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JARAK<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 259.65pt;" valign="top" width="346">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11.05pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">CONTOH – CONTOH<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0cm;" valign="top" width="454">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11.05pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Akrab<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 28.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase dekat 0 – 6’’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pecinta yang berpelukan; berbisik lembut (itupun jika
ada yang diucapkan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 28.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase jauh 6’’ – 18’’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ibu-anak yang melihat buku bersama; sahabat dekat yang
membicarakan rahasia; bisikan yang terdengar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 42.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase dekat 18’’ – 30’’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suami-istri yang merencanakan pesta; orang tua-anak
ketika mengobrol; suara lembut ketika di rumah; suara penuh di luar rumah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 28.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase jauh 30’’ – 4’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pembicaraan tentang hal-hal yang melibatkan
kepentingan personal; obrolan sambil menghirup kopi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0cm;" valign="top" width="454">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11.05pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sosial<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 42.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase dekat 4’ – 7’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi bisnis yang imperrsonal; obrolan dengan teman
sekerja; percakapan dalam satu perjumpaan sambil lalu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td rowspan="3" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase jauh 7’ – 12’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td rowspan="3" style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 259.65pt;" valign="top" width="346">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diskusi bisnis yang lebih formal; jarak yang kita atur
kalau kita ingin sendirian. Misalnya membaca; ketika berbicara pada jarak ini
suara lebih keras dari suara untuk fase dekat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 10;">
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</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 11;">
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<td height="20" style="border: none; height: 15.0pt;" width="0"></td>
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<tr style="height: 15.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 12;">
<td colspan="2" style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 15.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 12.0cm;" valign="top" width="454">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11.05pt;">
<b><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Publik<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<tr style="height: 28.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 13;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase dekat 12’ – 25’<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 28.5pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 259.65pt;" valign="top" width="346">
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Suara kerras dengan volume tidak penuh; orang yang
berbicara di depan kelompok kecil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<tr style="height: 42.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 14; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 42.75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-right-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 80.55pt;" valign="top" width="107">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fase jauh 25’ – atau lebih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: 11pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "inherit","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">pidato; komunikasi interpersonal barangkali tidak
mungkin; jarak minimum antara publik dengan tokoh (misal: politisi dan
bintang film)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan
Artifaktual<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Pesan artifaktual diungkapkan melalui
penampilan – tubuh pakaian, dan kosmetik. Walaupun bentuk tubuh relatif
menetap, orang sering berperilaku dalam hubungan dengan orang lain sesuai
dengan persepsinya tentang tubuhnya (body image). Erat kaitannya dengan tubuh
ialah upaya kita untuk membentuk citra tubuh dengan pakaian dan kosmetik.
“Pakaian menyampaikan pesan. Pakaian terlihat sebelum suara terdengar. Pakaian
tertentu berhubungan dengan perilaku tertentu.” (Kefgen dan Touchie – Specht,
1971:10-11). Umumnya pakaian kita pergunakan untuk menyampaikan identitas kita,
untuk mengungkapkan kepada orang lain Siapa kita. Menyampaikan identitas
berarti menunjukkan kepada orang lain bagaimana perilaku kita dan bagiamana
orang lain sepatutnya memperlakukan kita. Selain itu, pakaian dipakai untuk
menyampaikan perasaan (sperti blus hitam ketika wanita berduka cita, atau
pakaian yang semarak ketika kita ceria), status dan peranan (sperti seragam
pegawai kantor), dan formalitas (seperti memakai sandal untuk menunjukkan
situasi informal dan memakai batik ntuk situasi formal). Kosmetik, seperti
dinyatakan M.S. Wetmore Cosmetic Studio di Encino, California, dapat
mengungkapkan kesehatan (dengan menggunakan base make up untuk meratakan noda
kulit), sikap yang ekspresif dan komunikatif (dengan “memoles” mata), dan
kehangatan (dengan mengatur warna bibir).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan
Paralinguistik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan paralinguistik adalah pesan nonverbal yang berhubungan
dengan cara mengucapkan pesan verbal. Satu pesan verbal yang sama dapat
menyampaikan arti yang berbe3da bila diucapkan dengan cara yang berbeda. Mari
kita lihat kalimat di bawah ini :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayah Sidin mengambil
rantai anjing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berhentilah pada <i>Ayah </i>dan
mengucapkan dengan nada memanggil:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayah | Sidin mengambil
rantai anjing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sekarang berhenti pada
kata <i>Sidin </i>:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayah Sidin | mengambil
rantai anjing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Atau berhenti
pada <i>rantai</i> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ayah Sidin mengambil
rantai | anjing.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cara mengucapkan yang berbeda memberikan arti yang sangat
berrlainan. Kalimat di atas, juga dapat diucapkan dengan intonasi yang berlainan
untuk menunjukkan pertanyaan, keraguan, keyakinan, atau penolakan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan paralinguistik terdiri atas- antara lain- nada, kualitas
suara, volume, kecepatan, dan ritme. Nada (pitch) menunjukkan jumlah getaran
atau “gelombang” yang dihasilkan sumber bunyi. Makin banyak jumlah getaran,
makin tinggi nada. Orang yang memilih stereo tentu mengenal perbedaan nada.
Orang yang berbicara tanpa banyak perrubahan dana disebut <i>monoton. </i>Nada
dapat mengungkapkan gairah, ketakutan, kesedihan, kesungguhan, atau kasih
sayang. Nada dapat memperteguh dampak kata yang kita ucapkan. Beberapa
penelitian menyatakan bahwa nada sering digunakan untuk mengungkapkan identitas
diri dan mempengaruhi orang lain (Addington, 1968)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 15.75pt; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -35.4pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pesan Sentuhan
dan Bau-bauan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 42.55pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.5pt;">Pesan sentuhan dan bau-bauan termasuk
pesan nonverbal nonvisual dan nonvokal. Penelitian tentang sentuhan dan
bau-bauan sebagai pesan komunikasi masi jarang sekali. Dari segi kepekaan
manusia kepada sentuhan dan bau-bauan, kurangnya perhatian para peneliti
padanya sangat mengherankan. Serat-serat penginderaan dari kulit (penerima
sentuhan) yang masuk ke tulang belakang berjumlah lebih dari setengah juta.
Dalam otak sendiri terdapat daerah perekam sentuhan yang cukup besar. Sementara
itu, penciuman adalah “te most experienced of senses”. Pengelihatan tidak
berfungsi ketika tidak ada cahaya. Telinga boleh mendengarkan, tetapi tidak
mendengar. Indra perasa seringkali tidak bekerja. Namun indra pencium bekerja
setiap saat (Bedichek, 1960:21)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 39.6pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KELEBIHAN DAN
KEKURANAGAN KOMUNIKASI NON VERBAL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelebihan komunikasi
nonverbal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perasaan dan emosi lebih cermat disampaikan lewat pesan noverbal
ketimbang pesan verbal. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan nonverbal menyampaikan makna dan maksud yang relatif bebas
dari penipuan, distorsi, dan kerancuan. Sehingga pesan nonverbal memiliki
kesahihan ( realiabilitas) tingkat kepercayaan yang tinggi terhadap kebenaran
pesan-pesan yang disampaikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan nonverbal mempunyai fungsi metakomunikatif yang sangat
diperlukan untuk mencapai komunikasi yang berkualitas tinggi. Fungsi
metakomunikatif artinya memberikan informasi tambahan yang memeperjelas maksud
dan makna pesan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan nonverbal merupakan cara komunikasi yang lebih efisien
dibandingkan dengan pesan verbal. Karena pesan non verbal tidak harus berpikir
panjang dan para audiens dapat menangkap artinya dengan cepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan nonverbal merupakan sarana sugesti yang paling tepat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi sifat, melengkapi, menentang atau mengembangkan
pesan-pesan verbal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faktor-faktor nonverbal sangat menentukan makna dalam komunikasi
interpersonal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan verbal mempunyai fungsi repetisi, substitusi, kontradiksi,
komplemen, dan aksentuasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6.2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kekurangan
komunikasi nonverbal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan nonverbal jarang
dapat diatur oleh komunikator secara sadar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi nonverbal
memiliki sifat yang kurang terencana atau terstruktur sehingga sulit
dipelajari.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-left: 78.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Proses belajar yang
dialami seseorang untuk dapat mealkukan perilaku nonverbal sulit dijelaskan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 16.5pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://artikel.okeschool.com/guest-user/login"><span style="color: #165db5; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></a></span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-49748648956439165072015-03-28T10:26:00.001+07:002015-03-28T10:26:12.524+07:00UNSUR-UNSUR DALAM KOMUNIKASI<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MAKALAH ILMU KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">“UNSUR-UNSUR
DALAM KOMUNIKASI”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DISUSUN
OLEH :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 148.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; mso-fareast-font-family: "One Stroke Script LET";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">MUTHIA
SULISTIANTU P.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; mso-fareast-font-family: "One Stroke Script LET";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VANY
GUSTIANZLY<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">JURUSAN GIZI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">POLITEKNIK KESEHATAN JAKARTA II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Jl. Hang Jebat III Blok F3 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">JAKARTA</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "One Stroke Script LET"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc318346261"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc318318557"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian
</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur
dalam Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur
adalah bagian terkecil dari suatu benda. Sedangkan komunikasi adalah suatu
proses dalam mana seorang atau beberapa orang, kelompok, organisasi, dan
masyarakat menciptakan dan menggunakan informasi agar terhubung dengan
lingkungan dan orang lain. Jadi, unsur dalam komunikasi adalah bagian tekecil
dari proses seseorang atau beberapa orang, kelompok, organisasi, dan masyarakat
dalam menciptakan dan menggunakan informasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc318346262"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc318318558"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Unsur Mutlak dalam Komunikasi</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikator
/ pengirim / sender <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
orang yang menyampaikan isi pernyataannya kepada komunikan. Komunikator bisa
tunggal, kelompok, atau organisasi pengirim berita. Komunikator bertanggung
jawab dalam hal mengirim berita dengan jelas, memilih media yang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ocok untuk menyampaikan
pesan tersebut, dan meminta kejelasan apakah pesan telah diterima dengan baik.
Untuk itu, seorang komunikator dalam menyampaikan pesan atau informasi harus
memperhatikan dengan siapa dia berkomunikasi, apa yang akan dia sampaikan, dan
bagaimana cara menyampaikannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikan
/ penerima / receiver <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
penerima pesan atau berita yang disampaikan oleh komunikator. Dalam proses
komunikasi, penerima pesan bertanggung jawab untuk dapat mengerti isi pesan
yang disampaikan dengan baik dan benar. Penerima pesan juga memberikan umpan
balik kepada pengirim pesan untuk memastikan bahwa pesan telah diterima dan
dimengerti secara sempurna.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
/ media / channel <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saluran atau jalan yang dilalui oleh isi pernyataan komunikator kepada
komunikan dan sebaliknya. Pesan dapat berupa kata-kata atau tulisan, tiruan,
gambaran atau perantara lain yang dapat digunakan untuk mengirim melalui
berbagai channel yang berbeda seperti telepon, televisi, fax, photo copy,
email, sandi morse, sms, dan sebagainya. Pemilihan channel dalam proses
komunikasi tergantung pada sifat berita yang akan disampaikan ( Wursanto, 1994
). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc318346263"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc318318559"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> C.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Unsur-unsur
Komunikasi</span></b></a><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikasi
pada hakekatnya dibentuk dari lima unsur pokok, yang merupakan satu kesatuan
utuh dan bulat. Apabila salah satu unsur tidak ada maka proses komunikasi tidak
akan dapat berlangsung. Kelima unsur komunikasi itu saling berhubungan,
saling melengkapi dan saling ketergantungan. Menurut Redfield, komunikasi
terdiri dari </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">beberap</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">unsur yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikator
(pengirim berita)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai
pengirim berita atau pesan, komunikator harus berusaha mengemukakan hal-hal
yang terkandung dalam pikirannya secara jelas kepada pihak yang menerima
berita, sehingga komunikan mudah dan cepat untuk memahami dan menaggapinya. Dalam
menyampaikan berita atau pesan, komunikator harus memperhatikan dengan siapa
atau kepada siapa pesan itu disampaikan. Penyampaian berita atau pesan sudah
harus disesuaikan dengan tingkat pengetahuan dan pengalaman pihak penerima
berita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
komunikasi, setiap orang atau kelompok dapat menyampaikan pesan-pesan
komunikasi itu sebagai suatu proses dimana komunikator dapat menjadi komunikan,
sebaliknya komunikan dapat menjadi komunikator. Komunikator dilihat dari
jumlahnya terdiri dari : satu orang, banyak orang dalam pengertian lebih dari
satu, dan massa. Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan komunikator</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penampilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penampilan ini sesuai
dengan tata krama dengan memperhatikan keadaan, waktu dan tempat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penguasaan masalah<br />
Seseorang yang tampil atau ditampilkan sebagai komunikator haruslah betul-betul
menguasai masalahnya. Dalam suatu proses komunikasi timbal balik, yang lebih
menguasai masalah akan cenderung memenangkan tujuan komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penguasaan bahasa<br />
Komunikator harus menguasai bahasa dengan baik. Penguasaan bahasa akan sangat
membantu menjelaskan pesan-pesan apa yang ingin kita sampaikan kepada audience
itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Messages
(berita atau pesan)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Isi
berita atau pesan harus jelas, sehingga apa yang dimaksud oleh pengirim berita
dapat diterima oleh pihak penerima berita. Berita atau pesan dapat disampaikan
dalam berbagai bentuk, seperti perintah, permintaan, pendapat,saran atau usul,
dapat disampaikan secara lisan maupun tulisan/gambar/kode dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyampaian pesan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melalui
lisan, face to face, langsung menggunakan media, saluran dan sebagainya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bentuk pesan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Informatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bersifat memberikan
keterangan-keterangan/ fakta-fakta, kemudian komunikan mengambil keputusan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persuasif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berisikan bujukan, yaitu
membangkitkan pengertian dan kesadaran manusia bahwa apa yang kita sampaikan
akan memberikan perubahan sikap, tetapi berubahnya adalah atas kehendak sendiri
(bukan dipaksakan). Perubahan tersebut diterima atas kesadaran sendiri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Koersif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyampaian pesan yang bersifat
memaksa dan dengan menggunakan sanksi-sanksi apabila tidak dilaksanakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesan dibagi
berdasarkan sifatnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesan
bersifat verbal (verbal communication) antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Oral
: komunikasi yang dijalin secara lisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Written
: komunikasi yang dijalin secara tulisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesan
bersifat nonverbal (nonverbal communication) yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span
lang=EN-US>Denotatif</span></p>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1076'>
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<span
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1077'>
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<span
lang=EN-US>Struktur Penyajian</span></p>
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<v:textbox style='mso-next-textbox:#_x0000_s1078'>
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<p class=MsoNoSpacing align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
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<span
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<span
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<span
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<p class=MsoNoSpacing align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
lang=EN-US>Mimik</span></p>
<p class=MsoNoSpacing align=center style='text-align:center'>
<span
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</v:group></v:group></v:group><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 337px; left: 0px; margin-left: 9px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 608px; z-index: 3;"><br /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gestural
communication (menggunakan sandi-sandi—bidang kerahasiaan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesan yang disampaikan
harus tepat, pesan yang mengena harus memenuhi syarat-syarat sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berisikan hal-hal umum dipahami
oleh khalayak atau komunikasi bukan terkait masalah-masalah yang hanya dipahami
oleh seseorang atau kelompok tertentu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jelas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pesan harus jelas
dan tidak boleh samar-samar agar tidak terjadi kesalahpahaman atau penyimpangan
maksud dari komunikasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penggunaan
bahasa yang jela</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">s</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebisa mungkin menghindari
penggunaan istilah yang tidak dipahami oleh audience. Sebaiknya menggunakan
bahasa asli setempat untuk mempermudah proses komunikasi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Positif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Secara kodrati
manusia selalu tidak ingin mendengar dan melihat hal</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">hal yang tidak menyenangkan dirinya. Oleh karena itu
setiap pesan agar diusahakan atau diutarakan dalam bentuk positif</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Seimbang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesan yang disampaikan hendaklah
tidak ekstrem dan selalu menentang baik dan buruk karena hal ini cenderung dit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">o</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">lak atau tidak diterima
oleh komunikan. Sebaiknya pesan ini dirumuskan seimbang, yaitu dengan tidak
mengesampingkan kelemahan yang ada, disamping menonjolkan keberhasilan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyesuaian
dengan keinginan komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang-orang yang menjadi sasaran
atau komunikasi yang kita lancarkan selalu mempunyai keinginan atau kepentingan
tertentu. Dengan hal ini komunikator dapat menyesuaikan dengan keadaan waktu
dan tempat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Beberapa
hambatan-hambatan terhadap pesan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hambatan
bahasa (language factor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesan akan disalah artikan sehingga
tidak mencapai apa yang diinginkan, apabila bahasa yang digunakan tidak
dipahami oleh komunikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hambatan
teknis (noise factor)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pesan dapat tidak utuh diterima
komunikan karena gangguan teknis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komunikan
(penerima berita)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pihak
penerima berita harus memberikan tanggapan terhadap berita atau pesan yang
diterimanya.Sebagai penerima berita atau pesan tentu saja harus menafsirkan
berita/pesan yang diterima seperti yang dimaksud oleh pihak pengirim berita.
Komunikan atau penerima pesan dapat digolongkan kedalam 3 jenis yaitu personal
(komunikasi yang ditujukan kepada sasaran yang tunggal), kelompok (komunikasi
yang ditujukan kepada kelompok yang tertentu), massa (komunikasi yang ditujukan
kepada massa atau komunikasi yang menggunakan media. Massa di sini adalah
kumpulan orang-orang yang hubungan antar sosialnya tidak jelas dan tidak
mempunyai struktur tertentu). Komunikasi akan berhasil baik jika pesan yang
disampaikan sesuai dengan rangka pengetahuan dan lingkup pengalaman komunikan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Peran
antara komunikator dan komunikan bersifat dinamis, saling bergantian. Dilihat
dari jumlah komunikator dan komunikan, maka proses komunikasi dapat terjadi 9
kemungkinan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kompetensi
komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kompetensi
komunikasi mengacu pada kemampuan anda untuk berkomunikasi secara efektif
(Spitzberg dan Cupach, 1989). Kompetensi ini mencakup hal-hal seperti
pengetahuan tentang peran lingkungan (<i>konteks</i>) dalam mempengaruhi
kandungan (<i>content</i>) dan bentuk pesan komunikasi (misalnya, pengetahuan
bahwa suatu topik mungkin layak dikomunikasikan kepada pendengar tertentu di
lingkungan tertentu, tetapi mungkin tidak layak bagi pendengar dan lingkungan
yang lain). Pengetahuan tentang tata cara perilaku nonverbal (misalnya
kepatutan sentuhan, suara yang keras, serta kedekatan fisik) juga merupakan bagian
dari kompetensi komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dengan
meningkatkan kompetensi anda, anda akan mempunyai banyak pilihan berperilaku.
Makin banyak anda tahu tentang komunikasi (artinya, makin tinggi kompetensi
anda), makin banyak pilihan, yang anda punyai untuk melakukan komunikasi
sehari-hari. Proses ini serupa dengan proses mempelajari perbendaharaan kata:
Makin banyak kata anda ketahui (artinya, makin tinggi kompetensi perbendaharaan
kata anda), makin banyak cara yang anda miliki untuk mengungkapkan diri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Transmits
(proses pengiriman berita)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
pengiriman berita menyangkut sarana dan media yang dipakai dalam mengirim
berita atau pesan. Sarana dan media yang diperlukan dan digunakan dalam proses
komunikasi tergantung pada jenis dan sifat berita atau pesan yang akan disampaikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Efek
(reaksi atau tanggapan)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Efek
atau tanggapan yang diberikan oleh pihak penerima berita disebut respon atau
umpan balik. Dengan adanya tanggapan dari pihak penerima berita maka
komunikator akan dapat mengetahui apakah berita yang dikirim tersebut sampai
dan dimengerti atau tidak oleh pihak komunikan. Dengan adanya respon atau feed
back dari pihak komunikan maka akan terjadi proses komunikasi dua arah
yang dikenal dengan sebutan “two wayscommunication.” </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat tiga tataran pengaruh dalam diri </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komunikan/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunikan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kognitif (seseorang menjadi
tahu sesuatu).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Afektif <u>(</u>sikap seseorang
terbentuk).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konatif (</span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/tingkah-laku/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tingkah laku</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
hal yang membuat seseorang bertindak melakukan sesuatu).<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek adalah hasil akhir dari suatu komunikasi, yaitu
sikap dan tingkah laku orang, sesuai atau tidak sesuai dengan yang kita
inginkan. Efek ini sesungguhnya dapat dilihat dari personal opinion, publik
opinion, dan majority opinion.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Personal opinion</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pendapat pribadi,
hal ini dapat merupakan akibat atau hasil yang diperoleh dari komunikasi.
Personal opinion adalah sikap dan pendapat seseorang terhadap suatu masalah
tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Public opinion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sering kita artikan
sebagai pedapat umum. Pengertiannya adalah penilaian sosial mengenai sesuatu
hal yang dan berarti atas dasar
pertukaran pikiran yang dilakukan individu secara sadar dan rasional.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Majority opinion<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pendapat bagian terbesar dari
publik atau masyarakat. Jika kita berbicara tentang opini atau pendapat maka
kita sering mendengar opinion leader. Opinion leader adalah orang yang secara
informal membimbing dan mengarahkan suatu opini tertentu kepada masyarakat.
Opinion leader merupakan tempat bertanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek inilah yang memicu adanya umpan balik dari
komunikan. Komunikan yang sedianya menjadi receiver berubah status menjadi
komunikator sehingga terjalin komunikasi dua arah. Jadi, umpan balik (feedback) merupakan
satu-satunya elemen yang dapat menilai apakah komunikasi yang telah berlangsung
berhasil atau gagal. Keberlangsungan komunikasi yang dibangun sebelumnya
ditentukan oleh umpan balik sebagai bentuk penilaian.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran/ media/ channel<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">alat, </span><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_GoBack"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">saluran
atau jalan yang dilalui oleh isi pernyataan komunikator kepada komunikan dan
sebaliknya . Pesan dapat berupa kata - kata atau tulisan , tiruan , gambaran
atau perantara lain yang dapat digunakan untuk mengirim melalui berbagai channel
yang berbeda seperti telepon , televisi , fax , photo copy , email , sandi
morse , semaphore , sms , dan sebagainya . Pemilihan channel dalam proses
komunikasi tergantung pada sifat berita yang akan disampaikan ( Wursanto , 1994
). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat dua cara:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/non-mediated-communication/"><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Non mediated communication</span></i></a></span><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (face to face)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">, secara langsung.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/media/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">media</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Setelah dikemas pesan dapat disampaikan
melalui saluran (channel) atau media. Pengirim dapat memilih media lisan
(oral), tertulis (written), atau elektronik (electroninc).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media lisan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan yang disampaikan melalui media
lisan dapat dilaksanakan dengan menyampaikan sendiri (in person), melalui
telepon, mesi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">n</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dikte atau videotape. Penerima bisa seorang diri,
kelompok kecil, kelompok besar, atau massa. Keuntungan media lisan antara lain
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mendapat
tanggapan langsung entah berupa pertanyaan ataupun sekedar permintaan
penjelasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memungkinkan
disertai nada atau warna suara, gerakgerik tubuh, raut wajah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dapat dilakukan
dengan cepat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media tertulis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan yang disampaikan secara tertulis
dapat disampaikan melalui surat, memo, laporan, hand-out, selebaran, catatan,
poster, gambar, grafik, dan lain-lain. Keuntungan dari media tertulis antara
lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ada catatannya
sehingga data dan informasi tetap utuh tidak dapat berkurang atau bertambah
seperti informasi lisan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memberi waktu
untuk dipelajari isinya, cara penyusunannya, dan rumusan kata-katanya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Media elektronik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pesan yang disampaikan secara
elektronik dilakukan melalui faksimili, email, radio, televisi. Keuntungan dari
media elektronik antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Prosesnya cepat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:/Users/HP/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Data dapat
disimpan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 70.9pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi, pesan dapat dikirim melalui
berbagai media dan media itu dapat dikombinasikan. Misalnya pesan tertulis
dijelaskan secara lisan. Pesan elektronik disusul dengan pesan tertuli. Karena
itu pesan dapat diterima dengan semua indra kita.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Umpan balik<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/umpan-balik/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Umpan balik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dapat dimaknai sebagai jawaban </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komunikan/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunikan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atas </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/pesan/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">pesan</span></a><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komunikator/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunikator</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang disampaikan kepadanya. Pada </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/category/komunikasi-dan-konseling/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunikasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> yang dinamis, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komunikator/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunikator</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/tag/komunikan/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">komunikan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> terus-menerus saling bertukar
peran.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umpan
balik adalah informasi yang dikirimkan balik ke sumbernya. Umpan balik dapat
berasal dari anda sendiri atau dari orang lain. Dalam diagram universal
komunikasi tanda panah dari satu sumber-penerima ke sumber-penerima yang lain
dalam kedua arah adalah umpan balik. Bila anda menyampaikan pesan misalnya,
dengan cara berbicara kepada orang lain anda juga mendengar diri anda sendiri.
Artinya, anda menerima umpan balik dari pesan anda sendiri. Anda mendengar apa
yang anda katakan, anda merasakan gerakan anda, anda melihat apa yang anda
tulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selain
umpan balik sendiri ini, anda menerima umpan balik dari orang lain. Umpan balik
ini dapat datang dalam berbagai bentuk: Kerutan dahi atau senyuman, anggukan
atau gelengan kepala, tepukan di bahu atau tamparan di pipi, semuanya adalah
bentuk umpan balik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lingkungan komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Lingkungan (konteks)
komunikasi memiliki 3 (tiga) komponen penting yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Fisik,
adalah ruang dimana komunikasi berlangsung yang nyata atau berwujud. Maksudnya
adalah komunikasi bersifat nyata
dan real sehingga dikatakan mempunyai tampilan fisik, baik berupa suara
maupun gerakan-gerakan sebagai tanda.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Sosial-psikologis,
meliputi, misalnya tata hubungan status di antara mereka yang terlibat,
peran yang dijalankan orang, serta aturan budaya masyarakat di mana mereka
berkomunikasi. Lingkungan atau konteks ini juga mencakup rasa persahabatan
atau permusuhan, formalitas atau
informalitas, serius atau senda gurau.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Temporal
(waktu), mencakup waktu dalam hitungan jam, hari, atau sejarah dimana
komunikasi berlangsung.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Ketiga komponen
komuniasi tersebut saling berinteraksi satu dengan yang lainnya, masing-masing
mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Enkoding-Dekoding<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
ilmu komunikasi kita menamai tindakan menghasilkan pesan (misalnya, berbicara
atau menulis) sebagai enkoding (<i>encoding</i>).Dengan menuangkan
gagasan-gagasan kita ke dalam gelombang suara atau ke atas selembar kertas,
kita menjelmakan gagasan-gagasan tadi ke dalam kode tertentu.Jadi, kita
melakukan enkoding.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam proses enkoding, pengirim melalukukan dua hal.
Pertama, memikirkan sungguh-sungguh perasaan atau gagasan yang hendak
disampaikan. Kedua, menerjemahkan perasaan atau gagasan itu ke dalam kode
berupa lambang dalam bentuk kata atau nonkata yang dirasa dapat menyampaikan
makna yang hendak disampaikan dengan tepat baik dan dapat diterima oleh
penerimanya. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dari berbagai kode dan lambang yang ada, pengirim memilih
kode yang memenuhi kebutuhannya untuk menyampaikan makna, lalu mengaturnya agar
dapat dimengerti dan diterima oleh penerima. Pada waktu melakukan enkoding ini,
pengirim tidak hanya memikirkan apa yang akan disampaikan, tetapi juga cara
bagaimana hal itu dapat disampaikan agar tujuan berkomunikasi tercapai dengan
mendatangkan hasil yang diinginkan dari penerima. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dengan demikian, karena menjadi pencipta pesan, maka
pengirim dapat mengendalikan macam pesan yang mau disampaikan, bentuk kemasan
yang digunakan, dan acap kali media yang akan dipakai untuk menyampaikan pesan
itu. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kita menamai tindakan menerima pesan (misalnya,
mendengarkan atau membaca) sebagai dekoding (<i>decoding</i>).Dengan
menerjemahkan gelombang suara atau kata-kata di atas kertas menjadi gagasan,
anda menguraikan kode tadi.Jadi, anda melakukan dekoding.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Oleh karenanya kita menamai pembicara atau penulis
sebagai enkoder (<i>encoder</i>), dan pendengar atau pembaca sebagai dekoder (<i>decoder</i>).Seperti
halnya sumber-penerima, kita menuliskan enkoding-dekoding sebagai satu kesatuan
yang tak terpisahkan untuk menegaskan bahwa anda menjalankan fungsi-fungsi ini
secara simultan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketika anda berbicara (enkoding),
anda juga menyerap tanggapan dari pendengar (dekoding).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gangguan<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan
(<i>noise</i>) adalah gangguan dalam komunikasi yang mendistorsi pesan.Gangguan
menghalangi penerima dalam menerima pesan dan sumber dalam mengirimkan
pesan.Gangguan dikatakan ada dalam suatu sistem komunikasi bila ini membuat
pesan yang disampaikan berbeda dengan pesan yang diterima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan
ini dapat berupa gangguan fisik (ada orang lain berbicara), psikologis
(pemikiran yang sudah ada di kepala kita), atau semantik (salah mengartikan
makna).Tabel dibawah menyajikan ketiga macam gangguan ini secara lebih rinci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 516px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Macam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 123.75pt;" valign="top" width="165">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Definsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 123.75pt;" valign="top" width="165">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferensi dengan transmisi fisik
isyarat atau pesan lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Desingan mobil yang lewat, dengungan
komputer, kacamata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interferensi kognitif atau mental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Prasangka dan bias pada
sumber-penerima, pikiran yang sempit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembicaraan dan pendengar memberi arti
yang berlainan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang berbicara dengan bahasa yang
berbeda, menggunakan jargon atau istilah yang terlalu rumit yang tidak
dipahami pendengar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan
dalam komunikasi tidak terhindarkan.Semua komunikasi mengandung gangguan, dan
walaupun kita tidak dapat meniadakannya samasekali,</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
kita dapat mengurangi gangguan dan dampaknya. Menggunakan bahasa yang lebih
akurat, mempelajari keterampilan mengirim dan menerima pesan nonverbal, serta
meningkatkan keterampilan mendengarkan dan menerima serta mengirimkan umpan
balik adalah beberapa cara untuk menanggulangi gangguan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc318346270"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></a><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vardiyansah,
2004. Pengantar Ilmu </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.lusa.web.id/category/komunikasi-dan-konseling/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Komunikasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daryanto.
2010. Ilmu Komunikasi Jilid 1. Bandung: Satu Nusa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Shoelhi,
M.B. A. 2009. Komunikasi Internasional Perspektif Jurnalistik. Bandung:
Simbiosa Rektama Media.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Wiryanto.
2004. Pengantar Ilmu Komunikasi. Jakarta: Grasindo.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cangara,
H. 2005. Pengantar ilmu komunikasi. Raja grafindo Persada. Jakarta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.wikipedia.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">www.wikipedia.com</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/komunikasi_bisnis/bab4-unsur_unsur_komunikasi.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://elearning.gunadarma.ac.id/docmodul/komunikasi_bisnis/bab4-unsur_unsur_komunikasi.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/54257009/2/Unsur-Unsur-Komunikasi?query=unsur-unsur"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/54257009/2/Unsur-Unsur-Komunikasi?query=unsur-unsur</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.shvoong.com/humanities/linguistics/2198711-unsur-unsur-komunikasi/#ixzz1naSIqp3R"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://id.shvoong.com/humanities/linguistics/2198711-unsur-unsur-komunikasi/#ixzz1naSIqp3R</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://nurmanto.com/unsur-unsur-komunikasi/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://nurmanto.com/unsur-unsur-komunikasi/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://meiliemma.wordpress.com/2006/10/17/definisi-komunikasi"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://meiliemma.wordpress.com/2006/10/17/definisi-komunikasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://cahpct.blogdetik.com/2009/04/02/definisi-komunikasi/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://cahpct.blogdetik.com/2009/04/02/definisi-komunikasi</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://h3r1y4d1.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/unsur-unsur-komunikasi/"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://h3r1y4d1.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/unsur-unsur-komunikasi/</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://marufah.blog.uns.ac.id/files/2010/05/unsur-komunikasi1.pdf"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://marufah.blog.uns.ac.id/files/2010/05/unsur-komunikasi1.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/18215/4/Chapter%20II.pdf"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">http://repository.usu.ac.id/bitstream/123456789/18215/4/Chapter%20II.pdf</span></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-19458603296038172722015-03-28T10:19:00.002+07:002015-03-28T10:19:50.242+07:00Sistem Komunikasi<div class="Section1">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">ILMU
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Sistem
Komunikasi”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Disusun
oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nila Krisnasari (P23131114028)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Utari Noor FitriDini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-language: JA;"> (P23131114047)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DIV – II
B<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dosen
Pembimbing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">dr. Maria Poppy Herlianty, M.
Epid<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes
Jakarta II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jurusan
GIZI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">KATA
PENGANTAR<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Puji syukur kehadirat Tuhan YME atas segala karunia dan
berkahnya sehingga kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan lancar dan dapat
mengatasi segala hambatannya.Terima kasih kepada orang tua kami yang telah
mendukung dalam segala hal, tidak lelah memberi kami motivasi dan dukungan agar
kami dapat menyelesaikan makalah ini dengan baik. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Kepada dosen pembimbing kami bapak dr. Maria Poppy
Herlianty, M. Epid yang membimbing proses penyusunan sehingga makalah ini dapat
disajikan dengan baik. Makalah kami masih jauh dari sempurna, oleh karena itu kami sangat mengharapkan kritik
dan saran dari teman- teman.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jakarta, 01 Maret 2015<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Penulis</span><b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<br />
<div class="Section3">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. Pengertian Sistem</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem berasal dari bahasa Yunani, <i>sistema,</i>
yang berarti suatu keseluruhan yang tersusun dari sekian banyak bagian (Shrode
dan Voich, dalam Nurudin, 2004). Serupa dengan pendapat Shrode dan Voich,
Littlejohn(1999) mengartikan sistem sebagai seperangkat hal-hal yang saling
mempengaruhi dalam suatu lingkungan dan membentuk suatu keseluruhan (sebuah
pola yang lebih besar yang berbeda dari setiap bagian-bagiannya).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lebih mendalam, Littlejohn mengatakan bahwa suatu
sistem terdiri dari empat (4) hal, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Objek-objek. Objek adalah bagian-bagian, elemen-elemen, atau
variabel-variabel dari sistem. Mereka bisa jadi berbentuk fisik atau
abstrak atau kedua-duanya, tergantung dari sifat sistem.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atribut. Suatu sistem terdiri dari atribut-atribut, kualitas atau
properti sistem itu dan objek-objeknya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hubungan internal, hubungan antara anggota sistem.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lingkungan, suatu sistem memiliki suatu lingkungan. Mereka tidak hadir
dalam suatu kevakuman, tetapi dipengaruhi oleh keadaan sekitarnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suatu keluarga adalah suatu contoh yang baik dari
suatu sistem. Anggota-anggota keluarga (bapak; ibu; anak; dan sebagainya)
adalah objek dari sistem ini. Ciri-ciri mereka sebagai individu adalah
atribut-atribut. Interaksi mereka keluarga membentuk hubungan antara
anggota-anggotanya. Keluarga juga eksis dalam lingkungan sosial dan kultural,
dan ada pengaruh bersama diantara keluarga dan lingkungannya. Anggota-anggota
keluarga bukanlah orang-orang yang terisolasi, dan hubungan mereka haruslah
diperhitungkan untuk memahami keluarga sebagai suatu unit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lebih mendalam, Littlejohn menyatakan bahwa sistem
mempunyai beberapa sifat, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keseluruhandaninterdependensi (<i>wholeness and
interdependence</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suatu sistem
adalah suatu keseluruhan yang unik, karena bagian-bagiannya berhubungan satu
sama lain dan tidak dapat dipahami secara terpisah. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Suatu sistem
adalah produk dari kekuatan-kekuatan atau interaksi-interaksi diantara
bagian-bagiannya. Dan bagian-bagian dari sistem saling bergantungan atau saling
mempengaruhi tidak bebas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Independensi dengan mudah dapat digambarkan dalam keluarga. Suatu keluarga
adalah suatu sistem interaksi individu, dan setiap anggota dipaksa oleh aksi
anggota-anggota lainnya. Walaupun tiap orang memiliki kebebasan tak seorangpun
memiliki kebebasan penuh dengan keterikatan mereka satu sama lain.
Perilaku-perilaku dalam keluarga tidak independen, bebas, atau acak. Namun
mereka terpola dan terstruktur agak dapat diramalkan. Apa yang anggota keluarga
lakukan atau katakan mengikuti dari atau membawa suatu aksi yang lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hirark</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">i (<i>hierarchy</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem
mempunyai hirarki, ada sistem yang lebih besar dimana suatu sistem adalah satu
bagian disebut supra-sistem, dan sistem yang lebih kecil mengandung suatu
sistem disebut subsistem.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keluarga menggambarkan hirarki dengan sangat baik. Supra-sistem adalah
keluarga yang diperluas, yang dirinya sendiri adalah bagian dari sistem yang
lebih besar yaitu masyarakat. Beberapa unit keluarga inti adalah bagian-bagian
dari yang diperluas, dan setiap unit keluarga dapat memiliki
subsistem-subsistem seperti unit suami-istri, anak, unit orang tua-anak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peraturansendiridan control (<i>self-regulation and
control</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem-sistem paling sering dipandang sebagai organisasi yang berorientasi
kepada tujuan. Aktifitas-aktifitas suatu sistem dikendalikan oleh
tujuan-tujuannya dan sistem itu mengatur perilakunya untuk mencapai
tujuan-tujuan tersebut. Bagian-bagian dari suatu sistem harus berperilaku
berdasarkan garis-garis besar dan harus beradaptasi terhadaptasi terhadap
lingkungan pada basis umpan balik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kembali ke contoh, keluarga-keluarga melukiskan kualitas sistem-sistem ini,
dan ia dapat memiliki berbagai mekanisme kontrol. Contohnya, ia dapat bersandar
pada satu anggota dominan untuk membuat keputusan-keputusan dan memberikan
arahan. Orang ini memonitor keluarga itu memberikan kontrol seperlunya bilamana
ada tanda-tanda penyimpangan dari standar-standar keluarga terdeteksi.
Keluarga-keluarga lain dapat menagani kontrol dengan sangat berbeda, seperti
dalam kasus dimana yang memiliki bagian-bagian peran yang tegas membolehkan
setiap anggota mendesak kontrol terhadap jenis-jenis keputusan tertentu dan
tidak bagi yang lainnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertukarandenganlingkungan (<i>interchange with
environment</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem-sistem berinteraksi dengan lingkungannya. Mereka mengambil ke dalam
dan membiarkannya ke luar materi dan energi, memiliki masukan-masukan dan
keluaran-keluaran. Contohnya, orang-orang tua harus secara tetap menyesuaikan
terhadap hubungan-hubungan putranya di luar keluarga dan berurusan dengan
pengaruh-pengaruh dari teman-teman, guru-guru, dan televisi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keseimbangan (<i>balance</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keseimbangan, seringkali merujuk kepada homeostatis (merawat sendiri).
Salah satu tugas dari suatu sistem, jika ia tetap hidup, adalah tinggal dalam
keseimbangan. Sistem haruslah bagaimana pun mendeteksi bilamana rusak dan
membuat penyesuaian untuk kembali di atas jalurnya, penyimpangan dan perubahan
muncul dan dapat ditoleransi oleh sistem, hanya bila telah lama. Akhirnya,
sistem itu akan jatuh berantakan jika tidak dapat merawat dirinya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kebutuhan bagi keseimbangan menjelaskan mengapa keluarga-keluarga terlihat
berjuang begitu keras untuk menjaga beberapa hal seimbang. Contohnya mengapa
orang tua terus mengomeli anak-anaknya untuk berlaku santun? Mengapa
pasangan-pasangan yang memiliki kesulitan perkawinan seringkali selalu mencoba berkumpul
kembali? Dari suatu pandangan sistem, jenis usaha ini adalah suatu upaya alami
untuk mempertahankan homeostatis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahandankemampuanberadaptasi (<i>change and
adaptibity</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena sistem eksis dalam suatu lingkungan dinamik sistem haruslah dapat beradaptasi.
Sebaliknya, untuk bertahan hidup, suatu sistem haruslah memiliki keseimbangan
tapi ia juga harus berubah. Sistem-sistem yang kompleks seringkali perlu
berubah secara struktural untuk beradaptasi terhadap lingkungan, dan jenis
perubahan itu berarti keluaran dari keimbangan untuk sesaat. Sistem-sistem yang
telah maju haruslah mampu merngatur kembali dirinya untuk menyesuaikan terhadap
tekanan-tekanan lingkungan. Pengertian teknis bagi perubahan sistem adalah
morfogenesis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk melanjutkan contoh kita, keluarga-keluarga melakukan perubahan. Saat
anggota-anggota keluarga dewasa dan berkembang, saat anggota-anggota baru hadir
dan anggota lama meninggalkan, dan saat keluarga menghadapi tantangan-tantangan
baru di lingkungan, ia harus beradaptasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -29.25pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Samaakhirnya (<i>equifinality</i>).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 11.25pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Finalitas
adalah tujuan yang dicapai atau penyelesaian tugas dari suatu sistem.
Equifinalty adalah suatu keadaan final tertentu bisa jadi diselesaikan dengan
cara-cara yang berbeda dan titik-titik awal yang berbeda. Sistem-sistem yang
dapat beradasptasi, yang memiliki keadaan final suatu tujuan, dapat mencapai
tujuan itu dalam suatu beragam kondisi lingkungan. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem mampu
dalam memproses masukan-masukan dengan cara-cara yang berbeda untuk
menghasilkan keluarannya. Orang tua yang cerdik, misalnya mengetahui bahwa
perilaku-perilaku anaknya dapat dipengaruhi oleh beragam teknik, pembuatan
keputusan keluarga dapat terjadi dalam lebih dari satu cara dan dan anak-anak
belajar beberapa metoda untuk mengamankan pemenuhan kedewasaan pada dunianya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. Pengertian Komunikasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Istilah komunikasi atau dalam bahasa Inggris <i>communication</i>
berasal dari kata Latin <i>communicatio</i>, dan bersumber dari kata <i>communis</i>
yang berarti sama, sama di sini maksudnya adalah sama makna.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk memahami pengertian komunikasi sehingga dapat
dilancarkan secara efektif, para peminat komunikasi sering kali mengutip
paradigma yang dikemukakan oleh Harold Lasswell dalam karyanya, <i>The
Structure and Function of Communication in Society.</i> Lasswell mengatakan
bahwa cara yang baik untuk untuk menjelaskan komunikasi ialah dengan menjawab
pertanyaan sebagai berikut: <i>Who Says What In Which Channel To Whom With What
Effect?</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Paradigma Lasswell di atas menunjukkan bahwa
komunikasi meliputi lima unsur sebagai jawaban dari pertanyaan yang diajukan
itu,yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komunikator (siapa yang mengatakan?)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Pesan (mengatakan apa?)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Media
(melalui <i>cane</i>l/media apa?)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Komunikan (kepada siapa?)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Efek (dengan dampak/efek apa?).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi berdasarkan paradigma Lasswell tersebut,
komunikasi adalah <i>proses penyampaian pesan oleh komunikator kepada komunikan
melalui media yang menimbulkan efek tertentu.</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 35.1pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berangkat dari paradigma Lasswell, Effendy (1994)
membedakan proses komunikasi menjadi dua tahap, yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses komunikasi secara p</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rimer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses komunikasi secara primer adalah proses penyampaian pikiran dan atau
perasaan seseorang kepada orang lain dengan menggunakan lambang (<i>symbol</i>)
sebagai media. Lambang sebagai media primer dalam proses komunikasi adalah
pesan verbal (bahasa), dan pesan nonverbal (kial/<i>gesture</i>, isyarat,
gambar, warna, dan lain sebagainya) yang secara langsung dapat/mampu
menerjemahkan pikiran dan atau perasaan komunikator kepada komunikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seperti disinggung di muka, komunikasi berlangsung apabila terjadi kesamaan
makna dalam pesan yang diterima oleh komunikan. Dengan kata lain , komunikasi
adalah proses membuat pesan yang setala bagi komunikator dan komunikan.
Prosesnya sebagai berikut, pertama-tama komunikator menyandi (<i>encode</i>)
pesan yang akan disampaikan disampaikan kepada komunikan. Ini berarti
komunikator memformulasikan pikiran dan atau perasaannya ke dalam lambang
(bahasa) yang diperkirakan akan dimengerti oleh komunikan. Kemudian giliran
komunikan untuk menterjemahkan (<i>decode</i>) pesan dari komunikator. Ini
berarti ia menafsirkan lambang yang mengandung pikiran dan atau perasaan
komunikator tadi dalam konteks pengertian. Yang penting dalam proses penyandian
(<i>coding</i>) adalah komunikator dapat menyandi dan komunikan dapat
menerjemahkan sandi tersebut (terdapat kesamaan makna).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wilbur Schramm (dalam Effendy, 1994) menyatakan bahwa komunikasi akan
berhasil (terdapat kesamaan makna) apabila pesan yang disampaikan oleh
komunikator cocok dengan kerang acuan (<i>frame of reference</i>) , yakni
paduan pengalaman dan pengertian (<i>collection of experiences and meanings</i>)
yang diperoleh oleh komunikan. Schramm menambahkan, bahwa bidang (<i>field of
experience) </i>merupakan faktor prnting juga dalam komunikasi. Jika bidang
pengalaman komunikator sama dengan bidang pengalaman komunikan, komunikasi akan
berlangsung lancar. Sebaliknya, bila bidang pengalaman komunikan tidak sama
dengan bidang pengalaman komunikator, akan timbul kesukaran untuk mengerti satu
sama lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="2" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses komunikasi sekunder</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses komunikasi secara sekunder adalah proses penyampaian pesan oleh
komunikator kepada komunikan dengan menggunakan alat atau sarana sebagai media
kedua setelah memakai lambang sebagai media pertama.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seorang komunikator menggunakan media ke dua dalam menyampaikan
komunikasike karena komunikan sebagai sasaran berada di tempat yang relatif
jauh atau jumlahnya banyak. Surat, telepon, teleks, surat kabar, majalah,
radio, televisi, film, dan sebagainya adalah media kedua yang sering digunakan
dalam komunikasi. Proses komunikasi secara sekunder itu menggunakan media yang
dapat diklasifikasikan sebagai <u>media massa</u> (surat kabar, televisi,
radio, dan sebagainya.) dan <u>media nirmassa</u> (telepon, surat, megapon, dan
sebagainya.).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C. Pengertian Sistem Komunikasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teori sistem telah memiliki suatu pengaruh utama
pada studi komunikasi manusia. Beberapa pelopor adalah:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ikenal sebagai komunikasi
relasional. Ia berpendapat bahwa dalam berkomunikasi (sebagai ujud suatu
sistem) peserta komunikasi menyampaikan suatu pesan yang memuat makna mendua
dan hubungan komplementaris atau simetris. Pengertian pesan bermakna mendua,
yaitu pesan yang memuat isi pesan (<i>content message</i>) dan pesan memuat
hubungan (<i>relationship massage</i>). Pengertian hubungan komplementer,
adalah satu bentuk perilaku diikuti oleh perlaku lawannya yang bersifat
melengkapi. Dalam simetri, aksi seseorang diikuti oleh aksi sejenis oleh orang
lainnya. Disini mulai telihat bagaimana proses interaksi menciptakan struktur
sistem, bagaimana orang merespon satu sama lain menentukan jenis hubungan yang
mereka miliki.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> sistem pada komunikasi. Analisisnya
dimulai dengan perilaku seperti komentar verbal dan aksi-aksi nonverbal sebagai
unit terkecil dari analisis dalam sistem komunikasi. Perilaku-perilaku yang
dapat diobservasi ini (suatu pesan) merupakan kendaraan satu-satunya untuk
menghubungkan individu dalam suatu sistem komunikasi. Fisher percaya bahwa
aliran pembicaraan ini dengan sendirinya mengatakan sedikit tentang sistem
komunikasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berangkat dari pengertian-pengertian diatas, sistem
komunikasi dapat diartikan sebagai <i>seperangkat hal-hal tentang proses
penyampaian pesan yang berhubungan satu sama lain dan membentuk suatu
keseluruhan</i>. Layaknya suatu sistem, sistem komunikasi terdiri dari 4
(empat) hal, Yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Objek-objek dari sistem
komunikasi, yang berupa unsur-unsur komunikasi(komunikator, pesan, media,
komunikan, efek). </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atribut Sistem komunikasi, yang
berupa kualitas atau properti sistem itu dan unsur-unsur komunikasinya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hubungan internal sistem komunikasi,
hubungan antara peserta-peserta komunikasi (komunikator dan komunikan) sebagai
anggota sistem, yang dapat ditandai melalui pesan-pesan komunikasi mereka.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 5pt 37.85pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lingkungan sistem komunikasi,
suatu sistem komunikasi memiliki suatu lingkungan, yaitu: sistem sosial, sistem
politik, sistem budaya dan sebagainya. Mereka tidak hadir dalam suatu
kevakuman, tetapi dipengaruhi oleh keadaan sekitarnya. Hubungan antar sistem
itu dapat digambarkan sebagai berikut:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika pengertian sistem komunikasi itu dipakai untuk
mengamati suatu sistem pers, maka objek objek dari sistem ini adalah insan pers
(wartawan, dewan pers, institusi pers), pesan (berita, opini, iklan) masyarakat
yang berkepentingan, pemerintah. Ciri-ciri atau kualitas dari mereka sebagai
objek-objek sistem merupakan atribut sistem. Interaksi antara mereka membentuk
membentuk hubungan antara anggota sistem. Sistem pers juga eksis dalam
lingkungan sosial, politik, budayanya. Anggota-anggota sistem komunikasi ini
bukanlah orang-orang yang terisolasi dan hubungan mereka haruslah
diperhitungkan untuk memahami sistem komunikasi ini sebagai suatu unit dari
sistem yang lebih besar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sifat-sifat dari sistem pers dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keseluruhan dan interdependensi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pers adalah suatu hubungan antara insan-insan pers (wartawan, dewan
pers, dan sebagainya), pesan (berita, opini, iklan), masyarakat yang
berkepentingan, dan pemerintah yang membentuk suatu keseluruhan.dan
masing-masing anggota sistem saling bergantungan (interdependensi), artinya kebebasan
pers dipengaruhi oleh masyarakat dan pemerintahnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Hirarki </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pers merupakan sub sistem dari sistem komunikasi, atau sistem
komunikasi merupakan sistem besar bagi sistem pers, sistem penyiaran, sistem
periklanan,dan sebagainya. Sistem pers sendiri mempunyai sub sistem-sub sistem,
yaitu sistem pers surat kabar, tabloid, majalah, dan sebagainya. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Peraturan sendiri dan kontrol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pers mempunyai aturan-aturan sendiri bagi sistem itu dan
anggota-anggotanya. Aturan-aturan itu antara lain: uu pers, kode etik, uu
penyiaran, dan sebagainya. Anggota-anggota sistem haruslah berperilaku sesuai
dengan aturan yang berlaku dalam sistem ini. Mekanisme kontrol juga dijalankan
untuk menindak anggota sistem yang berperilaku yang menyimpang. Mekanisme
kontrol dalam sistem ini dijalankan oleh dewan pers.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Pertukaran dengan lingkungan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pers berada dalam suatu sistem sosial, sistem politik, sistem
budaya, sistem ekonomi, dan sebagainya. Dan sistem-sistem itu saling mempengaruhi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem komunikasi berada di bawah subordinat sistem sosial. Sistem sosial
adalah sebuah bangunan yang di dalamnya mempunyai beberapa sub sistem, yang
mendukung eksistensi dari sistem sosial itu secara bersama-sama. Sistem sosial
yang mengedepankan budaya feodalisme atau paternalistik akan mempengaruhi
sistem komunikasi, ekonomi, politiknya, -dan pada gilirannya akan mempengaruhi
sistem pers. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Keseimbangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keseimbangan suatu sistem berkorelasi dengan kemampuan merawat diri
sendiri. Dalam sistem pers, keseimbangan ini dipertahan oleh insan-insan pers,
masyarakat yang berkepentingan, dan pemerintah sebagai anggota-anggota sistem.
Bagaimana mereka mampu merawat diri mereka dan sistemnya, dengan cara
berdisiplin untuk patuh terhadap aturan-aturan yang berlaku dalam sistem
mereka. Mereka harus juga mampu menyesuaikan/merevisi peraturan-peraturan yang
sudah tidak sesuai dengan perkembangan dari sistem ini, maupun terhadap
lingkungannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.
</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Perubahan dan kemampuan beradaptasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem pers eksis pada suatu lingkungan, untuk itu sistem pers harus mampu
mengadakan penyesuaian guna beradaptasi dengan lingkungannya. Misal sistem pers
harus menyesuai perkembangan dari sistem politik yang cenderung lebih
demokratis, penyesuaian yang dilakukan tentunya berkenaan dengan perkembangan
dari kebebasan yang dirasakannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C. Hukum dalam Sistem Komunikasi Indonesia </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem komunikasi Indonesia mempunyai dasar hukum. Secara tersirat terdapat
dalam mukadimah UUD 1945 khususnya pada alinea ke empat. Secara tersurat
terdapat pada pasal 28F yang berbunyi:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Setiap orang berhak untuk berkomunikasi dan memperoleh
informasi untuk mengembangkan pribadi dan lingkungan sosialnya, serta berhak
untuk mencari, memperoleh, memiliki, menyimpan, mengolah, dan menyampaikan informasi
dengan menggunakan segala jenis saluran yang tersedia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Selain diatur dalam hukum dasar negara Indonesia,
peraturan dalam berkomunikasi dapat mengacu pada: Undang-undang 32 tahun 2002;
Undang-undang 40 tahun 1999; Undang-undang 36 tahun 1999; Undang-undang 8 tahun
1992; KUHP (terdapat beberapa pasal yang mengatur tentang komunikasi) dan
sebagainya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D. Unsur-Unsur Sistem Komunikasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Lingkungan komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lingkungan (konteks) komunikasi memiliki 3
(tiga) komponen penting yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fisik,
adalah ruang dimana komunikasi berlangsung yang nyata atau berwujud.
Maksudnya adalah komunikasi bersifat nyata dan real sehingga dikatakan
mempunyai tampilan fisik, baik berupa suara maupun gerakan-gerakan sebagai
tanda.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sosial-psikoilogis,
meliputi, misalnya tata hubungan status di antara mereka yang terlibat,
peran yang dijalankan orang, serta aturan budaya masyarakat di mana mereka
berkomunikasi. Lingkungan atau konteks ini juga mencakup rasa persahabatan
atau permusuhan, formalitas atau informalitas, serius atau senda gurau,<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Temporal
(waktu), mencakup waktu dalam hitungan jam, hari, atau sejarah dimana
komunikasi berlangsung.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ketiga komponen komuniasi tersebut saling berinteraksi
satu dengan yang lainnya, masing-masing mempengaruhi dan dipengaruhi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Enkoding-Dekoding<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam ilmu komunikasi kita menamai tindakan
menghasilkan pesan (misalnya, berbicara atau menulis) sebagai enkoding (<i>encoding</i>).
Dengan menuangkan gagasan-gagasan kita ke dalam gelombang suara atau ke atas
selembar kertas, kita menjelmakan gagasan-gagasan tadi ke dalam kode tertentu.
Jadi, kita melakukan enkoding.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kita menamai tindakan menerima pesan (misalnya,
mendengarkan atau membaca) sebagai dekoding (<i>decoding</i>). Dengan
menerjemahkan gelombang suara atau kata-kata di atas kertas menjadi gagasan,
anda menguraikan kode tadi. Jadi, anda melakukan dekoding.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Oleh karenanya kita menamai pembicara atau penulis
sebagai enkoder (<i>encoder</i>), dan pendengar atau pembaca sebagai dekoder (<i>decoder</i>).
Seperti halnya sumber-penerima, kita menuliskan enkoding-dekoding sebagai satu
kesatuan yang tak terpisahkan untuk menegaskan bahwa anda menjalankan
fungsi-fungsi ini secara simultan. Ketika anda berbicara (enkoding), anda juga
menyerap tanggapan dari pendengar (dekoding).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Sumber Penerima<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sumber penerima sebagai satu kesatuan yang tak
terpisahkan untuk menegaskan bahwa setiap orang yang terlibat dalam komunikasi
adalah sumber (komunikator) kaligus penerima (komunikan). Anda mengirimkan
pesan ketika anda berbicara, menulis, atau memberikan isyarat tubuh. Anda menerima
pesan dengan mendengarkan, membaca, membaui, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tetapi, ketika anda mengirimkan pesan, anda juga
menerima pesan. Anda menerima pesan anda sendiri (anda mendengar diri sendiri,
merasakan gerakan anda sendiri, dan melihat banyak isyarat tubuh anda sendiri)
dan anda menerima pesan dari orang lain (secara visual, melalui pendengaran,
atau bahkan melalui rabaan dan penciuman). Ketika anda berbicara dengan orang
lain, anda memandangnya untuk mendapatkan tanggapan (untuk mendapatkan
dukungan, pengertian, simpati, persetujuan, dan sebagainya). Ketika anda
menyerap isyarat-isyarat non-verbal ini, anda menjalankan fungsi penerima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Kompetensi Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kompetensi komunikasi mengacu pada kemampuan anda
untuk berkomunikasi secara efektif (Spitzberg dan Cupach, 1989). Kompetensi ini
mencakup hal-hal seperti pengetahuan tentang peran lingkungan (<i>konteks</i>)
dalam mempengaruhi kandungan (<i>content</i>) dan bentuk pesan komunikasi
(misalnya, pengetahuan bahwa suatu topik mungkin layak dikomunikasikan kepada
pendengar tertentu di lingkungan tertentu, tetapi mungkin tidak layak bagi
pendengar dan lingkungan yang lain). Pengetabuan tentang tatacara perilaku
nonverbal (misalnya kepatutan sentuhan, suara yang keras, serta kedekatan
fisik) juga merupakan bagian dari kompetensi komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan meningkatkan kompetensi anda, anda akan
mempunyai banyak pilihan berperilaku. Makin banyak anda tahu tentang komunikasi
(artinya, makin tinggi kompetensi anda), makin banyak pilihan, yang anda punyai
untuk melakukan komunikasi sehari-hari. Proses ini serupa dengan proses
mempelajari perbendaharaan kata: Makin banyak kata anda ketahui (artinya, makin
tinggi kompetensi perbendaharaan kata anda), makin banyak cara yang anda miliki
untuk mengungkapkan diri.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> e. Umpan Balik/ Feed Back<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Umpan balik adalah informasi yang dikirimkan balik ke
sumbernya. Umpan balik dapat berasal dari anda sendiri atau dari orang lain.
Dalam diagram universal komunikasi tanda panah dari satu sumber-penerima ke
sumber-penerima yang lain dalam kedua arah adalah umpan balik. Bila anda
menyampaikan pesan misalnya, dengan cara berbicara kepada orang lain anda juga
mendengar diri anda sendiri. Artinya, anda menerima umpan balik dari pesan anda
sendiri. Anda mendengar apa yang anda katakan, anda merasakan gerakan anda,
anda melihat apa yang anda tulis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain umpan balik sendiri ini, anda menerima umpan
balik dari orang lain. Umpan balik ini dapat datang dalam berbagai bentuk:
Kerutan dahi atau senyuman, anggukan atau gelengan kepala, tepukan di bahu atau
tamparan di pipi, semuanya adalah bentuk umpan balik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. Gangguan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan (<i>noise</i>) adalah gangguan dalam
komunikasi yang mendistorsi pesan. Gangguan menghalangi penerima dalam menerima
pesan dan sumber dalam mengirimkan pesan. Gangguan dikatakan ada dalam suatu
sistem komunikasi bila ini membuat pesan yang disampaikan berbeda dengan pesan
yang diterima.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gangguan ini dapat berupa gangguan fisik (ada orang
lain berbicara), psikologis (pemikiran yang sudah ada di kepala kita), atau
semantik (salah mengartikan makna). Tabel dibawah menyajikan ketiga macam
gangguan ini secara lebih rinci.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="mso-cellspacing: 0cm; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 516px;">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Macam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 123.75pt;" valign="top" width="165">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Definsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fisik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 123.75pt;" valign="top" width="165">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Interferensi
dengan transmisi fisik isyarat atau pesan lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Desingan
mobil yang lewat, dengungan komputer, kacamata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Psikollogis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 123.75pt;" valign="top" width="165">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Interferensi
kognitif atau mental<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prasangka
dan bias pada sumber-penerima, pikiran yang sempit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 74.25pt;" valign="top" width="99">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semantik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 123.75pt;" valign="top" width="165">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembicaraan
dan pendengar memberi arti yang berlainan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; width: 189.0pt;" valign="top" width="252">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Orang
berbicara dengan bahasa yang berbeda, menggunakan jargon atau istilah yang
terlalu rumit yang tidak dipahami pendengar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Gangguan dalam komunikasi tidak terhindarkan.
Semua komunikasi mengandung gangguan, dan walaupun kita tidak dapat
meniadakannya samasekali, kita dapat mengurangi gangguan dan dampaknya.
Menggunakan bahasa yang lebih akurat, mempelajari keterampilan mengirim dan
menerima pesan nonverbal, serta meningkatkan keterampilan mendengarkan dan
menerima serta mengirimkan umpan balik adalah beberapa cara untuk menanggulangi
gangguan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g. Saluran<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saluran komunikasi adalah media yang dilalui pesan.
Jarang sekali komunikasi berlangsung melalui hanya satu saluran, kita
menggunakan dua, tiga, atau empat saluran yang berbeda secara simultan. Sebagai
contoh, dalam interaksi tatap muka kita berbicara dan mendengarkan (saluran
suara), tetapi kita juga memberikan isyarat tubuh dan menerima isyarat ini
secara visual (saluran visual). Kita juga memancarkan dan mencium bau-bauan
(saluran olfaktori). Seringkali kita saling menyentuh, ini pun komunikasi
(saluran taktil).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h. Pesan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pesan dalam komunikasi dapat mempunyai banyak bentuk.
Kita mengirimkan dan menerima pesan ini melalui salah satu atau kombinasi
tertentu dari panca indra kita. Walaupun biasanya kita menganggap pesan selalu
dalam bentuk verbal (lisan atau tertulis), ini bukanlah satu-satunya jenis
pesan. Kita juga berkomunikasi secara nonverbal (tanpa kata). Sebagai contoh,
busana yang kita kenakan, seperti juga cara kita berjalan, berjabatan tangan,
menggelengkan kepala, menyisir rambut, duduk, dan. tersenyum. Pendeknya, segala
hal yang kita ungkapkan dalam melakukan komunikasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<b><span style="font-size: 16.0pt;">E. Fungsi
Sistem Komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
William I. Gorden (dalam Deddy Mulyana,
2005:5-30) mengkategorikan fungsi komunikasi menjadi empat, yaitu:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
1. Sebagai komunikasi sosial</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Fungsi komunikasi sebagai komunikasi sosial
setidaknya mengisyaratkan bahwa komunikasi itu penting untuk membangun konsep
diri kita, aktualisasi diri, untuk kelangsungan hidup, untuk memperoleh
kebahagiaan, terhindar dari tekanan dan ketegangan, antara lain lewat
komunikasi yang bersifat menghibur, dan memupuk hubungan hubungan orang lain. Melalui
komunikasi kita bekerja sama dengan anggota masyarakat (keluarga, kelompok
belajar, perguruan tinggi, RT, desa, …, negara secara keseluruhan) untuk
mencapai tujuan bersama.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Pembentukan
konsep diri. Konsep diri adalah pandangan kita mengenai diri kita, dan itu
hanya bisa kita peroleh lewat informasi yang diberikan orang lain kepada kita.
Melalui komunikasi dengan orang lain kita belajar bukan saja mengenai siapa
kita, namun juga bagaimana kita merasakan siapa kita. Anda mencintai diri anda
bila anda telah dicintai; anda berpikir anda cerdas bila orang-orang sekitar
anda menganggap anda cerdas; anda merasa tampan atau cantik bila orang-orang
sekitar anda juga mengatakan demikian. George Herbert Mead (dalam Jalaluddin
Rakhmat, 1994) mengistilahkan significant others (orang lain yang sangat
penting) untuk orang-orang disekitar kita yang mempunyai peranan penting dalam
membentuk konsep diri kita. Ketika kita masih kecil, mereka adalah orang tua
kita, saudara-saudara kita, dan orang yang tinggal satu rumah dengan kita.
Richard Dewey dan W.J. Humber (1966) menamai affective others, untuk orang lain
yang dengan mereka kita mempunyai ikatan emosional. Dari merekalah, secara
perlahan-lahan kita membentuk konsep diri kita. Selain itu, terdapat apa yang
disebut dengan reference group (kelompok rujukan) yaitu kelompok yang secara
emosional mengikat kita, dan berpengaruh terhadap pembentukan konsep diri kita.
Dengan melihat ini, orang mengarahkan perilakunya dan menyesuaikan dirinya
dengan ciri-ciri kelompoknya. Kalau anda memilih kelompok rujukan anda Ikatan
Dokter Indonesia, anda menjadikan norma-norma dalam Ikatan ini sebagai ukuran
perilaku anda. Anda juga meras diri sebagai bagian dari kelompok ini, lengkap
dengan sifat-sifat doketer menurut persepsi anda.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--> Pernyataan eksistensi diri. Orang
berkomunikasi untuk menunjukkan dirinya eksis. Inilah yang disebut aktualisasi
diri atau lebih tepat lagi pernyataan eksistensi diri. Fungsi komunikasi
sebagai eksistensi diri terlihat jelas misalnya pada penanya dalam sebuah seminar.
Meskipun mereka sudah diperingatkan moderator untuk berbicara singkat dan
langsung ke pokok masalah, penanya atau komentator itu sering berbicara panjang
lebarm mengkuliahi hadirin, dengan argumen-argumen yang terkadang tidak
relevan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Untuk
kelangsungan hidup, memupuk hubungan, dan memperoleh kebahagiaan. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sejak lahir, kita tidak dapat hidup sendiri untuk
mempertahankan hidup. Kita perlu dan harus berkomunikasi dengan orang lain,
untuk memenuhi kebutuhan biologis kita seperti makan dan minum, dan memnuhi
kebutuhan psikologis kita seperti sukses dan kebahagiaan. Para psikolog
berpendapat, kebutuhan utama kita sebagai manusia, dan untuk menjadi manusia
yang sehat secara rohaniah, adalah kebutuhan akan hubungan sosial yang ramah,
yang hanya bisa terpenuhi dengan membina hubungan yang baik dengan orang lain.
Abraham Moslow menyebutkan bahwa manusia punya lima kebutuhan dasar: kebutuhan
fisiologis, keamanan, kebutuhan sosial, penghargaan diri, dan aktualisasi diri.
Kebutuhan yang lebih dasar harus dipenuhi terlebih dahulu sebelum kebuthan yang
lebih tinggi diupayakan. Kita mungkin sudah mampu kebuthan fisiologis dan
keamanan untuk bertahan hidup. Kini kita ingin memenuhi kebutuhan sosial,
penghargaan diri, dan aktualisasi diri. Kebutuhan ketiga dan keempat khususnya
meliputi keinginan untuk memperoleh rasa lewat rasa memiliki dan dimiliki,
pergaulan, rasa diterima, memberi dan menerima persahabatan. Komunikasi akan
sangat dibutuhkan untuk memperoleh dan memberi informasi yang dibutuhkan, untuk
membujuk atau mempengaruhi orang lain, mempertimbangkan solusi alternatif atas
masalah kemudian mengambil keputusan, dan tujuan-tujuan sosial serta hiburan.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai
komunikasi ekspresif</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Komunikasi berfungsi untuk menyampaikan
perasaan-perasaan (emosi) kita. Perasaan-perasaan tersebut terutama
dikomunikasikan melalui pesan-pesan nonverbal. Perasaan sayang, peduli, rindu,
simpati, gembira, sedih, takut, prihatin, marah dan benci dapat disampaikan
lewat kata-kata, namun bisa disampaikan secara lebih ekpresif lewat perilaku
nonverbal. Seorang ibu menunjukkan kasih sayangnya dengan membelai kepala
anaknya. Orang dapat menyalurkan kemarahannya dengan mengumpat, mengepalkan
tangan seraya melototkan matanya, mahasiswa memprotes kebijakan penguasa negara
atau penguasa kampus dengan melakukan demontrasi.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai
komunikasi ritual</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Suatu komunitas sering melakukan upacara-upacara
berlainan sepanjang tahun dan sepanjang hidup, yang disebut para antropolog
sebaga rites of passage, mulai dari upacara kelahiran, sunatan, ulang tahun, pertunangan,
siraman, pernikahan, dan lain-lain. Dalam acara-acara itu orang mengucapkan
kata-kata atau perilaku-perilaku tertentu yang bersifat simbolik. Ritus-ritus
lain seperti berdoa (salat, sembahyang, misa), membaca kitab suci, naik haji,
upacara bendera (termasuk menyanyikan lagu kebangsaan), upacara wisuda,
perayaan lebaran (Idul Fitri) atau Natal, juga adalah komunikasi ritual. Mereka
yang berpartisipasi dalam bentuk komunikasi ritual tersebut menegaskan kembali
komitmen mereka kepada tradisi keluarga, suku, bangsa. Negara, ideologi, atau
agama mereka.</div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Sebagai
komunikasi instrumental</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Komunikasi instrumental mempunyai beberapa tujuan
umum, yaitu: menginformasikan, mengajar, mendorong, mengubah sikap,
menggerakkan tindakan, dan juga menghibur.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sebagai instrumen, komunikasi tidak saja kita
gunakan untuk menciptakan dan membangun hubungan, namun juga untuk
menghancurkan hubungan tersebut. Studi komunika membuat kita peka terhadap
berbagai strategi yang dapat kita gunakan dalam komunikasi kita untuk bekerja
lebih baik dengan orang lain demi keuntungan bersama. Komunikasi berfungsi
sebagi instrumen untuk mencapai tujuan-tujuan pribadi dan pekerjaan, baik
tujuan jangka pendek ataupun tujuan jangka panjang. Tujuan jangka pendek
misalnya untuk memperoleh pujian, menumbuhkan kesan yang baik, memperoleh
simpati, empati, keuntungan material, ekonomi, dan politik, yang antara lain
dapat diraih dengan pengelolaan kesan (impression management), yakni
taktik-taktik verbal dan nonverbal, seperti berbicara sopan, mengobral janji,
mengenakankan pakaian necis, dan sebagainya yang pada dasarnya untuk
menunjukkan kepada orang lain siapa diri kita seperti yang kita inginkan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sementara itu, tujuan jangka panjang dapat diraih
lewat keahlian komunikasi, misalnya keahlian berpidato, berunding, berbahasa
asing ataupun keahlian menulis. Kedua tujuan itu (jangka pendek dan panjang)
tentu saja saling berkaitan dalam arti bahwa pengelolaan kesan itu secara
kumulatif dapat digunakan untuk mencapai tujuan jangka panjang berupa keberhasilan
dalam karier, misalnya untuk memperoleh jabatan, kekuasaan, penghormatan
sosial, dan kekayaan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Berkenaan dengan fungsi komunikasi ini, terdapat
beberapa pendapat dari para ilmuwan yang bila dicermati saling melengkapi.[1]
Misal pendapat Onong Effendy (1994), ia berpendapat fungsi komunikasi adalah
menyampaikan informasi, mendidik, menghibur, dan mempengaruhi. Sedangkan Harold
D Lasswell (dalam Nurudin, 2004 dan Effendy, 1994:27) memaparkan fungsi
komunikasi sebagai berikut:</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Penjajagan/pengawasan
lingkungan (surveillance of the information) yakni penyingkapan ancaman dan
kesempatan yang mempengaruhi nilai masyarakat.</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menghubungkan
bagian-bagian yang terpisahkan dari masyarakat untuk menanggapi lingkungannya .</div>
<div style="line-height: 115%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Menurunkan
warisan sosial dari generasi ke generasi berikutnya.</div>
</div>
<b><span style="color: #ffc000; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-break-type: section-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DAFTAR
PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://bamkafmipa45.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/dasar-dasar-komunikasi-pengertian-komunikasi/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">https://bamkafmipa45.wordpress.com/2010/03/11/dasar-dasar-komunikasi-pengertian-komunikasi/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://meiliemma.wordpress.com/2006/10/17/definisi-komunikasi"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://meiliemma.wordpress.com/2006/10/17/definisi-komunikasi</span></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<a href="http://cahpct.blogdetik.com/2009/04/02/definisi-komunikasi/"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://cahpct.blogdetik.com/2009/04/02/definisi-komunikasi</span></a></div>
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<a href="https://3rest.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/pengertian-dan-unsur-komunikasi/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">https://3rest.wordpress.com/2012/01/02/pengertian-dan-unsur-komunikasi/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Effendy, Onong U, <i>Ilmu Komunikasi: Teori dan Praktek</i>, Rosdakarya,
Bandung, 1994</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Littlejohn,
Stephen W, <i>Theories of Human Communication</i>, 6<sup>th</sup> Ed., Belmont
CA, Wadsworth Publishing, 1999. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nurudin, <i>Sistem Komunikasi IndonesIa,</i> Rajawali Press, Jakarta, 2004.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sutrimo, <i>Sistem
Komunikasi Indonesia</i>, hands-out, Fisip Unas, 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Buku Seni Komunikasi Efektif karya Deborah
Tannen penerbit PT. Gramdeia Pustaka Utama</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Komunikasi organisasi karya R. Wayne Pace dan Don
F. Faulus penerbit PT. Remaja Rosdakarya</div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-6053920952205640772015-03-28T10:17:00.000+07:002015-03-28T10:17:07.683+07:00Pengertian Komunikasi<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ilmu Komunikasi</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 26.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kelompok
1 DIV-B : 1. Merliana Nur Indah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> 2. Vemby Viagrahati<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Jakarta II Jurusan Gizi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2015<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt;">PENGERTIAN
KOMUNIKASI</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 15pt 0cm 6pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #222222; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengertian Komunikasi menurut para
ahli<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">William J. Seller menyatakan bahwa Komunikasi
adalah proses dimana simbol verbal dan nonverbal dikirimkan, diterima dan
diberi arti.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Raymond Ross menyatakan bahwa Komunikasi
adalah proses menyortir, memilih dan pengiriman simbol-simbol sedemikian rupa
agar membantu pendengar membangkitkan respons/ makna dari pemikiran yang serupa
dengan yang dimaksudkan oleh komunikator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Carl I. Hovland menyatakan bahwa Komunikasi
adalah suatu proses yang memungkinkan seseorang menyampaikan rangsangan
(biasanya dengan menggunakan lambang verbal) untuk mengubah perilaku orang
lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Onong Uchjana Effendy menyatakan bahwa
Komunikasi adalah proses penyampaian pesan oleh seseorang kepada
orang lain untuk memberitahu, berpendapat, mengubah sikap atau perilaku baik
secara langsung ataupun tidak langsung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Colin Cherry menyatakan bahwa Komunikasi
adalah proses dimana pihak-pihak saling menggunakan informasi untuk mencapai
tujuan bersama dan komunikasi merupakan kaitan hubungan yang ditimbulkan oleh
penerus rangsangan dan pembangkitan balasannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Forsdale menyatakan bahwa Komunikasi
adalah suatu proses dimana suatu sistem dibentuk, dipelihara, dan diubah dengan
tujuan bahwa sinyal-sinyal yang dikirimkan dan diterima dilakukan sesuai dengan
aturan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Everett M. Rogers menyatakan bahwa Komunikasi
adalah proses suatu ide dialihkan dari satu sumber kepada satu atau banyak
penerima dengan maksud untuk mengubah tingkah laku mereka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ruben dan Steward menyatakan bahwa Komunikasi
mengenai manusia merupakan proses yang melibatkan individu-individu dalam suatu
hubungan, kelompok, organisasi dan masyarakat yang merespon dan menciptakan
pesan untuk beradaptasi dengan lingkungan satu sama lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">New Comb</span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> menyatakan bahwa </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi adalah
transmisi </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informasi" title="Informasi"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">informasi</span></a></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> yang terdiri dari rangsangan diskriminatif dari sumber kepada penerima.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Bernard Barelson
& Garry A. Steiner</span></span><span class="mw-editsection-bracket"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">
menyatakan bahwa </span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi adalah proses transmisi
informasi, gagasan, emosi, keterampilan dan sebagainya dengan menggunakan
simbol-simbol, kata-kata, gambar, grafis, angka, dsb.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">Komunikasi adalah proses
penyampaian pikiran atau perasaan oleh seseorang kepada orang lain dengan
menggunakan lambang-lambang yang bermakna bagi kedua pihak, dalam situasi yang
tertentu komunikasi menggunakan media tertentu untuk merubah sikap atau tingkah
laku seorang atau sejumlah orang sehingga ada efek tertentu yang
diharapkan(Effendy, 2000 : 13).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">Komunikasi adalah proses
pemindahan pengertian dalam bentuk gagasan, informasi dari seseorang ke orang
lain (Handoko, 2002 : 30).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Segoe UI";">Tidak ada kelompok yang dapat
eksis tanpa komunikasi : pentransferan makna di antara anggota-anggotanya.
Hanya lewat pentransferan makna dari satu orang ke orang lain informasi dan
gagasan dapat dihantarkan. Tetapi komunikasi itu lebih dari sekedar menanamkan makna
tetapi harus juga dipahami (Robbins, 2002 : 310).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rogers
& O. Lawrence Kincaid</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">menyatakan bahwa </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
merupakan suatu interaksi dimana terdapat dua orang atau lebih yang sedang
membangun atau melakukan pertukaran informasi dengan satu sama lain yang pada
akhirnya akan tiba dimana mereka saling memahami dan mengerti</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">KARFRIED KNAPP</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> menyatakan bahwa </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi merupakan interaksi antar pribadi yang
menggunakan sistem simbol linguistik, seperti sistem simbol verbal (kata-kata)
dan non verbal. Sistem ini dapat disosialisasikan secara langsung / tatap muka
atau melalui media lain (tulisan, oral, dan visual)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">WILLIAM ALBIG</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> menyatakan bahwa </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi adalah proses sosial, dalam arti
pelemparan pesan/lambang yang mana mau tidak mau akan menumbuhkan pengaruh pada
semua proses dan berakibat pada bentuk perilaku manusia dan adat kebiasaan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 19.55pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">WINNET</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> menyatakan bahwa </span></strong><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi merupakan proses pengalihan suatu maksud
dari sumber kepada penerima, proses tersebut merupakan suatu seri aktivitas,
rangkaian atau tahap-tahap yang memudahkan peralihan maksud tersebut</span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Laswell menyatakan bahwa komunikasi adalah
sebuah proses yang memberikan gambaran siapa mengatakan apa dengan cara apa,
kepada siapa dengan efek apa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Theodorson</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> memperlebar
pengertian komunikasi kepada wilayah ide dan emosi yaitu penyebaran informasi,
ide-ide sebagai sikap atau emosi dari satu individu kepada individu lain
terutama melalui simbol simbol.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mr. Edwin Emergy</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> menganggap
menghubungkan pengertian komunikasi<b> </b>sebagai
salah satu bentuk seni. Komunikasi ialah <i>seni (art)</i> dalam menyampaikan (<i>to express</i>) informasi,
ide dan sikap seseorang kepada orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Delton E</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> beranggapan bahwa
pengertian komunikasi adalah
sebagai suatu proses interaksi yang memiliki arti antara sesama manusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pengertian
komunikasi menurut Bapak Cooley</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> bahwa komunikasi adalah suatu mekanisme
suatu hubungan (relationship) antarmanusia dilakukan dengan mengartikan simbol
secara lisan dan membacanya melalui ruang dan menyimpan dalam waktu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin: 12pt 0cm 9pt 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengertian Komunikasi Secara Umum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah
suatu proses pembentukan, penyampaian, penerimaan dan pengolahan pesan yang
terjadi di dalam diri seseorang atau di antara dua orang atau lebih dengan
tujuan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 9pt 45pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">TUJUAN KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 9pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Riant Nugroho (2004:72) tujuan komunikasi adalah menciptakan pemahaman
bersama atau mengubah persepsi, bahkan perilaku.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Katz an Robert Kahn yang merupakan hal utama dari komunikasi adalah
pertukaran informasi dan penyampaian makna suatu system social atau organisasi.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Akan tetapi komunikasi tidak hanya menyampaikan informasi atau pesan saja,
tetapi komunikasi dilakukan seorang dengan pihak lainnya dalam upaya membentuk
suatu makna serta mengemban harapan-harapannya (Rosadi Ruslan, 2003:83)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tujuan umum komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Supaya yang kita sampaikan dapat
mengerti, sebagai komunikator kita harus menjelaskan kepada komunikan
(penerima) dengan sebaik-baiknya dan tuntas sehingga mereka dapat mengerti dan
mengakui apa yang kita maksud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memahami orang lain. Kita sebagai
komunikator harus mengerti benar aspirasi masyarakat tentang apa yang
diinginkan kemauannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Supaya gagasan dapat diterima orang
lain. Kita berusaha agar gagasan kita dapat diterima orang lain dengan
pendekatan persuasive bukan memaksakan kehendak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menggerakkan orang lain untuk melakukan
sesuatu, menggerakan sesuatu itu dapat bermacam-macam, mungkin berupa kegiatan.
Kegiatan dimaksud di sini adalah kegiatan yang lebih banyak mendorong, namun
yang penting harus diingat adalah bagaimana cara baik untuk melakukan (Widjaja,
200:66-67).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">RUANG LINGKUP KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Menurut
Onong Uchjana Effendy dalam bukunya ilmu komunikasi Teori dan Praktek
menyatakan bahwa ikhtisar mengenai lingkup ilmu komunikasi ditinjau dari
komponennya, bentuknya, sifatnya, teknik, modelnya, bidangnya, dan sistemnya
sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ruang
lingkup komunikasi diitinjau dari komponennya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikator (communicator)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pesan (messege)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Media (media)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 54pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Efek (effect)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 54pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Ruang
lingkup komunikasi ditinjau dari bentuknya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi Personal ( personal
Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi Personal,</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> secara harfiah dapat diartikan
sebagai komunikasi dengan diri sendiri. Hal ini menyangkut proses disaat diri
(self) menerima stimuli dari lingkungan untuk kemudian melakukan proses
internalisasi. Hal ini sering dijelaskan dengan proses ketika seseorang melakukan
proses persepsi, yaitu proses ketika seseorang mengintrepretasikan dan
memberikan makna pada stimuli atau objek yang diterima panca inderanya. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi kelompok</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Secara umum</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> komunikasi antar pribadi dapat diartikan sebagai
proses pertukaran makna orang-orang yang saling berkomunikasi. </span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi kelompok</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> adalah komunikasi yang
berlangsung antara beberapa orang dalam suatu kelompok “kecil” seperti dalam
rapat, pertemuan, konperensi dan sebagainya <b>(Anwar Arifin, 1984).</b>
Michael <b>Burgoon (dalam Wiryanto, 2005)</b> mendefinisikan komunikasi
kelompok sebagai interaksi secara tatap muka antara tiga orang atau lebih,
dengan tujuan yang telah diketahui, seperti berbagi informasi, menjaga diri,
pemecahan masalah, yang mana anggota-anggotanya dapat mengingat karakteristik
pribadi anggota-anggota yang lain secara tepat. Kedua definisi komunikasi
kelompok di atas mempunyai kesamaan, yakni adanya komunikasi tatap muka, dan
memiliki susunan rencana kerja tertentu umtuk mencapai tujuan kelompok. Contoh
komunikasi kelompok yaitu : Ceramah, diskusi panel, seminar, forum, dll.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi massa</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi media cetak seperti : suat kabar, majalah dll.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.4pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> K</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">omunikasi media elektronik
seperti : Radio, televisi, film dll</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27.4pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi media</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Surat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pamflet</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Poster</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -9pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Spanduk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi ditinjau
dari sifatnya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 19.55pt; text-indent: -10.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tatap
muka (face-to-face)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 19.55pt; text-indent: -10.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bermedia (mediated)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 19.55pt; text-indent: -10.55pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Verbal/
dengan kata-kata (verbal)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="background: white;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
ditinjau dari tekniknya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi informatif</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi informatif adalah
suatu pesan yang disampaikan kepada seseorang atau sejumlah orang tentang
hal-hal baru yang diketahuinya. Teknik ini berdampak kognitif pasalnya
komunikan hanya mengetahui saja. Seperti halnya dalam penyampaian berita dalam
media cetak maupun elektronik, pada teknik informatif ini berlaku komunikasi
satu arah, komunikatornya melembaga, pesannya bersifat umum, medianya
menimbulkan keserempakan, serta komunikannya heterogen. Biasanya teknik
informative yang digunakan oleh media bersifat asosiasi, yaitu dengan cara
menumpangkan penyajian pesan pada objek atau peristiwa yang sedang menarik
perhatian khalayak<span class="fullpost">.</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Kendatipun demikian teknik
informatif ini dapat pula berlaku pada seseorang, seperti halnya kajian ilmu
yang diberikan oleh dosen kepada mahasiswa, namun bersifat relatif, pasalnya
pada kajian ilmu tertentu, sedikit banyak telah diketahui oleh mahasiswanya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi persuasif</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi persuasif bertujuan untuk mengubah sikap, pendapat, atau
perilaku komunikan yang lebih menekan sisi psikologis komunikan. Penekanan ini
dimaksudkan untuk mengubah sikap, pendapat, atau perilaku, tetapi persuasi
dilakukan dengan halus, luwes, yang mengandung sifat-sifat manusiawi sehingga
mengakibatkan kesadaran dan kerelaan yang disertai perasaan senang.<br />
Agar komunikasi persuasif mencapai tujuan dan sasarannya, maka perlu dilakukan
perencanaan yang matang dengan mempergunakan komponen-komponen ilmu komunikasi
yaitu komunikator, pesan, media, dan komunikan. Sehingga dapat terciptanya
pikiran, perasaan, dan hasil penginderaannya terorganisasi secara mantap dan
terpadu. biasanya teknik ini afektif, komunikan bukan hanya sekedar tahu, tapi
tergerak hatinya dan menimbulkan perasaan tertentu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi instruktif/koersif</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi instruktif atau koersi teknik komunikasi berupa perintah,
ancaman, sangsi dan lain-lain yang bersifat paksaan, sehingga orang-orang yang
dijadikan sasaran (komunikan) melakukannya secara terpaksa, biasanya teknik
komunikasi seperti ini bersifat fear arousing, yang bersifat menakut-nakuti
atau menggambarkan resiko yang buruk. Serta tidak luput dari sifat red-herring,
yaitu interes atau muatan kepentingan untuk meraih kemenangan dalam suatu
konflik ,perdebatan dengan menepis argumentasi yang lemah kemudian dijadikan
untuk menyerang lawan. Bagi seorang diplomat atau tokoh politik teknik tersebut
menjadi senjata andalan dan sangat penting untuk mempertahankan diri atau
menyerang secara diplomatis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan manusiawi ( human
relations)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan manusiawi merupakan
terjemahan dari human relation. Adapula yang mengartikan hubungan manusia dan
hubungan antar manusia, namun dalam kaitannya hubungan manusia tidak hanya
dalam hal berkomunikasi saja, namun didalam pelaksanaannya terkandung nilai
nilai kemanusiaan serta unsur-unsur kejiwaan yang amat mendalam. Seperti halnya
mengubah sifat, pendapat, atau perilau seseorang. Jika ditinjau dari sisi ilmu
komunikasi hubungan manusia ini termasuk kedalam komunikasi interpersonal,
pasalnya komunikasi yang berlangsung antara dua orang atau lebih dan bersifat dialogis.
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan manusia pada umumnya
dilakukan untuk menghilangkan hambatan-hambatan komunikasi, meniadakan salah
pengertian dan mengembangkan tabiat manusia. Untuk melakukan hubungan manusia
biasanya digunakan beberapa teknik pendekatan yaitu pendekatan emosional
(emosional approach) dan pendekatan social budaya (sosio-cultur approach).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
ditinjau dari tujuannya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan sikap (Attitued change)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan Sikap. Kegiatan memberikan berbagai informasi pada masyarakat
dengan tujuan supaya masyarakat akan berubah sikapnya. Misalnya kegiatan
memberikan informasi mengenai hidup sehat tujuannya adalah supaya masyarakat
mengikuti pola hidup sehat dan sikap masyarakat akan positif terhadap pola
hidup sehat<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan pendapat (Opinion
Change)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan pendapat yaitu memberikan berbagai informasi pada masyarakat
tujuan akhirnya supaya masyarakat mau berubah pendapat dan persepsinya terhadap
tujuan informasi itu disampaikan, misalnya dalam informasi mengenai pemilu.
Terutama informasi mengenai kebijakan pemerinatah yang biasanya selalu mendapat
tantangan dari masyarakat maka harus disertai penyampaian informasi yang
lengkap supaya pendapat masyarakat dapat terbentuk untuk mendukung kebijakan
tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan perilaku (Behavior
Change)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan perilaku yaitu kegiatan memberikan berbagai informasi pada
masyarakat dengan tujuan supaya masyarakat akan berubah perilakunya. Misalnya
kegiatan memberikan informasi mengenai hidup sehat tujuannya adalah supaya
masyarakat mengikuti pola hidup sehat dan perilaku masyarakat akan positif
terhadap pola hidup sehat atau mengikuti perilaku hidup sehat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan sosial (Social Change)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Perubahan Sosial dan partisipasi sosial yaitu emberikan berbagai
informasi pada masyarakat tujuan akhirnya supaya masyarakat mau mendukung dan
ikut serta terhadap tujuan informasi itu disampaikan. Misalnya supaya
masyarakat ikut serta dalam pilihan suara pada pemilu atau ikut serta dalam
berperilaku sehat, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
ditinjau dari fungsinya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Menyampaikan informasi (to inform)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Memberikan informasi kepada masyarakat. Karena perilaku menerima
informasi merupakan perilaku alamiah masyarakat. Dengan menerima informasi yang
benar masyarakat akan merasa aman tentram. Informasi akurat diperlukan oleh
beberapa bagian masyarakat untuk bahan dalam pembuatan keputusan. Informasi
dapat dikaji secara mendalam sehingga melahirkan teori baru dengan demikian
akan menambah perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan. Informasi disampaikan pada
masyarakat melalui berbagai tatanan komunikasi, tetapi yang lebih banyak
melalui kegiatan mass communication .<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mendidik ( to educat)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mendidik masyarakat. Kegiatan komunikasi pada masyarakat dengan
memberiakan berbagai informasi tidak lain agar masyarakat menjadi lebih baik,
lebih maju, lebih berkembang kebudayaannya. Kegiatan mendidik masyarakat dalam
arti luas adalah memberikan berbagai informasi yang dapat menambah kemajuan
masyarakat dengan tatanan komunikasi massa. Sedangkan kegiatan mendidik
masyarakat dalam arti sempit adalah memberikan berbagai informasi dan juga
berbagai ilmu pengetahuan melalui berbagai tatanan komunikasi kelompok pada
pertemuan-pertemuan, kelas-kelas, dan sebagainya. Tetapi kegiatan mendidik
masyarakat yang paling efektif adalah melalui kegiatan Komunikasi Interpersonal
antara penyuluh dengan anggota masyarakat, antara guru dengan murid, antara
pimpinan dengan bawahan, dan antara orang tua dengan anak-anaknya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Menghibur ( to entertain)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Menghibur masyarakat. Perilaku masyarakat menerima informasi selain
untuk memenuhi rasa aman juga menjadi sarana hiburan masyarakat. Apalagi pada
masa sekarang ini banyak penyajian informasi melalui sarana seni hiburan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mempengaruhi (to influasi)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 18pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Mempengaruhi masyarakat. Kegiatan memberikan berbagai informasi pada
masyarakat juga dapat dijadikan sarana untuk mempengaruhi masyarakat tersebut
ke arah perubahan sikap dan perilaku yang diharapkan. Misalnya mempengaruhi
masyarakat untuk mendukung suatu pilihan dalam pemilu dapat dilakukan melalui
komunikasi massa dalam bentuk kampanye, propaganda, selebaran-selebaran,
spanduk dan sebagainya. Tetapi berdasarkan beberapa penelitian kegiatan
mempengaruhi masyarakat akan lebih efektif dilakukan melalui Komunikasi
Interpersonal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
ditinjau dari modelnya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 27pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi satu tahap</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Model ini merupakan pengembangan dari teori komunikasi jarum hipodermik.
Pesan yang disampaikan melalui media massa langsung ditujukan kepada komunikan
tanpa perantara, misalnya pemimpin pendapat. Namun, pesan tersebut tidak
mencapai semua komunikan dan juga tidak menimbulkan efek yang sama pada setiap
komunikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi dua tahap</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Disebut komunikasi dua tahap karena model komunikasi ini dimulai dengan
tahap pertama sebagai proses komunikasi antarpesona. Model ini menggambarkan
bahwa pesan lewat media massa diterima oleh individu (pemimpin pendapat) yang
terinformasi (well informed). <br />
Para pemimpin pendapat itu menginterpretasi setiap pesan sesuai dengan frame of
referente dan field of experience yang ada pada dirinya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi multitahap</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Model komunikasi multitahap menyatakan bahwa dalam laju komunikasi dari
komunikator kepada komunikan terdapat sejumlah saluran yang berganti-ganti,
artinya beberapa komunikan menerima pesan langsung dari komunikator melalui
saluran media massa, lalu menyebarkan kepada komunikan lainnya. Pesan
terpindahkan beberapa kali dari sumbernya melalui beberapa tahap<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
ditinjau dari bidangnya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi sosial (Social Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi adalah keterampilan yang sangat penting dalam kehidupan manusia,
dimana dapat kita lihat komunikasi dapat terjadi setiap gerak langkah manusia.
Manusia adalah makhluk sosial yang tergantung satu sama lain dan mandiri serta
saling terkait dengan orang lain dan lingkungannya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi manajemen/organisasional (Managemen /
Organizational Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi dalam manajemen
sangatlah penting dan sangat dibutuhkan, karena manajemen tugasnya untuk
mengatur dan mengelola orang lain. Maka dari itu komunikasi berperan penting
dalam berhubungan dengan orang lain.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi perusahaan (Bussiness Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="a"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
dalam sebuah organisasi perusahaan biasanya terjadi dalam dua kontek, yaitu
komunikasi yang terjadi di dalam perusahaan (internal communication) dan
komunikasi yang terjadi diluar perusahaan (externalcommunication). Di dalam
komunikasi internal, baik secara vertical, horizontal, maupun diagonalsering
terjadi kesulitan yang menyebabkan terjadinya ketidaklancaran komunikasi atau
dengan katalain terjadi miss komunikasi. Kesulitan ini terjadi dikarenakan
adanya kesalahpahaman, adanya sifat psikologis seperti egois, kurangnya
keterbukaan antar pegawai, adanya perasaan tertekan dansebagainya, sehingga
menyebabkan komunikasi tidak efektif dan pada akhirnya tujuan organisasi pun
tercapai</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi politik (Political Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
Politik</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">komunikasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> yang
melibatkan pesan-pesan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politik" title="Politik"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">politik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> dan
aktor-aktor politik, atau berkaitan dengan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kekuasaan" title="Kekuasaan"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">kekuasaan</span></a></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span></u><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan" title="Pemerintahan"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">pemerintahan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, dan kebijakan pemerintah. Dengan pengertian
ini, sebagai sebuah ilmu terapan, komunikasi politik bukanlah hal yang baru. <strong><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi politik</span></strong> juga bisa
dipahami sebagai komunikasi antara "yang memerintah" dan "yang
diperintah"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi antarbudaya (Intercultural Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
antarbudaya</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">komunikasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> yang
terjadi di antara orang-orang yang memiliki </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan" title="Kebudayaan"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">kebudayaan</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> yang
berbeda (bisa beda ras, etnik, atau sosioekonomi, atau gabungan dari semua
perbedaan ini. </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_antarbudaya#cite_note-Human-1"><sup><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">[1]</span></sup></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> Menurut
Stewart L. Tubbs,komunikasi antarbudaya adalah </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi" title="Komunikasi"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">komunikasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> antara
orang-orang yang berbeda </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budaya" title="Budaya"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">budaya</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"> (baik
dalam arti </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras" title="Ras"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">ras</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etnik" title="Etnik"><span style="color: black; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;">etnik</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">, atau
perbedaan-perbedaan sosio ekonomi).Kebudayaan adalah cara hidup yang berkembang
dan dianut oleh sekelompok orang serta berlangsung dari generasi ke generas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi pembangunan (Development Communication)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Dalam
penyelenggaraan pembangunan, diperlukan suatu sistem komunikasi agar terjalin
komunikasi efektif dan memiliki makna yang mampu mengarahkan pencapaian tujuan
pembangunan. Hal itu perlu sekali dilakukan karena proses pembangunan
melibatkan berbagai elemen masyarakat. Komunikasi pembangunan ini harus
mengedepankan sikap aspiratif, konsultatif dan relationship. Karena pembangunan
tidak akan berjalan dengan optimal tanpa adanya hubungan sinergis antara pelaku
dan obyek pembangunan. Apalagi proses pembangunan ke depan cenderung akan
semakin mengurangi peran pemerintah, seiring semakin besarnya peran masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi lingkungan (Environmental Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi
lingkungan sendiri adalah rencana dan strategi melalui proses komunikasi dan
produk media untuk mendukung efektivitas pembuatan kebijakan, partisipasi
publik, dan implementasinya pada lingkungan (Oepen, 1999:6). Disini komunikasi
lingkungan menjadi komponen yang terintegrasi dalam kebijakan. Definisi
komunikasi lingkungan yang lain datang dari Robert Cox dalam bukunya <em><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Environmental Communication and the Public
Sphere, mengemukakan bahwa komunikasi lingkungan adalah sarana pragmatis dan
konstitutif untuk memberikan pemahaman mengenai lingkungan kepada masyarakat,
seperti halnya hubungan kita dengan alam semesta. Ini merupakan sebuah media
simbolik yang digunakan untuk menciptakan masalah lingkungan dan negosiasi
perbedaan respon terhadap permasalah lingkungan yang terjadi. Dengan kata lain
komunikasi lingkungan digunakan untuk menciptakan kesepahaman mengenai
permasalahan lingkungan</span></em><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi tradisional (Traditional Communication)</span></i><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="font-size: 12pt;">komunikasi tradisional tampil dalam berbagai bentuk dan sifat, sejalan
dengan variasi kebudayaan yang ada di daerah-daerah itu. Misalnya, tudung
sipulung (duduk bersama), ma’bulo sibatang (kumpul bersama dalam sebuah pondok
bambu) di Sulawesi Selatan (Abdul Muis, 1984) dan selapanan (peringatan pada
hari ke-35 kelahiran) di Jawa Tengah, boleh dikemukan sebagai beberapa contoh
media tradisional di kedua daerah ini. Di samping itu, boleh juga ditunjukkan
sebuah instrumen tradisional seperti kentongan yang masih banyak digunakan di
Jawa. Instrumen ini dapat digunakan untuk mengkomunikasikan pesan-pesan yang
mengandung makna yang berbeda, seperti adanya kematian, </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">dll</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-size: 12.0pt;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> </span><span lang="SV" style="color: #bbbbbb; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">FUNGSI KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
informasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi
membantu proses penyampaian informasi yang diperlukan individu dan atau
kelompok untuk mengambil keputusan dengan meneruskan data dan menilai
pilihan-pilihan alternatif<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
kendali<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi
bertindak untuk mengendalikan perilaku anggota dalam beberapa cara, setiap
organisasi mempunyai wewenang dan garis panduan formal yang harus dipatuhi oleh
karyawan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai
motivasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi
membantu perkembangan motivasi dengan menjelaskan para karyawan apa yang harus
dilakukan bagaimana mereka bekerja baik dan apa yang dapat dikerjakan untuk
memperbaiki kinerja jika itu di bawah standar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengungkap
emosional<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagi sebagian
komunitas, mereka memerlukan interaksi social, komunikasi yang terjadi di dalam
komunitas itu merupakan cara anggota untuk menunjukkan kekecewaan dan rasa
puas. Oleh karena itu, komunikasi menyiarkan ungkapan emosional dari perasaan
dan sebagai alat untuk memenuhi kebutuhan social</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 19.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-size: 14pt;">contoh-contoh fungsi</span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> komunikasi dalam kehidupan kita sehari-hari menurut para
ahli</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-size: 12pt;">Menurut <b>Thomas M.
Scheidel</b>, <i>" Manusia pada umumnya berkomunikasi untuk menyatakan dan
mendukung identitas-diri dan untuk membangun interaksi sosial dengan
orang-orang yang berada di sekitar kita serta untuk mempengaruhi orang lain
untuk berpikir, merasa, atau bertingkah seperti yang kita harapkan"</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.95pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 19.95pt; margin-bottom: 15.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rudolf F. Verderber</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt;">, <i>" Komunikasi
mempunyai dua fungsi. Pertama, fungsi social, yakni untuk tujuan kesenangan,
untuk menunjukan ikatan dengan orang lain, membangun dan memelihara hubungan.
Kedua, fungsi pengambilan keputusan, yakni memutuskan untuk melakukan atau
tidak melakukan sesuatu pada saat tertentu. "</i><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MANFAAT
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Menurut Alo Liliweri (2007 ; 18), secara umum
ada lima kategori fungsi utama komunikasi dan Manfaat Komunikasi diantaranya :<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Sumber atau pengirim
menyebarluaskan informasi agar dapat diketahui penerima (informasi / to
inform), fungsi utama dan pertama dari informasi adalah menyampaikan pesan
(informasi) atau menyebarluaskan informasi kepada orang lain, artinya
diharapkan dari penyebarluasan informasi itu para penerima informasi akan
mengetahui sesuatu yang ingin dia ketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> Sumber menyebarluaskan informasi dalam rangka
mendidik penerima (pendidikan / to educate), fungsi utama dan pertama dari
informasi adalah menyampaikan pesan (informasi) atau menyebarluaskan informasi
yang bersifat mendidik kepada orang lain, artinya dari penyebarluasan informasi
itu diharapkan para penerima informasi akan menambah pengetahuan tentang
sesuatu yang ingin dia ketahui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Sumber memberikan instruksi
agar dilaksanakan penerima (instruksi), fungsi instruksi adalah fungsi
komunikasi untuk memberikan instruksi (mewajibkan atau melarang) penerima
melakukan sesuatu yang diperintahkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> Sumber mempengaruhi komunikan dengan informasi
yang persuasif untuk mengubah persepsi, sikap dan perilaku penerima (persuasi /
to influence), fungsi persuasi terkadang disebut fungsi memengaruhi, fungsi
persuasi adalah fungsi komunikasi yang menyebarkan informasi yang dapat
mempengaruhi (mengubah) sikap penerima agar dia menentukan sikap dan perilaku
yang sesuai dengan kehendak pengirim.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo13; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Sumber menyebarluaskan
informasi untuk menghibur sekaligus mempengaruhi penerima (menghibur / to
entertain), fungsi hiburan adalah fungsi pengirim untuk mengirimkan pesanpesan
yang mengandung hiburan kepada penerima menikmati apa yang diinformasikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt; letter-spacing: -0.8pt;">KOMPONEN KOMUNIKASI</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komponen komunikasi menurut Onong
Uchjana Effendy, meliputi 5 (lima)komponen, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">a)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Comunicator (Pembawa pesan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">b)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Message (Pesan atau berita)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">c)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Channel (Media atau saranad.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">d)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Commucate (Penerima berita)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">e)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Effect (Efek).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Maksud dari kelima komponen komunikasi di atas menurut Onong Uchjana
Effendy, sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikator (Pembawa Berita) Komunikator, yaitu pemrakarsa
komunikasi (pembawa berita), bisa individu, keluarga, maupun kelompok yang
mengambil inisiatif dalammenyelenggarakan komunikasi. Komunikasi ini
berlangsung antar individu ataukelompok lain yang menjadi sasarannya. Komunikator
dapat juga berati tempat berasalnya Sumber komunikasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Message (Pesan atau berita). Message adalah berita yang
disampaikan oleh komunikator melalui lambang-lambang, pembicaran, gerakan
dan sebagainya. Message bisa berupagerakan, sinar, suara, lambaian tangan,
kibaran bendera atau tanda-tanda lain, denganinterpretasi yang tepat akan
memberikan arti dan makna tertentu.c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Channel (media atau sarana) Channel (saluran) adalah, sarana
tempat berlalunya pesanyang disampaikan oleh komunikator kepada komunikan.
Saluran tersebut meliputi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Pendengaran (lambang berupa suara).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penglihatan (lambang berupa sinar, pantulan atau lambang).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Penciuman (lambang berupa wangi-wangian/ bau-bauan).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Rabaan (lambang berupa rangsangan rabaan).Jadi secara keseluruhan
saluran BISA BERUPA RADIO,Telepon, koran, majalah dan lain-lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikan (penerima berita) Komunikan adalah, objek atau sasaran
dari kegiatanmaupun masyarakat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 7.85pt -11.75pt 15.65pt 72pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Efek (effect).Efek adalah tanggapan, seperangkat reaksi komunikan
setelah menerima pesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">MACAM MACAM KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
searah<br />
Komunikator mengirim pesannya melalui saluran atau media dan diterima oleh
komunikan. Sedangkan komunikan tersebut tidak memberikan umpan balik
(feedback).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
dua arah<br />
Komunikator mengirim pesan (berita) diterima oleh komunikan, setelah
disimpulkan kemudian komunikan mengirimkan umpan balik kepada sumber berita
atau komunikator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
berantai<br />
Komunikan menerima pesan atau berita dari komunikator kemudian disalurkan
kepada komunikan kedua, dari komunikan kedua disampaikan kepada komunikan
ketiga dan seterusnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">PROSES KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Proses komunikasi primer adalah proses penyampaian pikiran atau
perasaan seseorangkepada orang lain dengan menggunakan lambing ( symbol )
sebagai media. Lambangsebagai media primer dalam proses komunikasi adalah
bahasa, kial, isyarat, gambar,warna dan sebagainya yang secara langsung mampu
menerjemahkan pikiran atau perasaan komuniaktor kepada komunikan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Proses komunikasi sekunder merupakan proses penyampaian pesan oleh
sesesorang kepada orang lain dengan menggunakan alat atau sarana sebagai media
kedua setelahmemakai lambang sebagai media pertama. Komunikator menggunakan
media keduadalam berkomunikasi karena sasaran komunikannya banyak jumlahnya dan
jauh jaraknyadari tempat komunikator itu. Media tersebut bisa berupa surat,
telepon, teleks, suratkabar, majalah, radio, tv dan film. ( Effendy , 2002 :
11– 16 )<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Unsur-unsur
dalam proses komunikasi antara lain sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pengiriman
pesan (sender) atau komunikakator dan materi/isi pesan</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
Pengrim pesan adalah orang mempunyai satu paket ide untuk disampaikan kepada
orang lain dengan harapan pesannya dapat dipahami oleh penerima pesan sesuai
yang dimaksud. Materi pesan dapat berupa informasi, ajakan, rencana kerja,
pertanyaan, dan tanggapan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bahasa
pesan (coding)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
Bahasa pesan bertujuan untuk menyingkat pola pikir pengirim pesan ke bentuk
bahasa, kode, atau lambang lainnya sehingga pesannya dapat dipahami oleh orang
lain. Biasaya leader atau manajer menyampaikan pesannya dalam bentuk kata-kata,
gerakan anggota badan (bahasa tubuh). Tujuan penyampaian pesan ini adalah untuk
mengajak, membujuk, mengubah sikap atau perilaku ke arah tujuan tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Media</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
Pilihan media dipengaruhi isi pesan yang harus disampaikan, jumlah penerima
pesan, situasi, dan sebagainya. Media yang dapat digunakan antara lain telepon,
radio, TV, mikrofon, memo, surat, komputer, internet, foto, papan pengumuman,
pertemuan, lokakarya, seminar, rapat kerja, penerbitan, dan sebagainya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Mengertikan
pesan (decoding)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
Setelah pesan diterima melalui indra, maka si penerima pesan harus dapat
mengartikan bahasa isyarat sesuai dengan isi pesan yang dimaksud.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Penerima
pesan (komunikasi)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
Penerima pesan ialah orang yang dapat memahami pesan sipengirim walaupun dalam
bentuk snadi tanpa mengurangi arti pesan yang dimaksudkan oleh si pengirim
pesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 18.0pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Balikan
(respon si penerima pesan)</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br />
Balikan adalah isyarat atau tanggapan yang berisi kesan dari penerima pesan ke
pengirim pesan dalam bentuk verbal maupun nonverbal. Tanpa balikan seorang
pengirim pesan tidak pernah mengetahui dengan pasti apakah pesannya dapat
diterima sesuai denga yang diharapkan. Balikan dapat disampaikan oleh si
penerima pesan dan atau oleh orang lain bukan menerima pesan. Dalam upaya balik
terjadi komunikasi dua arah. Komunikasi ini perlu terjadi untuk menghindari
kesalah pahaman (<em>misscomunication</em>) sehingga dapat diketahui bahwa
si penerima pesan sudah benar-benar memahami pesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;">JENIS JENIS KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Tatap Muka ( Face to Face ) Komunikasi yang dilakukan dengan cara
bertemu langsungdengan teman bicara dimana dalam kegiatan komunikasi ini
komunikan dan komunikator saling bertatap muka. Contoh dari konteks
komunikasi tatap muka ini adalah komunikasiantar persona, komunikasi kelompok
dan komunikasi organisasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Bermedia ( Mediated ). Komunikasi yang dilakukan dengan cara
menggunakan suatumedia dimana berkaitan erat dengan penguasaan pengetahuan dan
penggunaan teknologikomunikasi. Contoh dari konteks komunikasi bermedia ini
adalah komunikasi massa dankomunikasi media<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi verbal dengan kata-kata</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">,
</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">mencakup
aspek-aspek berupa </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vocabulary (perbendaharaan kata-kata). Komunikasi tidak akan efektif bila
pesan disampaikan dengan kata-kata yang tidak dimengerti, karena itu olah kata
menjadi penting dalam berkomunikasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Racing (kecepatan). Komunikasi akan lebih efektif dan sukses bila kecepatan
bicara dapat diatur dengan baik, tidak terlalu cepat atau terlalu lambat.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Intonasi suara: akan mempengaruhi arti pesan secara dramatik sehingga pesan
akan menjadi lain artinya bila diucapkan dengan intonasi suara yang berbeda.
Intonasi suara yang tidak proposional merupakan hambatan dalam berkomunikasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Humor: dapat meningkatkan kehidupan yang bahagia. Dugan (1989), memberikan
catatan bahwa dengan tertawa dapat membantu menghilangkan stress dan nyeri.
Tertawa mempunyai hubungan fisik dan psikis dan harus diingat bahwa humor
adalah merupakan satu-satunya selingan dalam berkomunikasi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Singkat dan jelas. Komunikasi akan efektif bila disampaikan secara singkat
dan jelas, langsung pada pokok permasalahannya sehingga lebih mudah dimengerti.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt; text-indent: -19.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US">g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Timing (waktu yang tepat) adalah hal kritis yang perlu diperhatikan karena
berkomunikasi akan berarti bila seseorang bersedia untuk berkomunikasi, artinya
dapat menyediakan waktu untuk mendengar atau memperhatikan apa yang
disampaikan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 55.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi non verbal disebut dengan bahasa tubuh</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. </span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Komunikasi non verbal adalah penyampaian pesan tanpa
kata-kata dan komunikasi non verbal memberikan arti pada komunikasi verbal.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 36pt;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Yang termasuk komunikasi non verbal :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ekspresi wajah </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white;">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wajah merupakan sumber yang kaya dengan
komunikasi, karena ekspresi wajah cerminan suasana emosi seseorang.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kontak mata, merupakan sinyal alamiah
untuk berkomunikasi. Dengan mengadakan kontak mata selama berinterakasi atau
tanya jawab berarti orang tersebut terlibat dan menghargai lawan bicaranya
dengan kemauan untuk memperhatikan bukan sekedar mendengarkan. Melalui kontak
mata juga memberikan kesempatan pada orang lain untuk mengobservasi yang
lainnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sentuhan adalah bentuk komunikasi personal
mengingat sentuhan lebih bersifat spontan dari pada komunikasi verbal. Beberapa
pesan seperti perhatian yang sungguh-sungguh, dukungan emosional, kasih sayang
atau simpati dapat dilakukan melalui sentuhan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Postur tubuh dan gaya berjalan. Cara
seseorang berjalan, duduk, berdiri dan bergerak memperlihatkan ekspresi
dirinya. Postur tubuh dan gaya berjalan merefleksikan emosi, konsep diri, dan
tingkat kesehatannya.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sound (Suara). Rintihan, menarik nafas
panjang, tangisan juga salah satu ungkapan perasaan dan pikiran seseorang yang
dapat dijadikan komunikasi. Bila dikombinasikan dengan semua bentuk komunikasi
non verbal lainnya sampai desis atau suara dapat menjadi pesan yang sangat
jelas.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gerak isyarat, adalah yang dapat mempertegas pembicaraan . Menggunakan
isyarat sebagai bagian total dari komunikasi seperti mengetuk-ngetukan kaki
atau mengerakkan tangan selama berbicara menunjukkan seseorang dalam keadaan
stress bingung atau sebagai upaya untuk menghilangkan stress<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">KARAKTERISTIK
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
membutuhkan lebih dari dua orang yang akan menentukan tingkat hubungan dengan
oranglain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
verbal dan non verbal terjadi secara simultan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dalam
komunikasi seseorang akan berespon terhadap pesan yang diterima<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pesan
yang diterima tidak selalu diasumsikan sama antara penerima dan pengirim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pertukaran
informasi dibutuhkan ilmu pengetahuan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pesan
yang dikirim dan diterima dipengaruhi oleh pengalaman masa lalu, pendidikan,
keyakinan dan budaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">7.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Posisi
seseorang di dalam sistem sosiokultural dapat mempengaruhi proses komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">8.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
dipengaruhi oleh perasaan diri sendiri, subyek yang dikomunikasikan dan
oranglain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo16; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">9.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
terjadi secara berkesinambungan dan terjadi hubungan timbal balik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TIPE
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 81pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi Persona (personal communication) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi intrapersona (intrapersonal communication)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 108pt; text-indent: -108pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi antarpesona (interpersonal coommunication) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 81pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi Kelompok (group communication) :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi kelompok kecil (small group commuication)[Ceramah
(lecture), Diskusi panel (panel discussion),Simposium
(symposium),Forum,Seminar,Curahsaran(brainstorming)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi kelompok besar (large group communication/ public
speaking)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi Massa (mass communication) [Pers,Radio,Televisi,Film]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">Komunikasi medio (medio communication) [SuratTeleponPamfletPosterSpanduk]<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 99pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt; font-weight: normal;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;">BENTUK
KOMUNIKASI</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aggressive
communication<br />
Komunikasi ini dapat mengurangi hak orang lain dan cenderung untuk merendahkan
atau mengendalikan orang lain. Komunikasi ini menenggelamkan hak orang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Passive
communication<br />
Komunikasi ini merupakan lawan dari komunikasi agresif di mana orang tersebut
cenderung untuk mengalah dan tidak dapat mempertahankan kepentimngannya
sendiri. Bahakan hak mereka cenderung dilanggar namun dibiarkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Assertive
communication<br />
Komuniksi asertif adalah komunikasi yang terbuka, menghargai diri sendiri dan
orang lain. Komunikasi asertif tidak menaruh perhatian hanya pada hasil akhir,
tetapi juga hubungan perasaan antarmanusia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bentuk-bentuk
komunikasi dapat dijabarkan sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
vertikal<br />
Komunikasi vertikal adalah komunikasi dari atas ke bawah dan dari bawah ke atas
atau komunikasi dari pimpinan ke bawahan dan dari bawahan ke pimpinan secara
timbal balik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
horisontal<br />
Komunikasi horisontal adalah komunikasi secara mendatar, misalnya komunikasi
antara karyawan dengan karyawan dan komunikasi ini sering kali berlangsung
tidak formal yang berlainan dengan komunikasi vertikal yang terjadi secara
formal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo20; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
diagonal<br />
Komunikasi diagonal yang sering juga dinamakan komunikasi silang yaitu
seseorang dengan orang lain yang satu dengan yang lainnya berbeda dalam
kedudukan dan bagian (Effendy, 2000 : 17).<br />
Pendapat lainnya menyebutkan, komunikasi dapat mengalir secara vertikal atau
lateral (menyisi).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Dimensi
vertikal dapat dibagi menjadi ke bawah dan ke atas.<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ke
bawah : Komunikasi yang mengalir dari satu tingkat dalam suatu kelompok atau
organisasi ke suatu tingkat yang lebih bawah. Kegunaan dari pada komunikasi ini
memberikan penetapan tujuan, memberikan instruksi pekerjaan, menginformasikan
kebijakan dan prosedur pada bawahan, menunjukkan masalah yang memerlukan
perhatian dan mengemukakan umpan balik terhadap kinerja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Ke
atas : komunikasi yang mengalir ke suatu tingkat yang lebih tinggi dalam
kelompok atau organisasi digunakan untuk memberikan umpan balik kepada atasan,
menginformasikan mereka mengenai kemajuan ke arah tujuan dan meneruskan
masalah-masalah yang ada.<br />
Sedangkan dimensi lateral, komunikasi yang terjadi di antara kelompok kerja
yang sama, diantara anggota kelompok-kelompok kerja pada tingkat yang sama,
diantara manajer-manajer pada tingkat yang sama (Robbins, 2002 : 314-315).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PRINSIP
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
adalah suatu proses<br />
Komunikasi adalah suatu proses yang merupakan kegiatan yang merupakan suatu
kegiatan yang terus menerus, yang tidak mempunyai permulaan atau akhir dan
selalu berubah-ubah serta berdampak pada terjadinya perubahan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
adalah suatu sistem<br />
Masing-masing elemen atau unsur dalam komunikasi sangat terkait dan
mempengaruhi dalam proses komunikasi yang efektif. Satu elemen atau unsur
tidaklah penting dibanding elemen yang lain.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
merupakan suatu interaksi<br />
Interaksi dalam komunikasi adalah saling bertukar pesan atau fikiran.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi
dapat terjadi secara disengaja maupun tidak sengaja, komunikasi yang disengaja
terjadi apabila pesan yang akan disampaikan disiapkan terlebih dahulu dan
dikirimkan kepada penerima yang dimaksudkan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span></strong><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">JALUR
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></strong></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi formal adalah suatu proses komunikasi yang
bersifat resmi dan biasanya dilakukan di dalam lembaga formal melalui garis
perintah atau sifatnya instruktif , berdasarkan struktur organisasi oleh pelaku
yang berkomunikasi sebagai petugas organisasi dengan status masing - masing
yang tujuannya menyampaikan pesan yang terkait dengan kepentingan dinas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo19; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi informal adalah komunikasi antara orang yang ada
dalam suatu organisasi, akan tetapi tidak direncanakan atau tidak ditentukan
dalam struktur organisasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">TEKNIK BERKOMUNIKASI SECARA EFEKTIF</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Komunikasi sangat penting untuk berjalanya suatu organisasi.
Kepentingan itulah diperlukan teknik komunikasi yang efektif dalam
penyampaianya. Ada beberapa teknik komunikasi yang efektif yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Sampaikan pesan dengan jelas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Siapkan
komunikasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Menyampaikan informasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">d)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> Penerimaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">e)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Reaksi
terhadap pesan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">f)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Umpan-balik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI
KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<h3 style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Latar belakang budaya</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Interpretasi suatu pesan
akan terbentuk dari pola pikir seseorang melalui kebiasaannya, sehingga semakin
sama latar belakang budaya antara komunikator dengan komunikan maka komunikasi
semakin efektif.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h3 style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Ikatan kelompok atau group</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Nilai-nilai yang dianut
oleh suatu kelompok sangat mempengaruhi cara mengamati pesan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h3 style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Harapan</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Harapan mempengaruhi
penerimaan pesan sehingga dapat menerima pesan sesuai dengan yang diharapkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h3 style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pendidikan</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Semakin tinggi pendidikan
akan semakin kompleks sudut pandang dalam menyikapi isi pesan yang disampaikan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h3 style="margin-left: 36pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Situasi</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Perilaku manusia
dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan/situasi<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">MODEL KOMUNIKASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="text-indent: 27.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Dari
berbagai model komunikasi yang sudah ada, di sini akan dibahas tiga model
paling utama, serta akan dibicarakan pendekatan yang mendasarinya dan bagaimana
komunikasi dikonseptualisasikan dalam perkembangannya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Model Komunikasi Linear</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Model komunikasi ini
dikemukakan oleh </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Claude_Shannon&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Claude Shannon (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Claude
Shannon</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> dan </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Warren_Weaver&action=edit&redlink=1" title="Warren Weaver (halaman belum tersedia)"><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Warren
Weaver</span></a></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"> pada
tahun 1949 dalam buku <i>The Mathematical of Communication</i>.Mereka
mendeskripsikan komunikasi sebagai proses linear karena tertarik pada teknologi
radio dan telepon dan ingin mengembangkan suatu model yang dapat menjelaskan
bagaimana informasi melewati berbagai saluran (<i>channel</i>). Hasilnya adalah
konseptualisasi dari komunikasi linear (<i>linear communication model</i>).Pendekatan
ini terdiri atas beberapa elemen kunci: sumber (<i>source</i>), pesan (<i>message</i>)
dan penerima (<i>receiver</i>).Model linear berasumsi bahwa seseorang hanyalah
pengirim atau penerima. Tentu saja hal ini merupakan pandangan yang sangat
sempit terhadap partisipan-partisipan dalam proses komunikasi.Suatu konsep
penting dalam model ini adalah gangguan (noise), yakni setiap rangsangan
tambahan dan tidak dikehendaki yang dapat mengganggu kecermatan pesan yang
disampaikan. Gangguan ini selalu ada dalam saluran bersama sebuah pesan yang
diterima oleh penerima. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Model Interaksional</span></span><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Model interaksional
dikembangkan oleh Wilbur Schramm pada tahun 1954 yang menekankan pada proses
komunikasi dua arah di antara para komunikator.Dengan kata lain, komunikasi
berlangsung dua arah: dari pengirim dan kepada penerima dan dari penerima
kepada pengirim. Proses melingkar ini menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi selalu
berlangsung. Para peserta komunikasi menurut model interaksional adalah
orang-orang yang mengembangkan potensi manusiawinya melalui interaksi sosial,
tepatnya melalui pengambilan peran orang lain. Patut dicatat bahwa model ini
menempatkan sumber dan penerima mempunyai kedudukan yang sederajat. Satu elemen
yang penting bagi model interkasional adalah <b>umpan balik</b> (feedback),
atau tanggapan terhadap suatu pesan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<h3>
<span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Model transaksional</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;">Model komunikasi
transaksional dikembangkan oleh Barnlund pada tahun 1970.Model ini
menggarisbawahi pengiriman dan penerimaan pesan yang berlangsung secara
terus-menerus dalam sebuah episode komunikasi.Komunikasi bersifat transaksional
adalah proses kooperatif: pengirim dan penerima sama-sama bertanggungjawab
terhadap dampak dan efektivitas komunikasi yang terjadi. Model transaksional
berasumsi bahwa saat kita terus-menerus mengirimkan dan menerima pesan, kita
berurusan baik dengan elemen verbal dan nonverbal. Dengan kata lain, peserta
komunikasi (komunikator) melalukan proses negosiasi makna.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Calibri, sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span><br />
<br />
<div style="margin-left: 45.0pt; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5 </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">UNSUR KOMUNIKASI MENURUT
LASSWELL </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">(1960):<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Who? (siapa/sumber). Sumber/komunikator
adalah pelaku utama/pihak yang mempunyai kebutuhan untuk berkomunikasi atau
yang memulai suatu komunikasi,bisa seorang individu,kelompok,organisasi,maupun
suatu negara sebagai komunikator.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Says What? (pesan). Apa yang akan
disampaikan/dikomunikasikan kepada penerima(komunikan),dari
sumber(komunikator)atau isi informasi.Merupakan seperangkat symbol verbal/non
verbal yang mewakili <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">perasaan,nilai,gagasan/maksud sumber
tadi. Ada 3 komponen pesan yaitu makna,symbol untuk menyampaikan makna,dan
bentuk/organisasi pesan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; tab-stops: 67.5pt 90.0pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">In Which Channel? (saluran/media).
Wahana/alat untuk menyampaikan pesan dari komunikator(sumber) kepada
komunikan(penerima) baik secara langsung(tatap muka),maupun tidak
langsung(melalui media cetak/elektronik dll).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">To Whom? (untuk siapa/penerima).
Orang/kelompok/organisasi/suatu negara yang menerima pesan dari sumber.Disebut
tujuan(destination)/pendengar(listener)/khalayak(audience)/komunikan/penafsir/penyandi
balik(decoder).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 67.5pt; mso-list: l12 level3 lfo4; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">6.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">With What Effect? (dampak/efek).
Dampak/efek yang terjadi pada komunikan(penerima) setelah menerima pesan dari
sumber,seperti perubahan sikap,bertambahnya pengetahuan, dll.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Syarat-syarat untuk berkomunikasi
secara efektif</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> antara lain :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-left: 45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Menciptakan suasana yang
menguntungkan.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">menggunakan bahasa yang mudah
ditangkap dan dimengerti.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">pesan yang disampaikan dapat
menggugah perhatian atau minat di pihak komunikan.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pesan dapat menggugah kepentingan dipihak
komunikan yang dapat menguntungkannya.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14pt;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Pesan dapat menumbuhkan sesuatu
penghargaan atau reward di pihak komunikan.</span><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 18pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Berbicara tentag minat atau
awareness di pihak komunikan, dapat dikemukakan bahwa minat akan timbul
bilamana ada unsur-unsur sebagai berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tersedianya suatu hal yang menarik minat.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat kontras, yaitu perbedaan antara hal yang satu dengan lainnya,
sehingga apa yang menonjol itu menumbuhkan perhatian.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat harapan untuk mendapat keuntungan atau mungkin gangguan dari
hal yang dimaksudkan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Itulah beberapa hal saja yang dapat menimbulkan sesuatu komunikasi
yang efektif.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-bottom: 18pt; margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Keterampilan dalam</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">berkomunikasi
secara efektif dapat dipelajari dan dikuasai dengan latihan rutin dan
berkesinambungan secara terus menerus. Untuk dapat melakukan komunikasi efektif
ada beberapa hal yang tidak boleh dilakukan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menganalisa<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menyalahkan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghakimi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menasehati<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menginterogasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 45pt; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 14pt;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14pt;">Kemampuan Komunikasi Yang Efektif</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 45pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Berikan kesan bahwa anda antusias
berbicara dengan mereka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Beri mereka kesan bahwa anda
lebih suka berbicara dengan mereka daripada orang lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ketika anda memberi mereka kesan bahwa anda sangat antusias berbicara
dengan mereka dan bahwa anda peduli kepada mereka, anda membuat perasaan mereka
lebih positif dan percaya diri. Mereka akan lebih terbuka kepada anda dan
sangat mungkin memiliki percakapan yang mendalam dengan anda.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ajukan pertanyaan tentang minat
mereka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ajukan pertanyaan terbuka yang akan membuat mereka
berbicara tentang minat dan kehidupan mereka. Galilah sedetail mungkin sehingga
akan membantu mereka memperoleh perspektif baru tentang diri mereka sendiri dan
tujuan hidup mereka.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Beradaptasi dengan bahasa tubuh dan perasaan
mereka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Rasakan bagaimana perasaan mereka pada saat ini dengan
mengamati bahasa tubuh dan nada suara. Dari sudut pandang ini, anda dapat
menyesuaikan kata-kata, bahasa tubuh, dan nada suara anda sehingga mereka akan
merespon lebih positif.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tunjukkan rasa persetujuan: Katakan
kepada mereka apa yang anda kagumi tentang mereka dan</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">mengapa</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Salah satu cara terbaik untuk segera
berhubungan dengan orang adalah dengan menjadi jujur dan memberitahu mereka
mengapa anda menyukai atau mengagumi mereka. Jika menyatakan secara langsung
dirasakan kurang tepat, cobalah dengan pernyataan tidak langsung. Kedua
pendekatan tersebut bisa sama-sama efektif.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Dengarkan dengan penuh perhatian
semua yang mereka katakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Jangan terlalu berfokus
pada apa yang akan Anda katakan selanjutnya selagi mereka berbicara.
Sebaliknya, dengarkan setiap kata yang mereka katakan dan responlah serelevan
mungkin. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa anda benar-benar mendengarkan apa yang
mereka katakan dan anda sepenuhnya terlibat di dalam suasana bersama dengan
mereka. Juga pastikan untuk bertanya setiap kali ada sesuatu yang tidak
mengerti pada hal-hal yang mereka katakan. Anda tentu saja ingin menghindari
semua penyimpangan yang mungkin terjadi dalam komunikasi jika anda ingin
mengembangkan hubungan yang sepenuhnya dengan orang tersebut.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Beri mereka kontak mata yang lama</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">kontak mata yang kuat mengkomunikasikan kepada orang lain bahwa anda tidak
hanya terpikat oleh mereka dan apa yang mereka katakan tetapi juga menunjukkan
bahwa anda dapat dipercaya. Ketika dilakukan dengan tidak berlebihan, mereka
juga akan menganggap anda yakin pada diri anda sendiri karena kesediaan anda
untuk bertemu mereka secara langsung. Akibatnya, orang secara alami akan lebih
memperhatikan anda dan apa yang anda katakan.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ungkapkan diri anda sebanyak mungkin</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Salah satu cara terbaik untuk mendapatkan kepercayaan seseorang adalahdengan
mengungkapkan diri seterbuka mungkin. Bercerita tentang kejadian yang menarik
dari hidup anda atau hanya menggambarkan contoh lucu dari kehidupan normal
sehari-hari. Ketika anda bercerita tentang diri anda, pastikan untuk tidak
menyebutkan hal-hal yang menyimpang terlalu jauh dari minat mereka atau bahkan
berlebihan. Anda dapat membiarkan mereka mengetahui lebih jauh tentang diri
anda seiring membangun sebuah ikatan. Bila anda menggunakan kata-kata tersebut,
anda membuatnya tampak seperti anda dan mereka berada di tim yang sama,
sementara orang lain berada di tim yang berbeda.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berikan kesan bahwa anda berdua berada di tim
yang sama</span></strong><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt;"> .Gunakan
kata-kata seperti “kami, kita ” untuk segera membangun sebuah ikatan. Bila anda
menggunakan kata-kata tersebut, anda membuatnya tampak seperti anda dan mereka
berada di tim yang sama, sementara orang lain berada di tim yang berbeda.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">9.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Berikan mereka</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">senyuman terbaik and</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">a.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Ketika anda tersenyum pada orang, anda menyampaikan pesan bahwa anda
menyukai mereka dan kehadiran mereka membawa anda kebahagiaan. Tersenyum pada
mereka akan menyebabkan mereka sadar ingin tersenyum kembali pada anda yang
secara langsung akan membangun hubungan antara anda berdua.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">10.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Menawarkan saran yang bermanfaat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Kenalkan tempat makan yang pernah anda kunjungi, film yang anda tonton,
orang-orang baik yang mereka ingin temui, buku yang anda baca, peluang karir
atau apa pun yang terpikirkan oleh anda. Jelaskan apa yang menarik dari
orang-orang, tempat atau hal-hal tersebut. Jika anda memberi ide yang cukup
menarik perhatian mereka, mereka akan mencari anda ketika mereka memerlukan
seseorang untuk membantu membuat keputusan tentang apa yang harus dilakukan selanjutnya.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">11.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;"> Beri mereka motivasi. Jika orang yang anda
hadapi lebih muda atau dalam posisi yang lebih sulit dari anda, mereka mungkin
ingin mendengar beberapa kata motivasi dari anda karena anda lebih
berpengalaman atau anda tampaknya menjalani kehidupan dengan baik . Jika anda
ingin memiliki hubungan yang sehat dengan orang tersebut, anda tentu saja tidak
ingin tampak seperti anda memiliki semuanya sementara mereka tidak. Yakinkan
mereka bahwa mereka dapat melampaui masalah dan keterbatasan mereka, sehingga
mereka akan berharap menjadikan anda sebagai teman yang enak untuk diajak
bicara.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -22.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">12.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tampil dengan tingkat energi yang
sedikit lebih tinggi dibanding orang lain</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Umumnya, orang ingin berada di sekitar orang-orang yang akan mengangkat
mereka, bukannya membawa mereka ke bawah. Jika anda secara konsisten memiliki
tingkat energi yang lebih rendah daripada orang lain, mereka secara alami akan
menjauh dari Anda menuju seseorang yang lebih energik. Untuk mencegah hal ini
terjadi, secara konsisten tunjukkan dengan suara dan bahasa tubuh anda bahwa
anda memiliki tingkat energi yang sedikit lebih tinggi sehingga mereka akan
merasa lebih bersemangat dan positif berada di sekitar Anda. Namun jangan juga
anda terlalu berlebihan berenergik sehingga menyebabkan orang-orang tampak
seperti tidak berdaya. Energi dan gairah yang tepat akan membangun antusiasme
mereka.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Sebut nama mereka dengan cara yang
menyenangkan telinga mereka</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">.</span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">nama seseorang adalah
salah satu kata yang memiliki emosional yang sangat kuat bagi mereka. Tapi hal
itu belum tentu seberapa sering anda katakan nama seseorang, namun lebih pada
bagaimana anda mengatakannya. Hal Ini dapat terbantu dengan cara anda berlatih
mengatakan nama seseorang untuk satu atau dua menit sampai anda merasakan
adanya emosional yang kuat. Ketika anda menyebutkan nama mereka lebih menyentuh
dibanding orang lain yang mereka kenal, mereka akan menemukan bahwa anda lah
yang paling berkesan.</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Tawarkan untuk menjalani hubungan
selangkah lebih maju</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">. </span><span style="font-size: 12pt;">Ada beberapa hal yang dapat anda lakukan
untuk memajukan persahabatan anda dengan seseorang: tawaran untuk makan dengan
mereka, berbicara sambil minum kopi, melihat pertandingan olahraga, dll.
Meskipun jika orang tersebut tidak menerima tawaran anda, mereka akan tetap
tersanjung bahwa anda ingin mereka menjalani persahabatan ke tingkat yang lebih
dalam. Di satu sisi, mereka akan memandang anda karena anda memiliki keberanian
untuk membangun persahabatan bukan</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://silontong.com/2014/10/04/pengertian-tentang-komunikasi-daring-fungsi-dan-jenisnya/"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://silontong.com/2014/10/04/pengertian-tentang-komunikasi-daring-fungsi-dan-jenisnya/</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://isma-ismi.com/pengertian-komunikasi.html"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://isma-ismi.com/pengertian-komunikasi.html</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.apapengertianahli.com/2014/11/pengertian-komunikasi-apa-itu-komunikasi.html"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.apapengertianahli.com/2014/11/pengertian-komunikasi-apa-itu-komunikasi.html</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://artikel.okeschool.com/artikel/komunikasi/883/definisi-komunikasi-menurut-para-ahli.html"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://artikel.okeschool.com/artikel/komunikasi/883/definisi-komunikasi-menurut-para-ahli.html</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://www.seputarpengetahuan.com/2014/08/100-macam-pengertian-komunikasi-menurut.html"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://www.seputarpengetahuan.com/2014/08/100-macam-pengertian-komunikasi-menurut.html</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://amirlahjeni.wordpress.com/2012/03/30/tujuan-komunikasi/"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">https://amirlahjeni.wordpress.com/2012/03/30/tujuan-komunikasi/</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;">7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://nuwrileardkhiyari.blogdetik.com/2013/11/25/komunikasi/"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://nuwrileardkhiyari.blogdetik.com/2013/11/25/komunikasi/</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/4732853/Ruang_Lingkup_Komunikasi"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">https://www.academia.edu/4732853/Ruang_Lingkup_Komunikasi</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://yuliyati44.blogspot.com/2013/10/makalah-komunikasi_20.html"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://yuliyati44.blogspot.com/2013/10/makalah-komunikasi_20.html</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://jurnal-sdm.blogspot.com/2007/12/komunikasi-arti-fungsi-dan-bentuk.html"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">http://jurnal-sdm.blogspot.com/2007/12/komunikasi-arti-fungsi-dan-bentuk.html</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US"><a href="https://edoparnando27.wordpress.com/komunikasi-efetif/"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">https://edoparnando27.wordpress.com/komunikasi-efetif/</span></b></a></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-8294948414877283982015-01-11T09:42:00.002+07:002015-01-11T10:06:08.787+07:00Cairan Tubuh - DIV-1ACAIRAN TUBUH<br />
ANATOMI : DYAH AYU KIRANA <br />
MEGA ERNALIA<br />
FISIOLOGI : DYAH DEWI RETNONINGSIH <br />
MEGA TAHNIA <br />
NOTULEN : AFIYFAH DIHARJO<br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
GHABY ARDELIA PUTRI</div>
<br />
• Pengertian <br />
Cairan tubuh adalah air beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel. Cairan ini sebagian berada di luar sel (ekstraselular) dan yang sebagian lagi berada di dalam sel (intraselular).<br />
Fungsi cairan tubuh :<br />
1. Mengatur suhu tubuh. Bila kekurangan air, suhu tubuh akan menjadi panas dan naik. <br />
2. Melancarkan peredaran darah. Jika tubuh kita kurang cairan, maka darah akan mengental. Hal ini disebabkan cairan dalam darah tersedot untuk kebutuhan dalam tubuh. Proses tersebut akan berpengaruh pada kinerja otak dan jantung. <br />
3. Membuang racun dan sisa makanan. Tersedianya cairan tubuh yang cukup dapat membantu mengeluarkan racun dalam tubuh. Air membersihkan racun dalam tubuh melalui keringat, air seni, dan pernafasan.<br />
4. Menjaga kesehatan kulit. Air sangat penting untuk mengatur struktur dan fungsi kulit. Kecukupan air dalam tubuh berguna untuk menjaga kelembaban, kelembutan, dan elastisitas kulit akibat pengaruh suhu udara dari luar tubuh.<br />
5. Membantu proses pencernaan. Peran air dalam proses pencernaan untuk mengangkut nutrisi dan oksigen melalui darah untuk segera dikirim ke sel-sel tubuh. Konsumsi air yang cukup akan membantu kerja sistem pencernaan di dalam usus besar karena gerakan usus menjadi lebih lancar, sehingga feses pun keluar dengan lancar. <br />
6. Membantu proses pernafasan. Paru-paru memerlukan air untuk pernafasan karena paru-paru harus basah dalam bekerja memasukkan oksigen ke sel tubuh dan memompa karbondioksida keluar tubuh. Hal ini dapat dilihat apabila kita menghembuskan nafas ke kaca, maka akan terlihat cairan berupa embun dari nafas yang dihembuskan pada kaca.<br />
7. Sendi dan otot. Cairan tubuh melindungi dan melumasi gerakan pada sendi dan otot. Otot tubuh akan mengempis apabila tubuh kekurangan cairan. Oleh sebab itu, perlu minum air dengan cukup selama beraktivitas untuk meminimalisir resiko kejang otot dan kelelahan <br />
8. Pemulihan penyakit. Air mendukung proses pemulihan ketika sakit karena asupan air yang memadai berfungsi untuk menggantikan cairan tubuh yang terbuang.<br />
9. Sarana untuk mengangkut zat-zat makanan ke sel-sel. <br />
10. Mengeluarkan buangan-buangan sel <br />
11. Membentuk dalam metabolisme sel <br />
12. Sebagai pelarut untuk elektrolit dan non elektrolit <br />
13. Mempemudah eliminasi <br />
14. Mengangkut zat-zat seperti (hormon, enzim, SDP, SDM)<br />
<br />
• Pembagian Cairan<br />
1. Cairan intraseluler (CIS)<br />
Cairan intraseluler merupakan 50 persen berat tubuh terletak di dalam sel dan mengandung elektrolit, kalium, fosfat, dan bahan makanan seperti glukosa dan asam amino. Kerja enzim sel adalah konstan, yaitu memecah dan membangun kembali sebagaimana dalam semua metablisme, untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan <br />
Fungsi : Cairan intrasel berfungsi sebagai medium atau tempat terjadinya reaksi kimia dalam tubuh, contoh: metabolisme enzim<br />
2. Cairan ekstraseluler (CES)<br />
Cairan ekstraseluler atau cairan interstisiil membentuk 30 persen cairan tubuh (kira-kira 12 liter). Air ini merupakan medium, yaitu berada ditengah-tengah sel hidup. Sel menerima garam, nutrisi, dan oksigen, lalu melepaskan semua hasil buangannya ke dalam cairan itu juga<br />
Fungsi : Cairan ekstraseluler berfungsi sebagai medium untuk transportasi substansi kimia antara sel satu dengan sel yang lain. Contoh medium: air<br />
Cairan ekstraseluler (CES) dibagi menjadi:<br />
1. Cairan interstisial (CIT): cairan disekitar sel (20% cairan ekstra seluler)<br />
2. Cairan intravaskuler (CIV) : cairan dalam pembuluh darah (80% cairan ektraseluler)<br />
3. Cairan transeluler (CTS) : cairan yang terkandung di dalam rongga khusus dari tubuh (jumlah kecil, sering diabaikan)<br />
<br />
• Perbedaan Cairan Ekstraseluler Dan Intraseluler<br />
- Cairan Ekstraseluler<br />
Cairan ekstraseluler mengandung ion natrium, klorida, dan bikarbonat dalam jumlah besar, serta zat gizi untuk sel, seperti oksigen, glukosa, asam lemak, asam amino. Cairan ekstraseluler juga mengandung karbon dioksida, yang ditranspor dari sel ke paru-paru untuk diekskresikan, dan produk sel lain yang ditranspor ke ginjal untuk diekskresikan.<br />
- Cairan Intraseluler<br />
Cairan intraseluler berbeda dengan cairan ektraseluler, khususnya sel mengandung ion kalium, magnesium, dan fosfat dalam jumlah besar sebagai ganti ion natrium dan klorida yang ditemukan dalam cairan ektraseluler. Mekanisme khusus untuk transport ion-ion melalui membran sel mempertahankan perbedaan ini.<br />
<br />
• Komposisi Cairan Tubuh<br />
Total Cairan Tubuh : 50-70% <br />
• Cairan intrasellular : 40% <br />
• Cairan ekstrasellular : 20% <br />
o Cairan intravascular : 5% <br />
o Cairan extravascular : 15% (lymph, interstitial, bone fluid, fluid or body cavities) <br />
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• Komposisi Ion dalam Cairan Tubuh<br />
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Cairan yang bersirkulasi diseluruh tubuh didalam ruang cairan intrasel dan ekstrasel mengandung: <br />
Elektrolit: merupakan sebuah unsur atau senyawa, jika melebur atau larut didalam air atau pelarut lain, akan pecah menjadi ion dan mampu membawa muatan listrik. Elektrolit yang memilki muatan positif disebut kation, sedangkan yang bermuatan negative adalah anion. Namun jumlah total anion dan kation didalam kompartement cairan harus sama <br />
• Mineral merupakan unsur semua jaringan dan cairan tubuh serta penting dalam memertahankan proses fisiologis. Mineral juga bekerja sebagai katalis dan respon saraf, kontrasi otot, dan metabolisme zat gizi yang terdapat dalam makanan. Mineral juga mengatur keseimbangan elektrolit dan produksi hormone serta menguatkan struktur tulang. Contoh mineral zat besi dan zink. <br />
Sel merupakan unit fungsional dasar dari semua jaringan hidup. Contoh sel yang berada didalam cairan tubuh adalah sel darah merah dan sel darah putih. <br />
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• Tekanan Hidrostatik <br />
Tekanan hidrostatik, adalah daya yang dikeluarkan oleh cairan yang ditekan terhadap dinding.<br />
Di kapiler, tekanan hidrostatik sama dengan tekanan darah kapiler.<br />
Tekanan hidrostatik dalam sel disebut tekanan turgor. <br />
Tekanan turgor penting bagi sel karena dapat menyebabkan sel dan jaringan yang disusunnya menjadi kaku. <br />
Adapun peranan dari tekanan hidrostatik, antara lain : Perpindahan cairan diantara kapiler dan cairan interstisial. Pada ujung arteri kapiler tekanan hidrostatik darah (mendorong cairan keluar) melebihi tekanan osmotik koloid (menahan cairan tetap di dalam) sehingga mengakibatkan perpindahan dari bagian intravaskuler ke interstisial. Pada ujung vena kapiler, cairan berpindah dari ruang interstisial ke ruang intravaskuler karena tekanan osmotik koloid melebihi tekan hidrostatik. Proses ini melepaskan O2 dan nutrisi ke sel, mengangkut CO2 dan produk sisa<br />
<br />
• Tekanan Osmotik <br />
Tekanan Osmotik merupakan tekanan yang hanya ditimbulkan oleh zat-zat yang tidak dapat melalui pori-pori suatu membran semi permiabel atau besarnya tekanan yang dibutuhkan untuk menghentikan osmosis. <br />
Adapun peranan dari tekanan osmotik, yaitu : Perpindahan air antara CES dan CIS ditentukan oleh kekuatan osmotik. NaCl pada CES dan Kalium pada CIS adalah zat terlarut nonpenetratif, yang berperan dalam menentukan konsentrasi air pada kedua sisi membran (Beberapa ion Na+ bocor masuk ke dalam sel dan ion K+ bocor ke luar sel, tapi pompa Na-K mengembalikan ke bagian yang seharusnya shg disebut memiliki efek nonpenetratif.<br />
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• Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tekanan Hidrostatik dan Tekanan Osmotik<br />
Membran<br />
Proses transpor<br />
Konsentrasi cairan tubuh<br />
• Peranan Tekanan Osmotik Dikehidupan Sehari-hari <br />
1. Mesin Cuci Darah Pasien penderita gagal ginjal harus menjalani terapi cuci darah. Terapi menggunakan metode dialisis, yaitu proses perpindahan molekul kecil-kecil seperti urea melalui membran semipermeabel dan masuk ke cairan lain, kemudian dibuang. Membran tak dapat ditembus oleh molekul besar seperti protein sehingga akan tetap berada di dalam darah. <br />
2. Pengawetan Makanan. Sebelum teknik pendinginan untuk mengawetkan makanan ditemukan, garam dapur digunakan untuk mengawetkan makanan. Garam dapat membunuh mikroba penyebab makanan busuk yang berada di permukaan makanan. <br />
3. Membasmi Lintah. Garam dapur dapat membasmi hewan lunak, seperti lintah. Hal ini karena garam yang ditaburkan pada permukaan tubuh lintah mampu menyerap air yang ada dalam tubuh sehingga lintah akan kekurangan air dalam tubuhnya. <br />
4. Penyerapan Air oleh Akar Tanaman. Tanaman membutuhkan air dari dalam tanah. Air tersebut diserap oleh tanaman melalui akar. Tanaman mengandung zat-zat terlarut sehingga konsentrasinya lebih tinggi daripada air di sekitar tanaman sehingga air dalam tanah dapat diserap oleh tanaman.<br />
5. Desalinasi Air Laut Melalui Osmosis Balik. Osmosis balik adalah perembesan pelarut dari larutan ke pelarut, atau dari larutan yang lebih pekat ke larutan yang lebih encer. Osmosis balik terjadi jika kepada larutan diberikan tekanan yang lebih besar dari tekanan osmotiknya. Osmosis balik digunakan untuk membuat air murni dari air laut. Dengan memberi tekanan pada permukaan air laut yang lebih besar daripada tekanan osmotiknya, air dipaksa untuk merembes dari air asin ke dalam air murni melalui selaput yang permeabel untuk air tetapi tidak untuk ion-ion dalam air laut.Tanpa tekanan yang cukup besar, air secara spontan akan merembes dari air murni ke dalam air asin. Penggunaan lain dari osmosis balik yaitu untuk memisahkan zat-zat beracun dalam air limbah sebelum dilepas ke lingkungan bebas. <br />
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• Pertukaran Cairan Tubuh <br />
• Pergerakan Cairan tubuh, Cairan tubuh tidak statis, Cairan dan elektrolit berpindah dari satu kompartemen kekompartemen lain untuk memfasilitasi proses proses yang terjadi didalam tubuh, seperti oksigenasi jaringan, respon terhadap penyakit, keseimbangan asam basa, dan respon terhadap terapi obat. Cairan tubuh dan elektrolit berpindah melalui difusi, osmosis, transportasi aktif, atau filtrasi. Perpindahan tersebut bergantung pada permeabilitas membrane sel atau kemampuan membrane untuk ditembus cairan dan elektrolit. <br />
• DIFUSI: Suatu proses ketika materi padat, partikel, seperti gula didalam cairan, berpindah dari daerah berkonsentrasi tinggi kekonsentrasi rendah, sehingga distribusi partikel didalam cairan menjadi merata atau partikel akan melewati membrane sel yang permeabe terhadap subtansi tersebut. <br />
• OSMOSIS: Perpindahan pelarut murni, seperti air, melalui membran semipermeabel yang berpindah dari larutan yang memiliki konsentrasi solute rendah ke larutan yang memiliki konsentrasi solute tinggi. Kecepatan osmosis tergantung pada konsentrasi solute di dalam larutan, suhu larutan, muatan listrik solute, dan perbedaan antara tekanan osmosis yang dikeluarkan oleh larutan. <br />
• FILTRASI : Suatu proses perpindahan air dan substansi yang dapat larut secara bersamaan sebagai respon terhadap adanya tekanan cairan. Proses ini bersifat aktif di dalam bantalan kapiler. Tekanan hidrostatik adalah tekanan yang di hasilkan oleh suatu likuid di dalam sebuah ruangan. <br />
• TRANSPOR AKTIF : Merupakan suatu mekanisme mengenai sel-sel yang mengabsorbsi glukosa dan substansi-substansi lain untuk melakukan aktivitas metabolic. memerlukan aktivitas metabolic dan pengeluaran energi untuk menggerakan berbagai materi guna menebus membrane sel. Hal ini memungkinkan sel menerima molekul yang lebih besar dari sel tersebut, selain itu sel dapat menerima atau memindahkan molekul dari daerah berkonsentrasi rendah ke konsentrasi tinggi. Contoh transport aktif adalah pompa natrium dan kalium. <br />
<br />
• Homeostasis <br />
Homeostasis adalah suatu kondisi keseimbangan internal yang ideal, di mana semua sistem tubuh bekerja dan berinteraksi dalam cara yang tepat untuk memenuhi semua kebutuhan dari tubuh.<br />
Sebagai contoh sederhana dari homeostasis, seperti paru-paru menyediakan oksigen kecairan ekstraseluler untuk mengganti secara terus-menerus oksigen yang digunakan sel, ginjal mempertahankan konsentrasi ion yang konstan, dan usus menyediakan zat gizi. Stres berat atau lama dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan parah kondisi keseimbangan ini. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan tidak hanya tekanan psikologis tetapi juga gangguan psikosomatis.<br />
Homeostasis yang terdapat dalam tubuh manusia dapat dikendalikan oleh suatu sistem endokrin dan syaraf otonom. Secara alamiah proses homeostasis dapat terjadi dalam tubuh manusia. Dalam mempelajari cara tubuh melakukan proses homeostasis ini dapat melalui empat cara yaitu :<br />
1. Self regulation <br />
Sistem ini dapat terjadi secara otomatis pada orang yang sehat seperti dalam pengaturan proses sistem fisiologis tubuh manusia.<br />
2. Cara kompensasi<br />
Tubuh akan cenderung bereaksi terhadap ketidaknormalan dalam tubuh. Sebagai contoh, apabila secara tiba-tiba lingkungan menjadi dingin, maka pembuluh darah perifer akan mengalami konstriksi dan merangsang pembuluh darah bagian dalam untuk meningkatkan kegiatan (misalnya menggigil) yang dapat menghasilkan panas sehingga suhu tetap stabil, pelebaran pupil untuk meningkatkan persepsi visual pada saat terjadi ancaman terhadap tubuh, peningkatan keringat untuk mengontrol kenaikan suhu badan.<br />
3. Cara umpan balik negative<br />
Proses ini merupakan penyimpangan dari keadaan normal. Dalam keadaan abnormal tubuh secara otomatis akan melakukan mekanisme umpan balik untuk menyeimbangkan penyimpangan yang terjadi.<br />
4. Umpan balik untuk mengoreksi ketidakseimbangan fisiologis.<br />
Sebagai contoh apabila seseorang mengalami hipoksia akan terjadi proses peningkatan denyut jantung untuk membawa darah dan oksigen yang cukup ke sel tubuh. Homeostasis psikologis berfokus pada keseimbangan emosional dan kesejahteraan mental. Proses ini didapat dari pengalaman hidup dan interaksi dengan orang lain serta dipengaruhi oleh norma dan kultur masyarakat. Contoh homeostasis psikologis adalah mekanisme pertahanan diri seperti menangis, tertawa, berteriak, memukul <br />
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• Proses Fisiologi Dasar<br />
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Transpor Pasif <br />
Transpor pasif adalah pergerakan molekul melalui membran permeabel tanpa mengeluarkan energi kimia. Difusi, osmosis, dan difusi difasilitasi adalah contoh dari transpor pasif yang bisa dilihat aksinya di berbagai lingkungan di seluruh tubuh<br />
Transpor pasif dibedakan menjadi : <br />
1. Difusi <br />
2. Difusi dipermudah atau difasilitasi<br />
3. Osmosis<br />
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<ul>
<li>Difusi </li>
</ul>
Difusi → proses perpindahan molekul zat/ gas dari konsentrasi ↑ ke konsentrasi ↓. Bersifat larut dlm lemak/lipid → menembus lipid bilayer. Membran sel permeabel terhadap molekul larut lemak seperti hormon steroid, vitamin A, D, E, dan K serta bahan-bahan organik yang larut dalam lemak. Membran sel juga sangat permeabel terhadap molekul anorganik seperti O,CO2, HO, dan H <br />
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<ul>
<li> Difusi dipermudah atau difasilitasi. </li>
</ul>
zat yang dapat melalui membran plasma yang melibatkan protein pembawa/protein transporter. Seperti: asam amino,glukosa dan beberapa garam mineral. Protein pembawa untuk glukosa banyak ditemukan pada:<br />
<ul>
<li>sel-sel rangka,</li>
<li>otot jantung, </li>
<li>sel-sel lemak dan sel-sel hati, → karena sel – sel tersebut selalu membutuhkan glukosa untuk diubah menjadi energi.</li>
</ul>
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<ul>
<li> Osmosis <br />proses perpindahan molekul zat pelarut, dari larutan yg konsentrasi zat pelarutnya tinggi menuju larutan yg konsentrasi zat pelarutnya rendah. </li>
<li>Hipertonis : larutan yang konsentrasi zat terlarutnya lebih tinggi di luar sel dibandingkan dengan larutan di dalam sel </li>
<li> Isotonis: larutan yang konsentrasinya sama dengan larutan di dalam sel.</li>
<li> Hipotonis: larutan yang konsentrasi zat terlarutnya diluar sel lebih rendah dari pada di dalam sel </li>
</ul>
• Osmosis <br />
proses perpindahan molekul zat pelarut, dari larutan yg konsentrasi zat pelarutnya tinggi menuju larutan yg konsentrasi zat pelarutnya rendah. <br />
• Hipertonis : larutan yang konsentrasi zat terlarutnya lebih tinggi di luar sel dibandingkan dengan larutan di dalam sel <br />
• Isotonis: larutan yang konsentrasinya sama dengan larutan di dalam sel <br />
• Hipotonis: larutan yang konsentrasi zat terlarutnya diluar sel lebih rendah dari pada di dalam sel<br />
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Transpor Aktif <br />
Transpor aktif adalah pengangkutan lintas membran dengan menggunakan energi ATP, melibatkan pertukaran ion Na+ dan K+ (pompa ion) serta protein kontraspor yang akan mengangkut ion Na+ bersama melekul lain seperti asam amino dan gula. Arahnya dari daerah berkonsentrasi tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah.<br />
Proses transpor aktif dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu Eksositosis dan Endositosis.<br />
• Eksositosis adalah proses pengeluaran zat dari dalam sel. Proses ini juga tergolong transpor aktif karena melawan kadar gradien (dari konsentrasi rendah ke konsentrasi tinggi) dan memerlukan energi sel. <br />
Contoh eksositosis adalah proses pengeluaran zat dari dalam sel - sel kelenjar pada peristiwa sekresi. Selain itu, pada Vakuola yg berisi makro molekul yg akan dikeluarkan, berfusi dg membran plasma, selanjutnya isi vakuola akan dikeluarkan dari sel. <br />
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• Endositosis adalah proses pemasukan zat ke dalam sel. Proses ini tergolong transpor aktif karena melawan kadar gradien (darikonsentrasi rendah ke konsentrasi tinggi) dan memerlukan energi sel. Mekanisme mengangkut bahan dari CES ke dalam sel dengan cara membungkus bahan tersebut, dengan cara melekukan membran ke dalam sel.<br />
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Endositosis terbagi dua, yaitu :<br />
a) Fagositosis (pemasukan zat padat) <br />
b) Pinositosis(permasukan zat cair). <br />
Contoh endositosis adalah sel darah putih yang memakan bakteri penyakit.<br />
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a. Fagositosis<br />
• materi yang dimasukkan ke dalam sel berupa partikel <br />
• vakuola yang terbentuk berukuran < 250 nm. <br />
• Vakuola yang terbentuk dinamakan fagosom.<br />
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b. Pinositosis<br />
• materi yang masuk berupa larutan <br />
• vakuola endositik berukuran kecil ( < 150 nm ) <br />
• Vakuola yang terbentuk dinamakan pinosom.<br />
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Endositosis dengan bantuan reseptor.<br />
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<br />Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-68097441225855072382015-01-08T07:30:00.000+07:002015-01-08T07:32:30.576+07:00Anatomi dan Fisiologi Sistem Saraf<!--[if !mso]>
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<br />
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">MAKALAH </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SISTEM</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SARAF</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhPlPaZW1HBhWsOZWiCxMcGPvXo1VqfumjEI5Y87ZKGYgB3fkLH_plRYkMG9_lW_5ryOa2GfVjQqlMgH13P62HJdBmDlvdM7IQSk8o9UZLBOCGPoutaq-BhgrjDYVYlhBXEf8Jivlmx9w/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUI3tJ50h1f_Z_nC5RdymeQSNjiMYgAd83nU7zZGj8ZLmNChkVjnYpRTaJjSJEPWHA1ZXIRcfPoQLZPqf4Bcr-Vbl0yfunzoz7bSPW4O7uIc7sD_1BqfiRplp-Vzo-kTROt161dIA2Tg/s1600/jahs.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjvUI3tJ50h1f_Z_nC5RdymeQSNjiMYgAd83nU7zZGj8ZLmNChkVjnYpRTaJjSJEPWHA1ZXIRcfPoQLZPqf4Bcr-Vbl0yfunzoz7bSPW4O7uIc7sD_1BqfiRplp-Vzo-kTROt161dIA2Tg/s1600/jahs.jpg" height="311" width="320" /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHkSBchzCLMvDnGYpzyoxj_J7HmBoxXu8Mje14j6dcdRHL0Hx8fIuIKBZgOykhuUl2g91YY708BQRtFjnHnPvNV14-3HhqhzscBMbps_e7oPNh7_nVnOs8xMaJdfk4hoGabj_dyCgh64w/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></b></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Disusunoleh :</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anatomi: </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bestari Habi</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fisiologi: </span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Chika Vionita</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LailaFitri</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Notulen:</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dyah Dewi Retnoningsih</span></b></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; tab-stops: 72.75pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mega Tahnia</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DIV A</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">JURUSAN GIZI POLTEKKES JAKARTA II</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jl. Hang Jebat III/F3 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta
Selatan 12120 </span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahun 20</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
SARAF</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM SARAF </span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sistem saraf adalah mekanisme yang
memungkinkan tubuh bereaksi terhadap perubahan pada berbagai lingkungan
eksternal dan internal yang senantiasa terjadi.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem saraf tersusun atas :</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem saraf
pusat, yang terdiri dari otak, medulla spinalis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem saraf perifer, yang terdiri dari saraf spinalis
dan sistem saraf otonom</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Struktural Sistem Saraf
</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
SARAF PUSAT </span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sistem
sistem pusat terdiri dari otak (cerebrum,encephalon) dan medulla spinalis.
Seberkas serabut saraf (akson) yang menghubungkan bagian sistem saraf, baik
dekat maupun jauh, disesbut traktus (jaras), dan sekelompok badan sel saraf
dikenal sebagai nukleus. Cairan serebrospinalis (liquor cerebrospinalis) dan
meninges (selaput pembungkus otak dan medulla spinallis : dura meter, piameter
dan arachnoidea meter ) meliputi dan melindung sistem saraf pusat. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBk1fTcVGEv1kktKIw7Ud__92Yjh7HiCN3QuheHwc3C42E4eRdr_ee36UC-J7_n7wPODrjneGVpQMgABrfsSTXBSzAk3PXVGu102jOYe9QTaiJh_t6Y7UerzduVFWW5B0PPUopSeYjtD8/s1600/2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBk1fTcVGEv1kktKIw7Ud__92Yjh7HiCN3QuheHwc3C42E4eRdr_ee36UC-J7_n7wPODrjneGVpQMgABrfsSTXBSzAk3PXVGu102jOYe9QTaiJh_t6Y7UerzduVFWW5B0PPUopSeYjtD8/s1600/2.jpg" height="247" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
SARAH<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PERIFER </span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sistem saraf perifer meliputi seluruh jaringan saraf lain
dalam tubuh. Sistem ini terdiri dari saraf cranial dan saraf spinal yang
menghubungkan otak dan medulla spinalis dengan reseptor dan efektor. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secara
fungsional sistem saraf perifer terbagi menjadi sistem aferen dan sistem
eferen. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a)
Saraf aferen (sensorik) mentransmisi informasi dari reseptor sensorik ke SSP </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)
Saraf eferen (motorik) mentransmisi informasi dari SSP ke otot dan kelenjar. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
eferen dari sistem saraf perifer memiliki dua sub divisi : </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Divisi
somatic (volunter) berkaitan dengan perubahan lingkungan eksternal dan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembentukan respons motorik
volunteer pada otot rangka. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Divisi
otonom (involunter) mengendalikan seluruh respon involunter pada otot polos, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>otot jantung dan kelenjar dengan
cara mentransmisi impuls saraf melalui dua jalur </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf simpatik berasal dari area toraks dan
lumbal pada medulla spinalis </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf
parasimpatik berasal dari area otak dan sacral pada medulla spinalis. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C. Sel-Sel Pada Sistem
Saraf</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Pengertian Neuron </span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah
unit fungsional sistem saraf yang terdiri dari badan sel dan perpanjangan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sitoplasma.
</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZCEMKV8UzwkRdwPUC4W7SQOGOFvzc_SqZQYSZzSgVUjc6zH7BXjUAodldoR0EB5oYc8w16UZBjparYCatHDupYltkvAIxMFwF8vEUmOnSwHGZdFmsYbUgr5Qz9bdaGpv5jinuEFNEtNw/s1600/4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZCEMKV8UzwkRdwPUC4W7SQOGOFvzc_SqZQYSZzSgVUjc6zH7BXjUAodldoR0EB5oYc8w16UZBjparYCatHDupYltkvAIxMFwF8vEUmOnSwHGZdFmsYbUgr5Qz9bdaGpv5jinuEFNEtNw/s1600/4.jpg" height="184" width="320" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Badan
sel atau perikarion, suatu neuron mengendalikan metabolisme keseluruhan neuron.
Bagian ini tersusun dari komponen berikut <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Satu nucleus tunggal : nucleolus
yang menanjol dan organel lain seperti konpleks </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>golgi dan mitochondria, tetapi nucleus
ini tidak memiliki sentriol dan tidak dapat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bereplikasi.
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Badan nissi, terdiri
dari reticulum endoplasma kasar dan ribosom-ribosom bebas serta berperan dalam
sintesis protein. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neurofibril yaitu
neurofilamen dan neurotubulus yang dapat dilihat melalui mikroskop cahaya jika
diberi pewarnaan dengan perak.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dendrit
adalah perpanjangan sitoplasma yang biasanya berganda dan pendek serta berfungsi
untuk menghantar impuls ke sel tubuh. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Akson
adalah suatu prosesus tunggal, yang lebih tipis dan lebih panjang dari
dendrite. Bagian ini menghantar impuls menjauhi badan sel ke neuron lain, ke
sel lain (sel otot atau kelenjar) atau ke badan sel neuron yang menjadi asal
akson. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Klasifikasi Neuron</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a)
Fungsi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Neuron diklasifikasi secara fungsional berdasarkan arah transmisi impulsnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Neuron sensorik (aferen) menghantarkan impuls listrik dari reseptor pada kulit,
organ <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>indera atau suatu organ internal
ke SSP. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Neuron motorik menyampaikan impuls dari SSP ke efektor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
Interneuron (neuron yang berhubungan) ditemukan seluruhnya dalam SSP. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
Neuron ini menghubungkan neuron sensorik dan motorik atau menyampaikan informasi
ke <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>interneuron lain. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)
Struktur. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neuron
diklasifikasi secara structural berdasarkan jumlah prosesusnya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neuron
unipolar memiliki satu akson dan dua denderit atau lebih. Sebagian besar neuron
motorik, yang ditemukan dalam otak dan medulla spinalis, masuk dalam golongan
ini. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neuron
bipolar memiliki satu akson dan satu dendrite. Neuron ini ditemukan pada organ
indera, seperti amta, telinga dan hidung. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neuron
unipolar kelihatannya memiliki sebuah prosesus tunggal, tetapi neuron ini </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sebenarnya
bipolar. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Sel Neuroglial. </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Biasanya
disebut glia, sel neuroglial adalah sel penunjang tambahan pada SSP </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang
berfungsi sebagai jaringan ikat. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Astrosit
adalah sel berbentuk bintang yang memiliki sejumlah prosesus panjang, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagian
besar melekat pada dinding kapilar darah melalui pedikel atau “kakivascular”. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Oligodendrosit menyerupai astrosit, tetapi
badan selnya kecil dan jumlah prosesusnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lebih sedikit dan lebih pendek</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c)
Mikroglia ditemukan dekat neuron dan pembuluh darah, dan dipercaya memiliki peran
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>fagositik.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sel ependimal membentuk membran
spitelial yang melapisi rongga serebral dan ronggal <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>medulla spinalis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d) Kelompok Neuron</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a)
Nukleus adalah kumpulan badan sel neuron yang terletak di dalam SSP. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)
Ganglion adalah kumpulan badan sel neuron yang terletak di bagian luar SSP
dalam saraf <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>perifer. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c)
Saraf adalah kumpulan prosesus sel saraf (serabut) yang terletak di luar SSP. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d)
Saraf gabungan. Sebagian besar saraf perifer adalah saraf gabungan,saraf ini
mengandung <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>serabut arefen dan eferen yang termielinisasi dan yang tidak
termielinisasi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e)
Traktus adalah kumpulan serabut saraf dalam otak atau medulla spinalis yang
memiliki <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>origo dan tujuan yang sama. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">f)
Komisura adalah pita serabut saraf yang menghubungkan sisi-sisi yang berlawanan
pada <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>otak atau medulla spinalis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM SARAF PUSAT DAN
SISTEM SARAF PERIFER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A. Otak</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7bsmh7LLD6Ntk89E3Z0ECnc7btQVoJc0wgZ_IvvSimVRB-K51xLSKASY9Sw66zOTbSxxKYOXQrUAwURbVEokGQ15CNWjC7j2mQcedTZ8bTiQAWu29w-o-T2qnwoKenckntbmAaflj2ug/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7bsmh7LLD6Ntk89E3Z0ECnc7btQVoJc0wgZ_IvvSimVRB-K51xLSKASY9Sw66zOTbSxxKYOXQrUAwURbVEokGQ15CNWjC7j2mQcedTZ8bTiQAWu29w-o-T2qnwoKenckntbmAaflj2ug/s1600/5.jpg" height="235" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Perkembangan Otak</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Otak
manusia mencapai 2% dari keseluruhan berat tubuh, mengkonsumsi 25% </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">oksigen
dan menerima 1,5% curah jantung. Bagian cranial pada tabung saraf </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">membentuk
tiga pembesaran (vesikel) yang berdiferensiasi untuk membentuk otak : </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">otak
depan, otak tengah dan otak belakang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•
<b>Otak depan (proensefalon)</b> terbagi menjadi dua subdivisi : telensefalon
dan diensefalon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Telensefalon merupakan awal hemisfer serebral
atau serebrum dan basal ganglia serta korpus striatum (substansi abu-abu) pada
serebrum. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 81.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Serebrum </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span class="hps"><i><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerebrum</span></i></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">atau</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">korteks</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">adalah bagian</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">terbesar</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">dari</span></span><span class="apple-converted-space"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></span><span class="hps"><span lang="IN" style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">otak manusia</span></span><span class="hps"><span style="background: white; color: #444444; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Cerebrum terbagi menjadi 4 (empat) bagian yang disebut Lobus.
Bagian lobus yang menonjol disebut gyrus dan bagian lekukan yang menyerupai
parit disebut sulcus. Keempat Lobus tersebut masing-masing adalah</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #262626;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="color: #262626; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">:</span><span lang="IN" style="color: #262626;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #262626; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lobus Frontal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> merupakan
bagian lobus yang ada di paling depan dari Otak Besar. Lobus ini
berhubungan dengan kemampuan membuat alasan, kemampuan gerak, kognisi,
perencanaan, penyelesaian masalah, memberi penilaian, kreativitas, kontrol
perasaan, kontrol perilaku seksual dan kemampuan bahasa secara umum.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #262626; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lobus Parietal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berada
di tengah, berhubungan dengan proses sensor perasaan seperti tekanan,
sentuhan dan rasa sakit.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #262626; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lobus Temporal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> berada
di bagian bawah berhubungan dengan kemampuan pendengaran,
pemaknaan informasi dan bahasa dalam bentuk suara.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; color: #262626; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lobus Occipital</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ada
di bagian paling belakang, berhubungan dengan rangsangan visual yang
memungkinkan manusia mampu melakukan interpretasi terhadap objek yang
ditangkap oleh retina mata.</span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ryTRx-Dgl1nEhfu1BXm0E7SiExm4x81KFZt4vo4Yn0pRf6COZm-ynBWgdXk1XIVKTM3IEn8rXkADBInJw7cYx-3W7MXV1yWXac3O5kVh1WTENXlgg8SXzgM2G5X1xHTgzDfewtb3PGA/s1600/6.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9ryTRx-Dgl1nEhfu1BXm0E7SiExm4x81KFZt4vo4Yn0pRf6COZm-ynBWgdXk1XIVKTM3IEn8rXkADBInJw7cYx-3W7MXV1yWXac3O5kVh1WTENXlgg8SXzgM2G5X1xHTgzDfewtb3PGA/s1600/6.gif" height="228" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">B</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">asal ganglia</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNcPcWOU3lzpY4pOmiYIlFmRBH3ErfWOf97UkhqNCrqTxLCwg_fJGRlIg-J3xAVe7VCgn-ITy8KZHtaBbrcLqr3gR6TyFqeatrvzrtiW_DFNfE7O8HOuLWsqu1k1PqZMyGU-cYahPVzac/s1600/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNcPcWOU3lzpY4pOmiYIlFmRBH3ErfWOf97UkhqNCrqTxLCwg_fJGRlIg-J3xAVe7VCgn-ITy8KZHtaBbrcLqr3gR6TyFqeatrvzrtiW_DFNfE7O8HOuLWsqu1k1PqZMyGU-cYahPVzac/s1600/8.jpg" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Secara fungsional basal ganglia sangat penting,
minimal untuk mengontrol gerakan tak sadar dan membentuk postur.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diensefalon menjadi thalamus, hipotalamus dan
epitalamus. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thalamus</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.25in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Thalamus
terutama berkenaan dengan penerimaan impuls sensorik, yang dapat ditafsirkan
pada tingkat subkortikal, atau disalurkan pada daerah sensorik korteks otak,
dengan tujuan mengadakan kegiatan penting mengatur perasaan dan gerakan pada
pusat-pusat tertinggi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hipotalamus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hipotalamus
berperan penting dalam pengendalian aktivitas SSO yang melakukan fungsi
vegetatif penting untuk kehidupan, seperti pengaturan frek</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">u</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">ensi jantung, tekanan
darah, suhu tubuh, keseimbangan air, selera makan, saluran pencernaan dan
aktivitas seksual. Hipotalamus juga berperan sebagai pusat otak untuk emosi
seperti kesenangan, nyeri, kegembiraan dan kemarahan. Hipotalamus memproduksi
hormon yang mengatur pelepasan atau inhibisi hormon kelenjar hipofise sehingga
mempengaruhi keseluruhan sistem endokrin. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Epitalamus</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membentuk langit-langit tipis
ventrikel ketiga. Suatu massa berukuran kecil, badan pineal yang mungkin
memiliki fungsi endokrin, menjulur dari ujung posterior epitalamus. </span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>• Otak tengah (mesensefalon</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">)
terus tumbuh dan pada orang dewasa disebut otak tengah. Merupakan bagian otak
pendek dan terkontriksi yang menghubungkan pons dan serebelum dengan serebrum
dan berfungsi sebagai jalur penghantar dan pusat refleks. Otak tengah, pons dan
medulla oblongata disebut sebagai batang otak</span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">•
Otak belakang (rombensefalon)</span></b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> terbagi menjadi dua
subdivisi : metensefalon dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mielensefalon. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 20.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.05pt;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Metensefalon berubah
menjadi batang otak (pons) dan serebelum. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mielensefalon menjadi
medulla oblongata. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Otak Belakang terdiri
atas tiga bagian,yaitu:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pons yang
terletak di antara otak tengah bagian atas dan medulla oblongata bagian bawah.
Pons mengandung serabut saraf yang membawa impuls keatas dan kebawah dan
beberapa serabut yang menyatu dengan serebelum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Medula
oblongata, struktur ini berisi pusat jantung dan pusat pernapasan dan juga
diketahui sebagai pusat vital yang mengontrol jantung dan pernapasan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Serebelum,
bertanggungjawab terhadap koordinasi aktivitas otot,kontrol tonus otot,dan
upaya mempertahankan postur tubuh. Secara terus-menerus ,serebelum menerima
impuls sensori tentang derajat ketegangan otot, posisi sendi, dan informasi
dari korteks serebri. Serebelum mengirim informasi ke thalamus dan korteks
serebri. Otak tengah, pons, dan medulla memilki beberapa fungsi yang sama dan
secara keseluruhan sering disebutsebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">batang
otak. </i>Area ini juga mengandung nukleus yang berasal dari saraf kranial.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Lapisan Pelindung </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Otak terdiri dari rangka tulang bagian luar
dan tiga lapisan jaringan ikat yang disebut </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>meninges. Lapisan meningeal terdiri dari
pia meter, lapisan araknoid dan durameter.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhPlPaZW1HBhWsOZWiCxMcGPvXo1VqfumjEI5Y87ZKGYgB3fkLH_plRYkMG9_lW_5ryOa2GfVjQqlMgH13P62HJdBmDlvdM7IQSk8o9UZLBOCGPoutaq-BhgrjDYVYlhBXEf8Jivlmx9w/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhPlPaZW1HBhWsOZWiCxMcGPvXo1VqfumjEI5Y87ZKGYgB3fkLH_plRYkMG9_lW_5ryOa2GfVjQqlMgH13P62HJdBmDlvdM7IQSk8o9UZLBOCGPoutaq-BhgrjDYVYlhBXEf8Jivlmx9w/s1600/7.jpg" height="183" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a)
Pia meter adalah lapisan terdalam yang halus dan tipis, serta melekat erat pada
otak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)
Lapisan araknoid terletak di bagian eksternal pia meter dan mengandung sedikit
pembuluh <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>darah. Runga araknoid memisahkan lapisan araknoid dari piameter
dan mengandung <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>cairan
cerebrospinalis, pembuluh darah serta jaringan penghubung serta selaput yang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>mempertahankan posisi araknoid
terhadap piameter di bawahnya. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c)
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Durameter, lapisan terluar adalah
lapisan yang tebal dan terdiri dari dua lapisan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lapisan ini biasanya terus bersambungan
tetapi terputus pada beberapa sisi spesifik. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lapisan
periosteal luar pada durameter melekat di permukaan dalam kranium dan berperan <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sebagai periosteum dalam pada tulang
tengkorak. Lapisan meningeal dalam pada <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>durameter
tertanam sampai ke dalam fisura otak dan terlipat kembali diarahnya untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>membentuk
falks serebrum, falks serebelum, tentorium serebelum dan sela diafragma. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ruang subdural memisahkan durameter dari
araknoid pada regiacranial dan medulla <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>spinalis.
Ruang epidural adalah ruang potensial antara perioteal luar dan lapisan
meningeal <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dalam pada durameter di regia
medulla spinalis</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 14.2pt 21.3pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Cairan
Cerebrospinalis</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan
serebrospinalis mengelilingi ruang sub araknoid di sekitar otak dan medulla </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spinalis.
Cairan ini juga mengisi ventrikel dalam otak. Cairan cerebrospinalis </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">menyerupai
plasma darah dan cairan interstisial, tetapi tidak mengandung protein. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan
serebrospinalis dihasilkan oleh plesus koroid dan sekresi oleh sel-sel
ependimal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang
mengitari pembuluh darah serebral dan melapisi kanal sentral medulla spinalis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
cairan cerebrospinalis adalah sebagai bantalan untuk pemeriksaan lunak otak dan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">medulla
spinalis, juga berperan sebagai media pertukaran nutrient dan zat buangan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">antara
darah dan otak serta medulla spinalis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d.
Serebrum</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHkSBchzCLMvDnGYpzyoxj_J7HmBoxXu8Mje14j6dcdRHL0Hx8fIuIKBZgOykhuUl2g91YY708BQRtFjnHnPvNV14-3HhqhzscBMbps_e7oPNh7_nVnOs8xMaJdfk4hoGabj_dyCgh64w/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHkSBchzCLMvDnGYpzyoxj_J7HmBoxXu8Mje14j6dcdRHL0Hx8fIuIKBZgOykhuUl2g91YY708BQRtFjnHnPvNV14-3HhqhzscBMbps_e7oPNh7_nVnOs8xMaJdfk4hoGabj_dyCgh64w/s1600/9.jpg" height="320" width="267" /></a></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Serebrum
tersusun dari dua hemisfer serebral, yang membentuk bagian terbesar otak. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Koterks
serebral terdiri dari 6 lapisan sel dan serabut saraf. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ventrikel
I dan II (ventrikel lateral) terletak dalam hemisfer serebral. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Korpus
kolosum yang terdiri dari serabut termielinisasi menyatukan kedua hemisfer. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fisura
dan sulkus. Setiap hemisfer dibagi oleh fisura dan sulkus menjadi 4 lobus </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(frontal,
paritetal, oksipital dan temporal) yang dinamakan sesuai tempat tulangnya </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">berada.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Fisura longitudinal membagi serebrum
menjadi hemisfer kiri dan kanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fisura
transversal memisahkan hemisfer serebral dari serebelum </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulkus
pusat / fisura Rolando memisahkan lobus frontal dari lobus parietal.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulkus
lateral / fisura Sylvius memisahkan lobus frontal dan temporal.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sulkus
parieto-oksipital memisahkan lobus parietal dan oksipital. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Girus.
Permukaan hemisfer serebral memiliki semacam konvolusi yang disebut girus. </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e. Area Fungsional
Korteks Serebri</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a)
Area motorik primer pada korteks. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Area
primer terdapat dalam girus presentral.Disini neuron mengendalikan kontraksivolunteer
otot rangka. Area pramotorik korteks terletak tepat di sisi anterior girus
presentral. Neuron mengendalikan aktivitas motorik yang terlatih dan berulang
seperti mengetik. Area broca terletak di sisi anterior area premotorik pada
tepi bawahnya. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b)
Area sensorik korteks </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari area sensorik primer, area visual primer, area auditori primer. Area
olfaktori </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">primer
dan area pengecap primer (gustatory).</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c)
Area asosiasitraktus serebral </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
area asosiasi frontal, area asosiasi somatic, area asosiasi visual, area
wicaraWernicke. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d)
Ganglia basal </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah
kepulauan substansi abu-abu yang terletak jauh di dalam substansi putih </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">serebrum.
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">f)
Diensefalon</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terletak
di antara serebrum dan otak tengah serta tersembunyi di balik hemisfer
serebral, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kecuali
pada sisi basal. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TALAMUS Terdiri dari
dua massa oval (lebar 1 ¼ cm dan panjang 3 ¾ cm) substansi </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">abu-abu
yang sebagian tertutup substansi putih. Masing-masing massa menonjol ke </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">luar
untuk membentuk sisi dinding ventrikel ketiga.</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">HIPOTALAMUS Terletak di
didi inferior thalamus dan membentuk dasar serta </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bagian
bawah sisi dinding ventrikel ketiga. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipotalamus
berperan penting dalam pengendalian aktivitas SSO yang melakukan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">fungsi
vegetatif penting untuk kehidupan, seperti pengaturan frekwensi jantung,
tekanan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">darah,
suhu tubuh, keseimbangan air, selera makan, saluran pencernaan dan aktivitas </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">seksual.
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipotalamus
juga berperan sebagai pusat otak untuk emosi seperti kesenangan, nyeri, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kegembiraan
dan kemarahan. Hipotalamus memproduksi hormon yang mengatur </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pelepasan
atau inhibisi hormon kelenjar hipofise sehingga mempengaruhi keseluruhan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sistem
endokrin. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">EPITALAMUS Membentuk
langit-langit tipis ventrikel ketiga. Suatu massa </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">berukuran
kecil, badan pineal yang mungkin memiliki fungsi endokrin, menjulur </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dari
ujung posterior epitalamus. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">g)
Sistim Limbik</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari sekelompok struktur dalam serebrum dan diensefalon yang terlibat dalam </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">aktivitas
emosional dan terutama aktivitas perilaku tak sadar. Girus singulum, girus </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">hipokampus
dan lobus pitiformis merupakan bagian sistem limbic dalam korteks </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">serebral.
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">h)
Otak Tengah</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
bagian otak pendek dan terkontriksi yang menghubungkan pons dan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">serebelum
dengan serebrum dan berfungsi sebagai jalur penghantar dan pusat refleks. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Otak
tengah, pons dan medulla oblongata disebut sebagai batang otak. i. Pons7</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hampir
semuanya terdiri dari substansi putih. Pons menghubungkan medulla yang </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">panjang
dengan berbagai bagian otak melalui pedunkulus serebral. Pusat respirasi </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">terletak
dalam pons dan mengatur frekwensi dan kedalaman pernapasan. Nuclei saraf </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">cranial
V, VI dan VII terletak dalam pons, yang juga menerima informasi dari saraf </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">cranial
VIII </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i)
Serebelum</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terletak
di sisi inferior pons dan merupakan bagian terbesar kedua otak. Terdiri dari </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bagian
sentral terkontriksi, vermis dan dua massa lateral, hemisfer serebelar.
Serebelum </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bertanggung
jawab untuk mengkoordinasi dan mengendalikan ketepatan gerakan otot </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dengan
baik. Bagian ini memastikan bahwa gerakan yang dicetuskan di suatu tempat di </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SSP
berlangsung dengan halus bukannya mendadak dan tidak terkordinasi. Serebelum </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">juga
berfungsi untuk mempertahankan postur. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">j)
Medulla Oblongata</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Panjangnya
sekitar 2,5 cm dan menjulur dari pons sampai medulla spinalis dan terus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">memanjang.
Bagian ini berakhir pada area foramen magnum tengkoral. Pusat medulla </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah
nuclei yang berperan dalam pengendalian fungsi seperti frekwensi jantung, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tekanan
darah, pernapasan, batuk, menelan dan muntah. Nuclei yang merupakan asal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">saraf
cranial IX, X, XI dan XII terletak di dalam medulla. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">k)
Formasi Retikular</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Formasi
retukular atau sistem aktivasi reticular adalah jarring-jaring serabut saraf
dan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">badan
sel yang tersebar di keseluruhan bagian medulla oblongata,pons dan otak tengah.
</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
ini penting untuk memicu dan mempertahankan kewaspadaan serta kesadaran. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B. Medulla Spinalis</span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a.
Fungsi Medulla Spinalis</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Medulla
spinalis mengendalikan berbagai aktivitas refleks dalam tubuh. Bagian ini </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mentransmisi
impuls ke dan dari otak melalui traktus asenden dan desenden. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b.
Struktur Umum</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Medulla
spinalis berbentuk silinder berongga dan agak pipih. Walaupun diameter </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">medulla
spinalis bervariasi, diameter struktur ini biasanya sekitar ukuran jari
kelingking. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Panjang
rata-rata 42 cm. Dua pembesaran, pembesaran lumbal dan serviks menandai </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sisi
keluar saraf spinal besar yang mensuplai lengan dan tungkai. Tiga puluh satu </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pasang
(31) saraf spinal keluar dari area urutan korda melalui foramina
intervertebral. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c.
Struktur Internal</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri
dari sebuah inti substansi abu-abu yang diselubungi substansi putih. Kanal </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sentral
berukuran kecil dikelilingi oleh substansi abu-abu bentuknya seperti huruf H. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Batang
atas dan bawah huruf H disebut tanduk atau kolumna dan mengandung badan </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sel,
dendrite asosiasi dan neuron eferen serta akson tidak termielinisasi. Tanduk
dorsal 8</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adalah
batang vertical atas substansi abu-abu. Tanduk ventral adalah batang vertical </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">bawah.
Tanduk lateral adalah protrusi di antara tanduk posterior dan anterior pada
area </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">toraks
dan lumbal sistem saraf perifer. Komisura abu-abu menghubungkan substansi </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">abu-abu
di sisi kiri dan kanan medulla spinalis. Setiap saraf spinal memiliki satu
radiks </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dorsal
dan satu radiks ventral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">d.
Traktus Spinal</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Substansi
putih korda yang terdiri dari akson termielinisasi, dibagi menjadi funikulus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">anterior,posterior
dan lateral. Dalam funikulus terdapat fasiukulu atau traktus. Traktus </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">diberi
nama sesuai dengan lokasi, asal dan tujuannya. C. Sistem Saraf Perifer</span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
ini terdiri dari jaringan saraf yang berada di bagian luar otak dan medulla </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spinalis.
Sistem ini juga mencakup saraf cranial yang berasal dari otak ; saraf spinal, </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang
berasal dari medulla spinalis dan ganglia serta reseptor sensorik yang
berhubungan. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 32.2pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SISTEM SARAF PERIFER</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
saraf perifer meliputi seluruh jaringan saraf lain dalam tubuh. Sistem ini
terdiri dari saraf cranial dan saraf spinal yang menghubungkan otak dan medulla
spinalis dengan reseptor dan efektor. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
fungsional sistem saraf perifer terbagi menjadi sistem aferen dan sistem
eferen. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a)
Saraf aferen (sensorik) mentransmisi informasi dari reseptor sensorik ke SSP </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b)
Saraf eferen (motorik) mentransmisi informasi dari SSP ke otot dan kelenjar. </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem
eferen dari sistem saraf perifer memiliki dua sub divisi : </span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi
somatic (volunter) berkaitan dengan perubahan lingkungan eksternal dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pembentukan
respons motorik volunteer pada otot rangka. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Divisi
otonom (involunter) mengendalikan seluruh respon involunter pada otot polos, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 35.45pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>otot jantung dan kelenjar dengan
cara mentransmisi impuls saraf melalui dua jalur </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf simpatik berasal dari area toraks dan
lumbal pada medulla spinalis </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 53.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf
parasimpatik berasal dari area otak dan sacral pada medulla spinalis.</span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzNuIL6TLhzwd0-ZZkEW-rTmof5fcTPKzxLLjLQ0I4mwHddhlGx1qoa5igBZgAsrAuMyp2QvhA8BvKS6AgsZTIApFAjfjozr-htI1Wgx2tzmWHLL_GX5ZWlp_IlMzsS_V_JBZhV53BBGQ/s1600/10.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzNuIL6TLhzwd0-ZZkEW-rTmof5fcTPKzxLLjLQ0I4mwHddhlGx1qoa5igBZgAsrAuMyp2QvhA8BvKS6AgsZTIApFAjfjozr-htI1Wgx2tzmWHLL_GX5ZWlp_IlMzsS_V_JBZhV53BBGQ/s1600/10.jpg" height="320" width="303" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Saraf Kranial</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12
pasang saraf cranial muncul dari berbagai bagian batang otak. Beberapa saraf
cranial </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">hanya
tersusun dari serabut sensorik, tetapi sebagaian besar tersusun dari serabut </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">sensorik
dan serabut motorik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
SARAF OLFAKTORIUS ( CN I ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf sensorik. Saraf ini berasal dari epithelium olfaktori mukosa nasal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berkas
serabut sensorik mengarah ke bulbus olfaktori dan menjalar melalui traktus </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">olfaktori
sampai ke ujung lobus temporal (girus olfaktori), tempat persepsi indera </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">penciuman
berada. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
SARAF OPTIK ( CN II ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf sensorik. Impuls dari batang dan kerucut retina di bawa ke badan sel </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">akson
yang membentuk saraf optic. Setiap saraf optic keluar dari bola mata pada
bintik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">buta
dan masuk ke rongga cranial melaui foramen optic. Seluruh serabut memanjang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">saat
traktus optic, bersinapsis pada sisi lateral nuclei genikulasi thalamus dan
menonjol </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ke
atas sampai ke area visual lobus oksipital untuk persepsi indera penglihatan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
SARAF OKULOMOTORIUS ( CN III ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf gabungan, tetapi sebagian besar terdiri dari saraf motorik. Neuron </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">motorik
berasal dari otak tengah dan membawa impuls ke seluruh otot bola mata </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(kecuali
otot oblik superior dan rektus lateral), ke otot yang membuka kelopak mata dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ke
otot polos tertentu pada mata. Serabut sensorik membawa informasi indera otot </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(kesadaran
perioperatif) dari otot mata yang terinervasi ke otak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
SARAF TRAKLEAR ( CN IV ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah
saraf gabungan , tetapi sebagian besar terdiri dari saraf motorik dan merupakan
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">saraf
terkecil dalam saraf cranial. 9</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neuron
motorik berasal dari langit-langit otak tengah dan membawa impuls ke otot </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">oblik
superior bola mata. Serabut sensorik dari spindle otot menyampaikan informasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">indera
otot dari otot oblik superior ke otak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
SARAF TRIGEMINAL ( CN V ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saraf
cranial terbesar, merupakan saraf gabungan tetapi sebagian besar terdiri dari
saraf </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sensorik.
Bagian ini membentuk saraf sensorik utama pada wajah dan rongga nasal serta </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">rongga
oral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neuron
motorik berasal dari pons dan menginervasi otot mastikasi kecuali otot </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">buksinator.
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Badan
sel neuron sensorik terletak dalam ganglia trigeminal. Serabut ini bercabang ke
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">arah
distal menjadi 3 divisi : </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cabang
optalmik membawa informasi dari kelopak mata, bola mata, kelenjar air mata,
sisi hidung, rongga nasal dan kulit dahi serta kepala. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cabang
maksilar membawa informasi dari kulit wajah, rongga oral (gigi atas, gusi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan bibir) dan palatum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l6 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cabang
mandibular membawa informasi dari gigi bawah, gusi, bibir, kulit rahang dan area
temporal kulit kepala. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.
SARAF ABDUSEN ( CN VI ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf gabungan, tetapi sebagian besar terdiri dari saraf motorik. Neuron </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">motorik
berasal dari sebuah nucleus pada pons yang menginervasi otot rektus lateral </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">mata.
Serabut sensorik membawa pesan proprioseptif dari otot rektus lateral ke pons. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.
SARAF FASIAL ( CN VII ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf gabungan. Meuron motorik terletak dalam nuclei pons. Neuron ini </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">menginervasi
otot ekspresi wajah, termasuk kelenjar air mata dan kelenjar saliva. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Neuron
sensorik membawa informasi dari reseptor pengecap pada dua pertiga bagian </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">anterior
lidah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">8.
SARAF VESTIBULOKOKLEARIS ( CN VIII ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hanya
terdiri dari saraf sensorik dan memiliki dua divisi. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cabang
koklear atau auditori menyampaikan informasi dari reseptor untuk indera </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pendengaran
dalam organ korti telinga dalam ke nuclei koklear pada medulla, ke </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kolikuli
inferior, ke bagian medial nuclei genikulasi pada thalamus dan kemudian ke </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">area
auditori pada lobus temporal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cabang
vestibular membawa informasi yang berkaitan dengan ekuilibrium dan orientasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">kepala
terhadap ruang yang diterima dari reseptor sensorik pada telinga dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">9.
SARAF GLOSOFARINGEAL ( CN IX ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf gabungan. Neuron motorik berawal dari medulla dan menginervasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">otot
untuk wicara dan menelan serta kelenjar saliva parotid. Neuron sensorik membawa
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">informasi
yang berkaitan dengan rasa dari sepertiga bagian posterior lidah dan sensasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">umum
dari faring dan laring ; neuron ini juga membawa informasi mengenai tekanan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">darah
dari reseptor sensorik dalam pembuluh darah tertentu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">10.
SARAF VAGUS ( CN X ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf gabungan. Neuron motorik berasal dari dalam medulla dan menginervasi
hampir semua organ toraks dan abdomen. Neuron sensorik membawainformasi dari
faring, laring, trakea, esophagus, jantung dan visera abdomen ke medulla dan
pons. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">11.
SARAF AKSESORI SPINAL ( CN XI ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan
saraf gabungan, tetapi sebagian besar terdiri dari serabut motorik.Neuron
motorik berasal dari dua area : bagian cranial berawal dari medulla dan
menginervasi otot volunteer faring dan laring, bagian spinal muncul dari
medulla spinalis serviks dan menginervasi otot trapezius dan
sternokleidomastoideus. Neuron sensorik membawa informasi dari otot yang sama
yang terinervasi oleh saraf motorik ; misalnya otot laring, faring, trapezius
dan otot sternokleidomastoid. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">12.
SARAF HIPOGLOSAL ( CN XII ) </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Termasuk
saraf gabungan, tetapi sebagian besar terdiri dari saraf motorik.Neuron motorik
berawal dari medulla dan mensuplai otot lidah. Neuron sensorik membawa informasi
dari spindel otot di lidah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Saraf Spinal</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">31
pasang saraf spinal berawal dari korda melalui radiks dorsal (posterior) dan
ventral (anterior). Pada bagian distal radiks dorsal ganglion, dua radiks
bergabung membentuk satu saraf spinal. Semua saraf tersebut adalah saraf
gabungan (motorik dan sensorik),membawa informasi ke korda melalui neuron
aferen dan meninggalkan korda melalui neuron eferen. Saraf spinal diberi nama
dan angka sesuai dengan regia kolumna bertebra tempatmunculnya saraf tersebut. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saraf
serviks ; 8 pasang, C1 – C8. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf toraks ; 12 pasang, T1 – T12. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf lumbal ; 5 pasang, L1 – L5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf sacral ; 5 pasang, S1 – S5. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Saraf koksigis, 1 pasang. 11</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah
saraf spinal meninggalkan korda melalui foramen intervertebral,saraf kemudian
bercabang menjadi empat divisi yaitu : cabang meningeal, ramus dorsal, cabang
ventral dan cabang viseral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pleksus
adalah jarring-jaring serabut saraf yang terbentuk dari ramus ventral seluruh </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">saraf
spinal, kecuali TI dan TII yang merupakan awal saraf interkostal. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">c. Sistem Saraf Otonom</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SSO
merupakan sistem motorik eferen visceral. Sistem ini menginervasi jantung; </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">seluruh
otot polos, seperti pada pembuluh darah dan visera serta kelenjar-kelenjar. SSO
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tidak
memiliki input volunteer ; walaupun demikian, sistem ini dikendalikan oleh
pusat </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam
hipotalamus, medulla dan korteks serebral serta pusat tambahan pada formasi </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">reticular
batang otak. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Serabut
aferen sensorik (visera) menyampaikan sensasi nyeri atau rasa kenyang dan </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pesan-pesan
yang berkaitan dengan frekwensi jantung, tekanan darah dan pernapasan, </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang
di bawa ke SSP di sepanjang jalur yang sama dengan jalur serabut saraf motorik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">viseral
pada SSO. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Divisi
SSO memiliki 2 divisi yaitu divisi simpatis dan divisi parasimpatis. Sebagian </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">besar
organ yang diinervasi oleh SSO menerima inervasi ganda dari saraf yang berasal </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dari
kedua divisi. Divisi simpatis dan parasimpatis pada SSO secara anatomis berbeda
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dan
perannya antagonis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DIVISI
SIMPATIS / TORAKOLUMBAL </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki
satu neuron preganglionik pendek dan stu neuron postganglionic panjang. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Badan
sel neuron preganglionik terletak pada tanduk lateral substansi abu-abu dalam </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">segemen
toraks dan lumbal bagian atas medulla spinalis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DIVISI
PARA SIMPATIS / KRANIOSAKRAL </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memiliki
neuron preganglionik panjang yang menjulur mendekati organ yang </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">terinervasi
dan memiliki serabut postganglionic pendek. Badan sel neuron terletak </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam
nuclei batang otak dan keluar melalui CN III, VII, IX, X, dan saraf XI, juga </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dalam
substansi abu-abu lateral pada segmen sacral kedua, ketiga dan keempat medulla </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">spinalis
dan keluar melalui radiks ventral. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NEUROTRANSMITER
SSO </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asetilkolin
dilepas oleh serabut preganglionik simpatis dan serabut preganglionik </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">parasimpatis
yang disebut serabut kolinergik. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Norepinefrin
dilepas oleh serabut post ganglionik simpatis, yang disebut serabut </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">adrenergic.
Norepinefrin dan substansi yang berkaitan, epinefrin juga dilepas oleh </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">medulla
adrenal.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 320.55pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-41058273838461906552015-01-07T22:12:00.000+07:002015-01-07T22:58:46.200+07:00Cairan Tubuh - DIV-1A - GIZI<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CAIRAN TUBUH</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANATOMI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: DYAH AYU KIRANA </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>MEGA ERNALIA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FISIOLOGI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">DYAH DEWI RETNONINGSIH </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MEGA TAHNIA </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">NOTULEN<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: AFIYFAH DIHARJO</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>GHABY ARDELIA PUTRI</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengertian</span></u></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cairan tubuh adalah air beserta unsur-unsur didalamnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang diperlukan untuk kesehatan sel. Cairan ini sebagian berada di luar sel (ekstraselular) dan yang sebagian lagi berada di dalam sel (intraselular).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi cairan tubuh</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> :</span></u></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengatur suhu tubuh</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bila kekurangan air, suhu tubuh akan menjadi panas dan naik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Melancarkan peredaran darah</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Jika tubuh kita kurang cairan, maka darah akan mengental. Hal ini disebabkan cairan dalam darah tersedot untuk kebutuhan dalam tubuh. Proses tersebut akan berpengaruh pada kinerja otak dan jantung. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membuang racun dan sisa makanan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tersedianya cairan tubuh yang cukup dapat membantu mengeluarkan racun dalam tubuh. Air membersihkan racun dalam tubuh melalui keringat, air seni, dan pernafasan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menjaga kesehatan k</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ulit</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Air sangat penting untuk mengatur struktur dan fungsi kulit. Kecukupan air dalam tubuh berguna untuk menjaga kelembaban, kelembutan, dan elastisitas kulit akibat pengaruh suhu udara dari luar tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membantu proses p</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">encernaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peran air dalam proses pencernaan untuk mengangkut nutrisi dan oksigen melalui darah untuk segera dikirim ke sel-sel tubuh. Konsumsi air yang cukup akan membantu kerja sistem pencernaan di dalam usus besar karena gerakan usus menjadi lebih lancar, sehingga <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>feses pun keluar dengan lancar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membantu proses p</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ernafasan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Paru-paru memerlukan air untuk pernafasan karena paru-paru harus basah dalam bekerja memasukkan oksigen ke sel tubuh dan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">memompa karbondioksida keluar tubuh. Hal ini dapat dilihat apabila kita</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">menghembuskan nafas ke kaca, maka akan terlihat cairan berupa embun dari nafas yang dihembuskan pada kaca.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sendi dan otot</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan tubuh melindungi dan melumasi gerakan pada sendi dan otot. Otot tubuh akan mengempis apabila tubuh kekurangan cairan. Oleh sebab itu, perlu minum air dengan cukup selama beraktivitas untuk meminimalisir resiko kejang otot dan kelelahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pemulihan penyakit</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Air mendukung proses pemulihan ketika sakit karena asupan air yang memadai berfungsi untuk menggantikan cairan tubuh yang terbuang.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sarana untuk mengangkut zat-zat makanan ke sel-sel</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengeluarkan buangan-buangan sel </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membentuk dalam metabolisme sel </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebagai pelarut untuk elektrolit dan non elektrolit </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mempemudah eliminasi </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mengangkut zat-zat seperti (hormon, enzim, SDP, SDM)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembagian Cairan</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan intraseluler (CIS)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan intraseluler merupakan 50 persen berat tubuh terletak di dalam sel dan mengandung elektrolit, kalium, fosfat, dan bahan makanan seperti glukosa dan asam amino. Kerja enzim sel adalah konstan, yaitu memecah dan membangun kembali sebagaimana dalam semua metablisme, untuk mempertahankan keseimbangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fungsi :</b> C</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">airan intrasel berfungsi sebagai medium atau tempat terjadinya reaksi kimia dalam tubuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">, contoh: metabolisme enzim</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan ekstraseluler (CES)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan ekstraseluler atau cairan interstisiil membentuk 30 persen cairan tubuh (kira-kira 12 liter). Air ini merupakan medium, yaitu berada ditengah-tengah sel hidup. Sel menerima garam, nutrisi, dan oksigen, lalu melepaskan semua hasil buangannya ke dalam cairan itu juga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Fungsi :</b> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan ekstraseluler berfungsi sebagai medium untuk transportasi substansi kimia antara sel satu dengan sel yang lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Contoh medium: air</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Caira</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">n ekstraseluler (CES) dibagi menjadi:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan interstisial</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (CIT): cairan disekitar sel (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">20% cairan ekstra seluler</b>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan intravaskuler</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (CIV) : cairan dalam pembuluh darah (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">80% cairan ektraseluler</b>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan transeluler</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> (CTS) : cairan yang terkandung di dalam rongga khusus dari tubuh (<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">jumlah kecil, sering diabaikan</b>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perbedaan Cairan Ekstraseluler<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dan Intraseluler</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;"><tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;"> <td style="border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan ekstraseluler</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
</td> <td style="border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: center;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan intraseluler</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
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<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;"> <td style="border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan ekstraseluler mengandung ion natrium, klorida, dan bikarbonat dalam jumlah besar, serta zat gizi untuk sel, seperti oksigen, glukosa, asam lemak, asam amino. Cairan ekstraseluler juga mengandung karbon dioksida, yang ditranspor dari sel ke paru-paru untuk diekskresikan, dan produk sel lain yang ditranspor ke ginjal untuk diekskresikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
</td> <td style="border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.05pt;" valign="top" width="308"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan intraseluler berbeda dengan cairan ektraseluler, khususnya sel mengandung ion kalium, magnesium, dan fosfat dalam jumlah besar sebagai ganti ion natrium dan klorida yang ditemukan dalam cairan ektraseluler. Mekanisme khusus untuk transport ion-ion melalui membran sel mempertahankan perbedaan ini.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Komposisi Cairan Tubuh</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Total Cairan Tubuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: 50-70% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan intrasellular </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: 40% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan ekstrasellular </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: 20% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 134.7pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan intravascular : 5% </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 49.65pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level3 lfo7; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 134.7pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Courier New"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">o<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan extravascular : 15% (lymph, interstitial, bone fluid, fluid or body cavities) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komposisi Ion dalam Cairan Tubuh</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
</span></u></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 49.65pt; tab-stops: list 1.0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 1.0cm;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cairan yang bersirkulasi diseluruh tubuh didalam</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">ruang cairan intrasel dan ekstrasel mengandung:</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Elektrolit: merupakan sebuah unsur atau senyawa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> jika melebur atau larut didalam air atau pelarut lain, akan pecah menjadi ion dan mampu membawa muatan listrik. Elektrolit yang memilki muatan positif disebut kation, sedangkan yang bermuatan negative adalah anion. Namun jumlah total anion dan kation didalam kompartement cairan harus sama </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mineral merupakan unsur semua jaringan dan cairan tubuh serta penting dalam memertahankan proses fisiologis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mineral juga bekerja sebagai katalis dan respon saraf, kontrasi otot, dan metabolisme zat gizi yang terdapat dalam makanan. Mineral juga mengatur keseimbangan elektrolit dan produksi hormone serta menguatkan struktur tulang. Contoh mineral zat besi dan zink.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sel merupakan unit fungsional dasar dari semua jaringan hidup. Contoh sel yang berada didalam cairan tubuh adalah sel darah merah dan sel darah putih.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 2.0cm; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tekanan Hidrostatik </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tekanan hidrostatik, adalah daya yang dikeluarkan oleh cairan yang ditekan terhadap dinding.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Di kapiler, tekanan hidrostatik sama dengan tekanan darah kapiler.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tekanan hidrostatik dalam sel disebut <i>tekanan turgor. </i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tekanan turgor penting bagi sel karena dapat menyebabkan sel dan jaringan yang disusunnya menjadi kaku. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun peranan dari tekanan hidrostatik, antara lain : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perpindahan cairan diantara kapiler dan cairan interstisial</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> Pada ujung arteri kapiler tekanan hidrostatik darah (mendorong cairan keluar) melebihi tekanan osmotik koloid (menahan cairan tetap di dalam) sehingga mengakibatkan perpindahan dari bagian intravaskuler ke interstisial. Pada ujung vena kapiler, cairan berpindah dari ruang interstisial ke ruang intravaskuler karena tekanan osmotik koloid melebihi tekan hidrostatik. Proses ini melepaskan O<sub>2</sub> dan nutrisi ke sel, mengangkut CO<sub>2</sub> dan produk sisa</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tekanan Osmotik </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan Osmotik merupakan tekanan yang hanya ditimbulkan oleh zat-zat yang tidak dapat melalui pori-pori suatu membran semi permiabel atau b</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">esarnya tekanan yang dibutuhkan untuk menghentikan osmosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adapun peranan dari tekanan osmotik, yaitu : </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Perpindahan air antara CES dan CIS</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">itentukan oleh kekuatan osmoti</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">k. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">NaCl pada CES dan Kalium pada CIS adalah zat terlarut nonpenetratif, yang berperan dalam menentukan konsentrasi air pada kedua sisi membran (Beberapa ion Na<sup>+</sup> bocor masuk ke dalam sel dan ion K<sup>+</sup> bocor ke luar sel, tapi pompa Na-K mengembalikan ke bagian yang seharusnya shg disebut memiliki efek nonpenetratif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi Tekanan Hidrostatik dan Tekanan Osmotik</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Konsentrasi cairan tubuh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Peranan Tekanan Osmotik Dikehidupan Sehari-hari </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mesin Cuci Darah Pasien penderita gagal ginjal harus menjalani terapi cuci darah. Terapi menggunakan metode dialisis, yaitu proses perpindahan molekul kecil-kecil seperti urea melalui membran semipermeabel dan masuk ke cairan lain, kemudian dibuang. Membran tak dapat ditembus oleh molekul besar seperti protein sehingga akan tetap berada di dalam darah. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengawetan Makanan. Sebelum teknik pendinginan untuk mengawetkan makanan ditemukan, garam dapur digunakan untuk mengawetkan makanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Garam dapat membunuh mikroba penyebab makanan busuk yang berada di permukaan makanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membasmi Lintah. Garam dapur dapat membasmi hewan lunak, seperti lintah. Hal ini karena garam yang ditaburkan pada permukaan tubuh lintah mampu menyerap air yang ada dalam tubuh sehingga lintah akan kekurangan air dalam tubuhnya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyerapan Air oleh Akar Tanaman. Tanaman membutuhkan air dari dalam tanah. Air tersebut diserap oleh tanaman melalui akar. Tanaman mengandung zat-zat terlarut sehingga konsentrasinya lebih tinggi daripada air di </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sekitar tanaman sehingga air dalam tanah dapat diserap oleh tanaman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo15; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Desalinasi Air Laut Melalui Osmosis Balik. Osmosis balik adalah perembesan pelarut dari larutan ke pelarut, atau dari larutan yang lebih pekat ke larutan yang lebih encer. Osmosis balik terjadi jika kepada larutan diberikan tekanan </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">yang lebih besar dari tekanan osmotiknya. Osmosis balik digunakan untuk membuat air murni dari air laut. Dengan memberi tekanan pada permukaan air laut yang lebih besar daripada tekanan osmotiknya, air dipaksa untuk merembes dari air asin ke dalam air murni melalui selaput yang permeabel untuk air tetapi tidak untuk ion-ion dalam air laut.Tanpa tekanan yang cukup besar, air secara spontan akan merembes dari air murni ke dalam air asin. Penggunaan lain</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">dari osmosis balik yaitu untuk memisahkan zat-zat beracun dalam air limbah sebelum dilepas ke lingkungan bebas. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pertukaran Cairan Tubuh </span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pergerakan Cairan tubuh, Cairan tubuh tidak statis, Cairan dan elektrolit berpindah dari satu kompartemen kekompartemen lain untuk memfasilitasi proses proses yang terjadi didalam tubuh, seperti oksigenasi jaringan, respon terhadap penyakit, keseimbangan asam basa, dan respon terhadap terapi obat. Cairan tubuh dan elektrolit berpindah melalui difusi, osmosis, transportasi aktif, atau filtrasi. Perpindahan tersebut bergantung pada permeabilitas membrane sel atau kemampuan membrane untuk ditembus cairan dan elektrolit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DIFUSI: Suatu proses ketika materi padat, partikel, seperti gula didalam cairan, berpindah dari daerah berkonsentrasi tinggi kekonsentrasi rendah, sehingga distribusi partikel didalam cairan menjadi merata atau partikel akan melewati membrane sel yang permeabe terhadap subtansi tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">OSMOSIS: Perpindahan pelarut murni, seperti air, melalui membran semipermeabel yang berpindah dari larutan yang memiliki konsentrasi solute rendah ke larutan yang memiliki konsentrasi solute tinggi. Kecepatan osmosis tergantung pada konsentrasi solute di dalam larutan, suhu larutan, muatan listrik solute, dan perbedaan antara tekanan osmosis yang dikeluarkan oleh larutan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FILTRASI : Suatu proses perpindahan air dan substansi yang dapat larut secara bersamaan sebagai respon terhadap adanya tekanan cairan. Proses ini bersifat aktif di dalam bantalan kapiler. Tekanan hidrostatik adalah tekanan yang di hasilkan oleh suatu likuid di dalam sebuah ruangan. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TRANSPOR AKTIF : Merupakan suatu mekanisme mengenai sel-sel yang mengabsorbsi glukosa dan substansi-substansi lain untuk melakukan aktivitas metabolic. memerlukan aktivitas metabolic dan pengeluaran energi untuk menggerakan berbagai materi guna menebus membrane sel. Hal ini memungkinkan sel menerima molekul yang lebih besar dari sel tersebut, selain itu sel dapat menerima atau memindahkan molekul dari daerah berkonsentrasi rendah ke konsentrasi tinggi. Contoh transport aktif adalah pompa natrium dan kalium.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Homeostasis </span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Homeostasis adalah suatu kondisi keseimbangan internal yang ideal, di mana semua sistem tubuh bekerja dan berinteraksi dalam cara yang tepat untuk memenuhi semua kebutuhan dari tubuh.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebagai contoh sederhana dari homeostasis, seperti paru-paru menyediakan oksigen kecairan ekstraseluler untuk mengganti secara terus-menerus oksigen yang digunakan sel, ginjal mempertahankan konsentrasi ion yang konstan, dan usus menyediakan zat gizi. Stres berat atau lama dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan parah kondisi keseimbangan ini. Hal ini dapat menyebabkan tidak hanya tekanan psikologis tetapi juga gangguan psikosomatis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Homeostasis yang terdapat dalam tubuh manusia dapat dikendalikan oleh suatu sistem endokrin dan syaraf otonom. Secara alamiah proses homeostasis dapat terjadi dalam tubuh manusia.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam mempelajari cara tubuh melakukan proses homeostasis ini dapat melalui empat cara yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Self regulation </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sistem ini dapat terjadi secara otomatis pada orang yang sehat seperti dalam pengaturan proses sistem fisiologis tubuh manusia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cara kompensasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tubuh akan cenderung bereaksi terhadap ketidaknormalan dalam tubuh. Sebagai contoh, apabila secara tiba-tiba lingkungan menjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">dingin, maka pembuluh darah perifer akan mengalami konstriksi dan merangsang pembuluh darah bagian dalam untuk meningkatkan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">kegiatan (misalnya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">menggigil) yang dapat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">menghasilkan panas sehingga suhu tetap stabil, pelebaran pupil untuk meningkatkan persepsi visual pada saat terjadi ancaman terhadap tubuh, peningkatan keringat untuk mengontrol kenaikan suhu badan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Cara umpan balik negative</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses ini merupakan penyimpangan dari keadaan normal. Dalam keadaan abnormal tubuh secara otomatis akan melakukan mekanisme umpan balik untuk menyeimbangkan penyimpangan yang terjadi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l23 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Umpan balik untuk mengoreksi ketidakseimbangan fisiologis.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sebagai contoh apabila seseorang mengalami hipoksia akan terjadi proses peningkatan denyut jantung untuk membawa darah dan oksigen yang cukup ke sel tubuh. Homeostasis psikologis berfokus pada keseimbangan emosional dan kesejahteraan mental. Proses ini didapat dari pengalaman hidup dan interaksi dengan orang lain serta dipengaruhi oleh norma dan kultur masyarakat. Contoh homeostasis psikologis adalah mekanisme pertahanan diri seperti menangis, tertawa, berteriak, memukul </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses Fisiologi Dasar</span></u></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Transpor Pasif</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transpor pasif adalah pergerakan molekul melalui membran permeabel tanpa mengeluarkan energi kimia. Difusi, osmosis, dan difusi difasilitasi adalah contoh dari transpor pasif yang bisa dilihat aksinya di berbagai lingkungan di seluruh tubuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Transpor pasif dibedakan m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">enja</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">i</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> :</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Difusi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Difusi dipermudah atau difasilita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">si</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo18; tab-stops: list 1.0cm 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Osmosis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Difusi </span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Difusi → proses perpindahan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">molekul zat/ gas dari konsentrasi ↑ ke konsentrasi ↓. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bersifat larut dlm lemak/lipid → menembus lipid bilayer </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membran sel permeabel terhadap molekul larut lemak seperti hormon steroid, vitamin A, D, E, dan K serta bahan-bahan organik yang larut dalam lemak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">M</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">embran sel juga sangat permeabel terhadap molekul anorganik seperti O,CO2, HO, dan H</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l10 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Difusi dipermudah atau difasilita</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">si</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">zat y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">t m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ui</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> membran plasma y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g melibatkan protein pembawa/protein trans</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">p</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">orter. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Seperti: asam amino,glukosa dan b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">b</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">e</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">r</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">p</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> garam mineral</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Protein pembawa u</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">n</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">u</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">k glukosa banyak ditemukan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">pada:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sel-sel rangka, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">otot jantung, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list 63.8pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">sel-sel lemak dan sel-sel hati,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> → </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">karena sel – sel t</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ersebut</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> selalu membutuhkan glukosa untuk diubah menjadi energi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Osmosis </span></u></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">proses perpindahan molekul zat pelarut, dari larutan yg konsentrasi zat pelarutnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tinggi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> menuju larutan yg konsentrasi zat pelarutnya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rendah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hipertonis</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> : lar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">utan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g konsentrasi zat terlarutnya lebih </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">tinggi </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">di luar sel dibandingkan d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">en</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> lar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">utan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> di dalam sel </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Isotonis</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: lar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">utan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g konsentrasinya </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">sama dengan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">utan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> di dalam sel </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Hip</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">o</span></u><u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">tonis</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">: lar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">utan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> y</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">an</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">g konsentrasi zat terlarutnya diluar sel lebih </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">rendah</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> dari pada di dalam sel </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Transpor Aktif</span></u><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Transpor aktif adalah pengangkutan lintas membran dengan menggunakan energi ATP, melibatkan pertukaran ion Na+ dan K+ (pompa ion) serta protein kontraspor yang akan mengangkut ion Na+ bersama melekul lain seperti asam amino dan gula. Arahnya dari daerah berkonsentrasi tinggi ke konsentrasi rendah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses transpor aktif dibagi menjadi dua, yaitu <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Eksositosis </b>dan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Endositosis.</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Eksositosis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> adalah proses pengeluaran zat dari dalam sel. Proses ini juga tergolong transpor aktif karena melawan kadar gradien (dari konsentrasi rendah ke konsentrasi tinggi) dan memerlukan energi sel. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Contoh eksositosis adalah proses pengeluaran zat dari dalam sel - sel kelenjar pada peristiwa sekresi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. Selain itu, pada </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vakuola yg berisi makro</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">molekul yg akan dikeluarkan, berfusi dg membran plasma, selanjutnya isi vakuola akan dikeluarkan dari sel. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endositosis</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> adalah proses pemasukan zat ke dalam sel. Proses ini tergolong transpor aktif karena melawan kadar gradien (darikonsentrasi rendah ke konsentrasi tinggi) dan memerlukan energi sel. Mekanisme mengangkut bahan dari CES ke dalam sel dengan cara membungkus bahan tersebut, dengan cara melekukan membran ke dalam sel</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Endositosis terbagi dua, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fagositosis (pemasukan zat padat) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pinositosis(permasukan zat cair). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Contoh endositosis adalah sel darah putih yang memakan bakteri penyakit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fagositosis</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">materi yang dimasukkan ke dalam sel berupa <u>partikel </u></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">vakuola yang terbentuk berukuran < 250 nm. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Vakuola yang terbentuk dinamakan <u>fagosom</u>.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: list 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pinositosis</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">materi yang masuk berupa <u>larutan </u></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 92.15pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">vakuola endositik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berukuran kecil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> < 150 nm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-59946874861779806632015-01-07T20:10:00.001+07:002015-01-07T20:12:40.363+07:00ANATOMI FISIOLOGI SISTEM SIRKULASI DARAH<!--[if !mso]>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANATOMI
FISIOLOGI SISTEM SIRKULASI DARAH</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK00xfGs7k8OtqewYaSby-B042byFNozTCGduZMg1r9DIR50O_NIuazsGx-72kAkSxjgeD3NLAcLJMulS3YEHZC_Sfg2df0IUI72wlC7XbfLwYC6uGYx9wz67kS2Sv6ndFKnU2PALCo8A/s1600/poltekkes+jkt+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiK00xfGs7k8OtqewYaSby-B042byFNozTCGduZMg1r9DIR50O_NIuazsGx-72kAkSxjgeD3NLAcLJMulS3YEHZC_Sfg2df0IUI72wlC7XbfLwYC6uGYx9wz67kS2Sv6ndFKnU2PALCo8A/s1600/poltekkes+jkt+2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anatomi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Annastasya Vega<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arminda</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Irhamna Fauziah</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fisiologi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: Astuti Catur Lestari Ningsih</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Notulen :</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Chika Vionita</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Laila Fitri</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; letter-spacing: -.75pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jurusan <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Gizi Politeknik Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan Jakarta
II</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt;">Jl. Hang Jebat III/F3 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta
Selatan</span></div>
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<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/>
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<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
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</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l33 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"></span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> A.Sistem Sirkulasi Darah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
sirkulasi darah adalah suatu sistem tertutup yang mengatur dan mengalirkan
darah di dalam tubuh. Dikatakan sistem tertutup karena pada keadaan normal
tidak ada darah yang berada di luar wadah aliran darah. Wadah itu bisa berupa
pembuluh nadi, pembuluh balik, kapiler atau rongga (sinus) pada organ tertentu.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem sirkulasi sebenarnya adalah dua sistem yang
bekerjasama. </span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sistem
kardiovaskular, yang mencakup jantung, darah dan seluruh pembuluh darah.</span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sistem
limfatik yaitu suatu jaringan pembuluh yang menyalurkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>cairan yang berlebih, yang disebut
limfa, dari jaringan tubuh kembali ke dalam aliran darah. </span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jantung
adalah organ berupa otot,berbentuk kerucut, berongga, basisnya diatas, dan
puncaknya dibawah. Apeksnya (puncak) miring ke sebelah kiri. Berat jantung
kira-kira 300 gram. Jantung tersusun atas otot yang bersifat khusus dan
terbungkus sebuah membran yang disebut perikardium.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGImr6UjjpyU5QYalyFgjrsWxMRfgUXfwiekqU7DzDgkeIYFsNEY_D-vS2PGU8bCVXJgH0_p4OdUKTI6dSfaB7leky4fTOh5PRwPGEdSthLCIm-qDrYG3hI6ujox7uFC0bBY4H8zX-4fo/s1600/lapisan+jantung.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGImr6UjjpyU5QYalyFgjrsWxMRfgUXfwiekqU7DzDgkeIYFsNEY_D-vS2PGU8bCVXJgH0_p4OdUKTI6dSfaB7leky4fTOh5PRwPGEdSthLCIm-qDrYG3hI6ujox7uFC0bBY4H8zX-4fo/s1600/lapisan+jantung.png" height="320" width="256" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiwLFONIL7vpMnsCHCEEaHJ9a68aE0GwcjAHX5X4vJ0yAbcv2_YZwgr9R2iGo8HypxiJuUo323pm35KJysp5xy8kLy6ylBQf7Xxbfn0r7dcowxAmx12Jh5SFBY73xUaZemunjWCQ2egaO8/s1600/lapisan+jantung+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkjVql4mwgtBasR6dQsMIgPuj56_QIKaCedKgOcdFubbU2Urtp28wBhzhhw0Qs672L2kKE8KtMSTS2MwkiprSvzwd8WV1CsgBq4wbcTb4vfMvR6t_1XreBRaAqLG6-P3O7y7fV7jTNTKw/s1600/lapisan+jantung+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkjVql4mwgtBasR6dQsMIgPuj56_QIKaCedKgOcdFubbU2Urtp28wBhzhhw0Qs672L2kKE8KtMSTS2MwkiprSvzwd8WV1CsgBq4wbcTb4vfMvR6t_1XreBRaAqLG6-P3O7y7fV7jTNTKw/s1600/lapisan+jantung+1.jpg" height="308" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tebal
dinding jantung terdiri atas tiga lapisan:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Perikardium, atau pembungkus luar </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Miokardium, lapisan otot tengah </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Endokardium, batas dalam.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dinding
otot jantung tidak sama tebalnya. Dinding ventrikel paling tebal dan dinding di
sebelah kiri lebih tebal dari dinding ventrikel sebelah kanan . Hal tersebut
dikarenakan kekuatan kontraksi ventrikel kiri jauh lebih besar daripada yang
kanan, dimana ventrikel kiri berfungsi untuk memompa darah ke seluruh tubuh
.Dinding atrium tersusun atas otot yang lebih tipis. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Darah adalah jaringan
cair yang terdiri atas dua bagian. Bahan intraseluler adalah cairan yang
disebut plasma dan di dalamnya terdapat unsur-unsur padat, yaitu sel darah.
Volume darah secara keseluruhan kira-kira 5 liter. Sekitar 55 persennya adalah
cairan, sedangkan 45 persen sisanya terdiri atas sel darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
Warna merah itu, keadaannya tidak tetap bergantung pada banyaknya oksigen dan
karbon dioksida di dalamnya. Darah yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>banyak mengandung karbon dioksida warnanya merah tua. Adanya oksigen
dalam darah diambil dengan jalan bernafas dan zat ini sangat berguna pada
peristiwa pembakaran atau meabolisme di dalam tubuh. Darah selamanya beredar di
dalam tubuh karena adanya kerja atau pompa jantung. Selama darah dalam pembuluh
akan tetap encer tetapi jika darah keluar dari pembuluhnya akan menjadi beku.
Pembekuan ini dapat dicegah dengan jalan mencampurkan ke dalam darah sedikit
obat anti pembekuan atau sitras natrikus. Keadaan ni sangat berguna apabila ada
darah tersebut diperlukan untuk transfusi darah. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Warna
merah itu, keadaannya tidak tetap bergantung pada banyaknya oksigen dan karbon
dioksida di dalamnya. Darah yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>banyak
mengandung karbon dioksida warnanya merah tua. Adanya oksigen dalam darah
diambil dengan jalan bernafas dan zat ini sangat berguna pada peristiwa
pembakaran atau meabolisme di dalam tubuh. Darah selamanya beredar di dalam
tubuh karena adanya kerja atau pompa jantung. Selama darah dalam pembuluh akan
tetap encer tetapi jika darah keluar dari pembuluhnya akan menjadi beku.
Pembekuan ini dapat dicegah dengan jalan mencampurkan ke dalam darah sedikit
obat anti pembekuan atau sitras natrikus. Keadaan ni sangat berguna apabila ada
darah tersebut diperlukan untuk transfusi darah. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZl4GhXTapNK8X3FAYNi2ZjxzoP6CAfgqxHUM_IJLQ-9HT7lbwNBQtXt5FXh6QQNLgKvP7nUypRq4ijQjSYJugxp_zw7v1dAGqPlc4Adp3qpQ62FJ89_w1hGwvBtFuj9pzOiRS5VPg6EU/s1600/plasma-darah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZl4GhXTapNK8X3FAYNi2ZjxzoP6CAfgqxHUM_IJLQ-9HT7lbwNBQtXt5FXh6QQNLgKvP7nUypRq4ijQjSYJugxp_zw7v1dAGqPlc4Adp3qpQ62FJ89_w1hGwvBtFuj9pzOiRS5VPg6EU/s1600/plasma-darah.jpg" height="232" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
darah terdiri atas<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai
alat pengangkut yaitu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengambil
oksigen atau zat pembakaran dari paru-paru untuk diedarkan keseluruh jaringan
tubuh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengeluarkan
karbon dioksida dari jaringan untuk dikeluarkan melalui paru-paru</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengambil
zat-zat makanan dari usus halus untuk diedarkan dan dibagikan keseluruh
jaringan atau alat tubuh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengeluarkan
zat-zat yang tidak berguna bagi tubuh untuk di keluarkan melalui kulit dan
ginjal</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sebagai
pertahanan tubuh terhadap serangan bibit penyakit dan racun yang akan
dihancurkan tubuh dengan perantara leukosit, antibody atau zat anti racun</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyebarkan
panas keseluruh tubuh</span></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bagian-bagian
darah</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sel-sel
darah, ada 3 macam yaitu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eritrosit
(sel darah merah)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Leukosit
(sel darah putih)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trombosit
(sel pembeku darah)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plasma
darah</span></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Eritrosit (sel darah merah)</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Eritrosit berupa cakram
kecil bikonkaf, cekung pada kedua sisinya, sehingga dilihat dari samping tampak
seperti dua bulan sabit yang saling bertolak belakang. Dalam setiap milimeter
kubik darah terdapat 5.000.000 sel darah.Jika dilihat satu per satu warna sel
darah merah adalah kuning tua pucat, tetapi dalam jumlah besar kelihatan merah
dan memberi warna pada darah. Strukturnya terdiri atas pembungkus luar atau
stroma, berisi massa hemoglobin. Sel darah merah yang telah tua dan rusak
dirombak di dalam limpa. Hemoglobin ialah protein yang kaya akan zat besi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hemoglobin memiliki afinitas (daya gabung)
terhadap oksigen, dengan oksigen itu membentuk oksihemoglobin di dalam
eritrosit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi Sel darah merah yaitu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sel-sel
darah merah mentransfer oksigen ke seluruh jaringan melalui pengikatan
hemoglobin terhadap oksigen.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengikat
karbon dioksida dari jaringan tubuh untuk dikeluarkan melalui paru–paru.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sel
darah merah berperan penting dalam pengaturan PH darah karena ion bikarbonat
dan hemoglobin merupakan buffer asam-basa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengatur
suhu tubuh</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengikatan
O2 dan CO2 dikerjakan oleh hemoglobin yang telah bersenyawa dengan O2 disebut
oksihemoglobin. Jadi O2 diangkat dari seluruh tubuh sebagai oksihemoglobin yang
nantinya setelah tiba di jaringan akan dilepaskan dan seterusnya Hb tadi akan
mengikat dan bersenyawa dengan CO2 dan disebut karbondioksida hemoglobin yang
mana CO2 akan dilepaskan di paru-paru. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sel
darah merah di dalam tubuh di buat di dalam sumsum tulang merah, limpa dan
hati. Yang kemudian akan beredar di dalam tubuh selama 14-15 hari, setelah itu
akan mati.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hemoglobin yang keluar dari
eritrosit yang mati akan terurai menjadi 2 zat yaitu hematin yang mengandung
Fe, berguna untuk pembuatan eritrosit baru dan hemoglobin.n Jumlah normal pada
orang dewasa kira-kira 11,5-15 gram dalam 100 cc darah. Normal Hb wanita 11,5
mg % dan Hb laki-laki 13,0 mg %</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Sel
Darah Putih (Leukosit)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Leukosit rupanya bening
dan tidak berwarna, bentuknya lebih besar daripada sel darah merah, tetapi
jumlahnya lebih kecil. Dalam setiap milimeter kubik darah terdapat 6.000 sampai
10.000 (rata-rata 8.000) sel darah putih. Leukosit dibentuk di sumsum tulang
dan kelenjar limfa. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi
sel darah putih yaitu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membunuh
dan memakan bibit penyakit atau bakteri yang masuk kedalam tubuh jaringan RES
(Sistem Retikulo Endotel)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mengangkut
atau membawa zat lemak dari dinding usus melalui limpa terus ke pembuluh darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pertahanan
tubuh terhadap serangan penyakit</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bentuk leukosit tidak tetap karena bersifat:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Amoeboid artinya dapat bergerak bebas.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Diapedesis artinya dapat
menembus dinding pembuluh kapiler. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://konsepbiologi.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/peredaran-darah.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fagositosis yaitu dapat membunuh kuman dengan cara memakannya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Leukosit
dapat dibedakan menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu granulosit dan agranulosit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Granulosit yaitu bila plasmanya bergranuler. Leukosit granulosit
dibedakan menjadi tiga macam yaitu: </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Neutrofil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Merupakan “responden
pertama’’ dalam peradangan ; yang pertama tempat kejadian untuk menghancurkan
bakteri dan virus.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sel netrofil paling
banyak dijumpai. Sel golongan ini mewarnai dirinya dengan pewarnaan netral,
atau campuran warna asam dan basa, dan tampak berwarna ungu. Netrofil bersifat
fagosit, bentuk intinya bermacam-macam seperti batang dengan banyak granula
merah jambu. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 110.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Basofil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Basofil
berperan dalam reaksi alergi dengan melepaskan histamin,yang menyebabkan
pembuluh darah membesar. Basofil jarang ditemukan. Plasmanya bersifat basah,
berbintik-bintik kebiruan, dan bersifat fagosit. Basofil banyak memiliki
granula sitoplasma yang dapat mencegah pembekuan darah. Sel basofil menyerap
pewarna basa dan menjadi biru.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Eosinofil</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berfungsi
memulai reaksi alergi terhadap alergen.Sel golongan ini hanya sedikit dijumpai.
Sel ini menyerap pewarna yang bersifat asam (eosin) dan kelihatan berbintik
–bintik kemerahan yang jumlahnya akan meningkat bila terjadi infeksi. Sel ini
memilii sifat fagosit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agranulosit yaitu bila
plasmanya tidak bergranuler.Leukosit agranulosit dibedakan menjadi dua macam
yaitu: monosit dan limfosit. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 110.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Monosit</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsinya sebagai
fagosit .<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Monosit
merupakan sel darah putih yang paling besar. Selnya berinti satu, besar berbentuk
bulat panjang dan bisa bergerak cepat. Monosit tidak bersifat fagosit, tetapi
setelah beberapa jam berada di jaringan akan berkembang menjadi makrofag.
Makrofag adalah sel besar yang mampu mencerna bakteri sisa sel dalam jumlah
yang sangat besar.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 110.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo13; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Limfosit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 108.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsinya membunuh dan memakan bakteri yang masuk ke
dalam jaringan tubuh.<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Limfosit membentuk 25 persen dari seluruh jumlah leukosit. Sel ini dibentuk
di dalam kelenjar limfe dan dalam sumsum tulang. Sel ini nongranuler dan tidak
memiliki kemampuan bergerak seperti amoeba.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trombosit (sel pembeku)</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Trombosit adalah
sel kecil kira-kira sepertiga ukuran eritrosit. Bentuk dari trombosit tidak
teratur. Terdapat 300.000 trombosit dalam setiap milimeter kubik darah.
Peranannya penting dalam pembekuan darah. Trombosit jika tersentuh oleh benda
uang permukaannya kasar akan mudah pecah. Sel ini dibentuk di dalam
megakariosit sumsum merah tulang. Trombosit terus dibentuk dan dilepas ke dalam
darah. Trombosit mengkonsumsi oksigen dan mempunyai metabolisme aktif yang
tergantung pada enzim pembangkit energi dari satu atau dua mitokondria. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jika
banyaknya kurang dari normal, darahnya sukar membeku sehingga timbul perdarahan
yang terus-menerus. Terjadinya pembekuan darah, di dalam plasma darah terdapat
suatu zat yang membantu terjadinya peristiwa pembekuan darah yaitu Ca 2+ dan
fibrinogen. Fibrinogen mulai bekerja jika tubuh mendapat luka.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
pembekuan darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketika
luka darah akan keluar </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trombosit
pecah dan mengeluarkan zat yang disebut (trombokinase)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trombokinase
akan bertemu dengan protombin dengan pertolongan Ca2+ akan menjadi thrombin</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo15; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Trombin
bertemu dengan fibrin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang merupakan
benang-benang halus yang akan menahan sel darah merah dan terjadilah pembekuan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protombin
dibuat di hati, untuk pembuatannya di perlukan vitamin K untuk pembekuan darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l26 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plasma Darah</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Plasma
darah adalah cairan berwarna kuning yang mengandung 90% air dan zat-zat
terlarut.Plasma berisi gas (oksigen dan karbon dioksida), hormon-hormon, enzim,
dan antigen. Di dalam plasma darah terdapat protein-protein berupa albumin,
globulin, dan fibrinogen. </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b><i><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Albumin</i></b> dalam keadaan normal terdapat
3 sampai 5 gram dalam setiap 100 ml darah. Albumin adalah protein yang
terbanyak, sekitar 55%-60%, tetapi ukurannya paling kecil.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Globulin dalam keadaan normal memiliki 2
sampai 3 gram dalam setiap 100 ml darah.Globulin memiliki jauh lebih banyak
macam susunan daripada albumin dan sesungguhnya membentuk jumlah besar protein
yang berbeda-beda.Globulin membentuk sekitar 30% protein plasma </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo17; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fibrinogen penting
untuk koagulasi (penggumpalan darah). Fibrinogen membentuk sekitar 4% protein
plasma, disintesis di hati.Jika plasma darah terpisah dari fibrinogen, akan
terbentuk cairan berwarna kuning. Cairan ini disebut serum. Serum mengandung
antibodi yang berfungsi untuk membunuh benda asing yang masuk ke dalam tubuh.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zat-zat
yang terdapat dalam plasma darah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fibrinogen
yang berguna dalam peristiwa pembekuan darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Garam-garam
mineral (garam kalsium, kalium, natrium) yang berguna dalam metabolisme dan
juga mengadakan osmotic</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protein
darah (albumin,globulin) meningkatkan viskositas darah dan juga menimbulkan
tekanan osmotik untuk memelihara keseimbangan cairan dalam tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zat
makanan (asam amino, glukosa, lemak, mineral dan vitamin)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hormon
yaitu suatu zat yang dihasilkan dari kelenjar tubuh</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo16; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antibodi/antitoksin
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TINGKATAN GOLONGAN
DARAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tranfusi darah adalah memasukkan darah seseorang ke dalam
tubuh orang lain melalui pembuluh darah vena. Jika ke dalam darah manusia
dimasukkan sel-sel darah binatang maka sel darah tersebut tidak akan lama
beredar tetapi akan berkumpul dan akhirnya mengendap. Peristiwa ini disebut
agglutinin atau penggumpalan yang mengakibatkan pembuluh darah tersumbat dan
dapat membahayakan atau menimbulkan kematian.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Didalam
serum darah manusia terdapat suatu zat yang disebut agglutinin atau zat penggumpal
yang terdiri dari 2 macam yaitu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aglutinin
Alfa</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo18; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aglutinin
beta</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sedangkan
di dalam eritrosit terdapat pula zat lain yaitu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aglutinogen
A</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo19; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aglutinogen
B</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Berdasarkan faktor
tersebut Landsteiner membagi darah ke dalam 4 golongan yaitu</span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody>
<tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Golongan Darah</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Aglutinogen
eritrosit</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.4pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">Aglutinin serum</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">AB</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">A dan B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.4pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">A</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.4pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">BETA</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">B</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.4pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ALFA</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">O</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.35pt;" valign="top" width="188"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.4pt;" valign="top" width="189"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ALFA BETA</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Golongan darah yang sama apabila dicampurkan tidak
menimbulkan penggumpalan oleh karena kedua darah itu mempunyai aglutinogen dan
agluinin yang serupa. Golongan darah O mempunyai agglutinin alfa beta tetapi
tidak mempunyai aglutinogen sehingga apabila diberikan pada darah yang golongan
AB dan A-B tidak akan menimbulkan penggumpalan, sehinggan orang yang mempunyai
golongan darah O disebut general donor atau pemberi darah umun.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TEKANAN DARAH</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan
darah arteri adalah kekuatan tekanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>darah ke dinding pembuluh darah yang menampung, mengakibatkan tekanan
ini berubah-ubah pada setiap siklus jantung. Tekanan Sistolik merupakan tekanan
dimana ventrikel kiri memaksa darah masuk kedalam aorta naik sampai puncak.
Pada waktu diastole tekanan turun, nilai terendah yang dicapai disebut tekanan
diastole.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor-faktor yang
mempertahankan tekanan darah, terdiri dari<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kekuatan jantung memompakan darah,
membuat tekanan yang dilakukan jantung sehingga darah bisa beredar ke seluruh
tubuh dan darah dapat kembali lagi ke jantung,</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Viskositas (kekentalan) darah,
disebabkan oleh protein plasma dan jumlah sel darah yang beredar dalam aliran
darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Elastisitas dinding aliran darah. Di
dalam arteri tekanan lebih besar dari pada di dalam vena sebab otot yang
membungkus arteri lebih elastic daripada vena</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l48 level1 lfo20; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahanan tepi. Tahanan yang dikeluarkan
oleh darah mengalir dalam pembuluh darah dalam sirkulasi darah besar yang
berada dalam arteriol. Turunnya tekanan membuat denyut pada kapiler dan vena
tidak teraba.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecepatan
Aliran Darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kecepatan aliran darah bergantung pada
ukuran palung dari pembuluh darah, darah dalam aorta bergerak cepat dalam
arteri kecepatan berkurang dan sangat lambat pada kapiler. Tekanan dapat
dilihat ketika darah kembali mencapai pembuluh-pembuluh (vena) yang lebih besar
di dekat jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembuluh-pembuluh
Darah Utama</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pembuluh-pembuluh darah utama terdiri dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arteri
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vena</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l47 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list 36.0pt 54.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kapiler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l11 level1 lfo23; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arteri
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arteri merupakan pembuluh darah yang membawa darah
keluar dari jantung. Arteri yang membawa darah dari bilik kiri menuju seluruh
tubuh disebut aorta. Sementara itu, pembuluh yang membawa darah dari bilik
kanan menuju paru-paru disebut arteri pulmonalis. Arteri mengandung darah kaya
oksigen, kecuali arteri pulmonalis mengandung darah kaya karbon dioksida.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arteri bercabang-cabang membentuk cabang lebih kecil
yang disebut arteriole. Arteriole ini membentuk cabang-cabang lebih kecil dan
ujung-ujungnya berhubungan langsung dengan sel-sel tubuh. Cabang cabang ini
disebut kapiler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l32 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arteri mempunyai dinding yang tebal dan kuat, tetapi
mempunyai sifat yang sangat elastis dan terdiri dari 3 lapisan, yaitu tunika
intima, tunika media, dan tunika adventisia.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tunika adventisia sebagai lapisan
pelindung </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tunika media, lapisan yang kuat berfungsi
agar pembuluh darah tetap terbuka dan memberikan tekanan yang tetap terhadap
darah dengan kontraksi serabut ototnya </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tunika intima, lapisan dalam yang terbentuk
oleh endothelium yang sangat licin.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l29 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">§<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aorta
ialah arteri utama dalam tubuh. </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Jalan
aorta terdiri dari 3 bagian yaitu Aorta asendens, arkus aorta, dan aorta
desenden.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Aorta
Asendens </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Mempunyai
2 cabang, yaitu arteri koronaria dekstra dan arteri koronaria sinistra.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo28; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arteri koronaria dekstra<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Memberikan darah untuk
belahan jantung sebelah kanan untuk menghidupi sel-sel otot miokardium.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;"><br />
b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arteri koronaria Sinistra<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Memberikan darah untuk
jantung sebelah kiri yang berasal dari sinus posterior aorta untuk menghidupi
otot lapisan miokardium </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 50.25pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo27; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arkus
Aorta </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Merupakan lanjutan dari aorta asendens. Arkus aorta
mempunyai 3 cabang, yaitu arteri anonima, arteri karotis komunis sinistra, dan
arteri subklavia sinistra.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arteri
Anonima merupakan arteri terbesar setelah arkus aorta yang mempunyai cabang
arteri karotis komunis dekstra yang memberikan darah untuk anggota gerak atas
kanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arteri
karotis komunis sinistra memberikan darah untuk kepala.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo29; tab-stops: list 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Arteri
Subklavia Sinistra memberikan darah untuk anggota gerak atas kiri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo27; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Aorta
Desenden </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Merupakan lanjutan dari arkus aorta. Aorta desenden mempunyai
2 cabang, yaitu aorta torakalis dan aorta abdominalis.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Aorta Torakalis </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Memberikan
darah untuk rongga dada, terdapat di depan ruas- ruas tulang punggung.
Dibelakang aorta torakalis terdapat kolumna vertebralis cabang-cabangnya antara
lain rongga toraks dan dinding toraks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Rongga Toraks</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level4 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Interkostalis </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">posterior yang memberikan darah untuk rongga dada
bagian belakang </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level4 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">perikardis
yang memperdarahi lapisan jantung bagian luar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level4 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">bronkhialis
yang memberikan cabang sesuai dengan bronchus sampai ke tingkat bronkhiulus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level4 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">esofagialis
yang memperdarahi esophagus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level4 lfo31; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">mediastinalis
yang menuju kesisi mediastinum anterior dan kelenjarmtimus untuk memperdarahi
mediastinum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo30; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Dinding Toraks<br />
a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Frenikus superior<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: memperdarahi diafragma bagian atas </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Subkostalis<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>:
memperdarahi otot-otot iga melayang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="224" src="file:///C:\Users\USER\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" style="cursor: move;" width="372" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo32; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aorta
Abdominalis </span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aorta
abdominalis bercabang dua,yaitu :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Iliaka komunis dekstra</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l25 level2 lfo31; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Iliaka komunis sinistra</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpvFJHyufVJVg07cWQkRLCJdC4yNx16UX3EcQlYjow7wd0lPWliyjUGJW6gBC4urLwcHTV2QUMdvBXTev-XdZov3Id_bveoif8YhMQpjDXUUd2riwoFjqqYzil6AciA4Cge5idGhQyJ8o/s1600/arteri+vena.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpvFJHyufVJVg07cWQkRLCJdC4yNx16UX3EcQlYjow7wd0lPWliyjUGJW6gBC4urLwcHTV2QUMdvBXTev-XdZov3Id_bveoif8YhMQpjDXUUd2riwoFjqqYzil6AciA4Cge5idGhQyJ8o/s1600/arteri+vena.jpg" height="284" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.Vena</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">Vena merupakan pembuluh yang membawa darah ke jantung.
Vena bercabang-cabang membentuk venula. Venula membentuk cabang-cabang lebih
kecil yang disebut kapiler. Vena yang berhubungan langsung dengan jantung atau
paru-paru dikenal dengan vena kava.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vena mempunyai katup
yang disusun sedemikian rupa sehingga darah dapat mengalir ke jantung tanpa
jatuh kembali ke arah sebaliknya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">VENA YANG MASUK KE JANTUNG </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l40 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">V. Kava superior merupakn vena besar yang menerima
darah dari bagian atas leher dan kepala yang dibentuk dibentuk oleh persatuan
dua vena brakhiosefalika yang masuk ke dalam atrium dektra. Vena azigos bersatu
pada permukaan posterior vena kava superior sebelum masuk ke perikardium.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<ol start="2" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l40 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">V.kava inferior menerima darah dari alat-alat tubuh bagian bawah,
menembus sentrum pendineum setinggi veterbrai torakalis, dan masuk
kebagian terbawah atrium dekstra.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l40 level1 lfo33; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB;">V.purmonalis. dua vena pulmonalis yang meninggalkan paru-paru
membawa darah teroksigenasi (banyak mengandung oksigen) dan masuk keatrium
sinistra.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">3.Kapiler</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kapiler ialah pembuluh darah yang sangat kecil, tempat arteri berakhir.
Kapiler merupakan pembuluh halus yang menghubungkan arteriola dengan venula.
Makin kecil arteriol makin menghilang ketiga lapis dindingnya sehingga ketika
sampai pada dinding kapiler yang sehalus rambut, dinding itu tinggal satu lapis
saja, yaitu lapisan endotelium. Venule merupakan pembuluh darah kecil yang
menghubungkan kapiler dengan pembuluh vena. Arteriole merupakan pembuluh darah
kecil yang menghubungkan kapiler dengan arteri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi978tn63D0mSTRooA7a9Xj0ZXqrPaPm4QpyXEIZvMjvh059je9M7HkiFoarDnXIhTH1BBmeeY0U259xLJHo6azYkmz9RjyUWbl-eJyANsJm1EzzOWMUwOB8yz41j-ZGACsmY1tqHSlRyE/s1600/arteri+vena+kapiler.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi978tn63D0mSTRooA7a9Xj0ZXqrPaPm4QpyXEIZvMjvh059je9M7HkiFoarDnXIhTH1BBmeeY0U259xLJHo6azYkmz9RjyUWbl-eJyANsJm1EzzOWMUwOB8yz41j-ZGACsmY1tqHSlRyE/s1600/arteri+vena+kapiler.jpg" height="218" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM
PEREDARAN</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem
Peredaran terdiri atas jantung, pembuluh darah dan saluran limfe.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jantung
merupakan organ pemompa besar yang memelihara peredaran melalui seuruh tubuh .</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arteri
membawa darah dari jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vena
membawa darah ke jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kapiler
menggabungkan arteri dan vena dan merupakan jalan lalu lintas antara makanan
dan bahan buangan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l34 level1 lfo34; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">v<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saluran
limfe mengumpulkan, menyaring dan menyalurkan kembali ke dalam darah limfenya
yang dikeluarkan melalui dinding kapiler halus untuk membersihkan jaringan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Pembuluh
darah yang tersambung dengan jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Vena kava superior dan inferior menuangkan darahnya ke dalam
atrium kanan. Lubang vena kava inferior dijaga katup semilunar eustakhius.
Arteri pulmonalis membawa darah keluar dari ventrikel kanan. Empat vena
pulmonalis membawa darah dari paru-paru ke atrium kiri. Aorta membawa darah
keluar dari ventrikel kiri. Lubang aorta dan arteri pulmonalis dijaga katup
semilunar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Katup antara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ventrikel kiri dan aorta disebut katup
aortik, yang menghindarkan darah mengalir kembali ke aorta ke ventrikel kiri.
Katup antara ventrikel kanan dan arteri pulmonalis disebut katup pulmonaris
yang menghindarkan darah mengalir kembali ke dalam ventrikel kanan .</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">C. Penyaluran darah dan
saraf ke jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Arteri koronaria kanan dan kiri yang pertama-tama
meninggalkan aorta dan kemudian bercabang menjadi arteri-arteri lebih kecil.
Arteri kecil-kecil ini mengitari jantung dan menghantarkan darah ke semua
bagian organ. Darah yang kembali dari jantung terutama dikumpulkan sinus
koronaria dan langsung kembali ke dalam atrium kanan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">D. Persarafan</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meskipun gerakan jantung bersifat ritmik tetapi kecepatan
kontraksi dipengaruhi rangsangan yang sampai pada jantung melalui saraf vagus
dan simpatetik. Cabang urat-urat saraf ini berjalan ke nodul sinus-atrial.
Pengaruh sistem simpatetik ini mempercepat irama jantung. Pengaruh vagus yang
merupakan bagian dari sistem parasimpatetik atau sistem otonomik menyebabkan
gerakan jantung daperlambat atau dihambat. Secara normal jantung selalu
mendapat hambatan dari vagus. Akan tetapi bila tonus vagus ditiadakan untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan tubuh sewaktu bergerak cepat, irama debaran jantung
bertambah. Sebaliknya waktu tubuh istirahat dan keadaan jiwa tenang, iramanya
lebih perlahan. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">F. Siklus Jantung</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Siklus jantung</b>
adalah kejadian yang terjadi dalam jantug selama peredaran darah. Gerakan
jantung berasal dari nodus sinus-atrial, kemudian kedua atrium berkontraksi.
Gelombang kontraksi ini bergerak melalui berkas His kemudian ventrikel
berkontraksi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gerakan
jantung terdiri atas dua jenis, yaitu <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kontraksi
atau sistol</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo35; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengenduran
atau diastole</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kontraksi
dari kedua atrium terjadi serentak disebut sistol atrial, pengendurannya adalah
diastole atrial. Serupa dengan hal itu kontraksi dan pengenduran ventrikel
disebut juga sistol dan diastole ventrikuler. Lama kontraksi ventrikel 0,3
detik dan tahap pengendurannya selama 0,5 detik. Dengan cara ini jantung
berdenyut terus-menerus, siang malam, selama hidupnya dan otot jantung mendapat
istirahat sewaktu diastole ventrikuler</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kontraksi
kedua atrium pendek sedangkan kontraksi ventrikel lebih lama dan lebih kuat.
Ventrikel kiri lebih kuat karena harus mendorong darah ke seluruh tubuh untuk
mempertahankan tekanan darah arteri sistematik. Meskipun ventrikel kanan juga
memompa darah dengan volume yang sama, tetapi tugasnya hanya mengirimkannya ke
sekitar paru-paru dimana tekanannya jauh lebih rendah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunyi
Jantung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Selama gerakan
jantung dapat terdengar dua macam suara yang disebabkan katup-katup menutup
secara pasif.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunyi pertama disebabkan menutupnya
katup atrio ventrikuler dan konraksi ventrikel </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l16 level1 lfo36; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bunyi kedua karena menutupnya katup
aortik dan pulmoner sesudah kontraksi ventrikel</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
keadaan normal jantung tidak membuat bunyi lain tetapi bila arus darah cepat <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>atau ada kelainan pada katup maka dapat
terjadi bunyi lain.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Debaran
Jantung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Debaran jantung atau debaran apeks adalah pukulan
ventrikel kiri pada dinding anterior yang terjadi selama konraksi ventrikel.
Debaran ini dapat diraba dan sering terlihat pada ruang interkostal kelima
kiri, kira-kira 4 cm dari garis tengah sternum.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Denyut
Arteri</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Denyut arteri
adalah suatu gelombang yang teraba pada arteri bila darah dipompa keluar
jantung. Denyut ini mudah diraba ditempat arteri melintas sebuah tulang yang
terletak dekat permukaan, misalnya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arteri radialis disebelah depan pergelangan
tangan </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arteri
temporalis diatas tulang temporal</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l30 level1 lfo37; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Arteri
dorsalis pedis di belokan mata kaki</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yang
teraba adalah gelombang tekanan yang dialihkan dari aorta dan merambat lebih
cepat daripada darah itu sendiri. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kecepatan denyut
jantung dalam keadaan sehat berbeda-beda, dipengaruhi oleh :</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pekerjaan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makanan</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo38; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Umur
dan Emosi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Daya
Pompa Jantung</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Orang yang sedang istirahat jantungnya
berdebar sekiar 70 kali semenit dan memompa 70 ml setiap denyut. Jadi jumlah
darah yang setiap menit dipompa adalah 70 x 70 ml atau sekitar 5 liter.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l37 level1 lfo39; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sewaktu banyak bergerak kecepatan
jantung menjadi 150 setiap menit dan volume denyut lebih dari 150 ml, membuat
daya pompa jantung 20 sampai 25 liter setiap menit.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 18.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tiap
menit sejumlah volume yang tepat sama kembali dari vena ke jantung. Akan
tetapi, bila pengembaliannya dari vena tidak seimbang dan ventrikel gagal
mengimbanginya dengan daya pompa jantung yang terjadi adalah payah jantung.
Vena-vena besar dekat jantung menjadi membengkak berisi darah, sehingga tekanan
dalam vena naik. Jika keadaan ini tidak cepat ditangani akan terjadi udema.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">G. Sirkulasi Darah</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l43 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkulasi Sistemik (Sistemperedarandarahbesar)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkulasisistemik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> atauperedarandarahbesar adalah
aliran darah dari ventrikel kiri melalui arteri, arteriola, dan kapiler kembali
ke atrium kanan melalui vena. Detailnya darah meninggalkan ventrikel kiri
janung melalui aorta (artei terbesar dalam tubuh). Aorta ini bercabang menjadi
arteri lebih kecil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang menghantarkan
darah ke berbagai bagian tubuh. Arteri-arteri ini bercabang dan beranting lebih
kecil lagi hingga sampai pada arteriola. Arteri-arteri ini mempunyai dinding
yang sangat berotot yang menyempitkan salurannya dan menahan aliran darah. Fungsinya
untuk mempertahankan tekanan darah arteri dan mengatur aliran darah dalam
kapiler.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Dinding kapiler sangat tipis
sehingga dapat berlangsung pertukaran zat antara plasma dan jaringan
interstisiil. Kemudian kapiler ini bergabung dan membentuk pembuluh lebih
besar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang disebut venula, kemudian juga
bersatu menjadi vena, untuk menghantarkan darah kembali ke jantung. Semua vena
bersatu dan bersatu lagi hingga terbentuk dua batang vena yaitu vena kava
inferior yang mengumpalkan darah dari badan dan anggota gerak bawah dan vena
kava superior yang mengumpalkan darah dari kepala dan anggota gerak atas. Kedua
pembuluh darah ini membawa darah ke dalam atrium kanan jantung.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="mso-list: l43 level1 lfo40; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkulasi pulmonal (Sistem peredaran darah kecil).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sirkulasipulmonal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> ataudisebutjugasistemperedarandarahkeciladalah
aliran dari ventrikel kanan, melalui paru-paru, ke arium kiri. Darah dari vena
masuk kedalam ventrikel kanan yang berkontraksi dan memompanya ke dalam arteri
pulmonalis. Arteri ini bercabang dua untuk menghantarkan darahnya ke paru-paru
kanan dan kiri. Darah tidak sukar memasuki pembuluh-pembuluh darah yang
mengaliri paru-paru. Di dalam paru-paru setiap arteri membelah menjadi artriola
dan akhirnya menjadi kapiler<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kapiler
pulmonal yang mengitari alveoli di dalam jaringan paru-paru untuk mengambil
oksigen dan melepaskan karbon dioksida. Kemudian kapiler pulmonal bergabung
menjadi vena dan darah dikembalikan ke jantung oleh empat vena pulmonalis dan
darahnya dituangkan ke dalam atrium kiri. Darah mengalir masuk ke dalam
ventrikel kiri. Ventrikel ini berkontraksi dan darah dipompa masuk ke dalam
aorta. Setelah itu mulailah lagi peredaran darah besar.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtbS8kmCU1rOC8UkiIKiTMDm8IH79c2WvtKuEeR_5Tymn_Lg42sqH4pF2_3ERmY4EqMU_RfSGYWW3lSfhE8IwcKlTpjyFh12fQOrEJkET-x9NJ0PDsI1vJikCcAjgEUaMGhJeqhQjKOdQ/s1600/peredaran-darah.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjtbS8kmCU1rOC8UkiIKiTMDm8IH79c2WvtKuEeR_5Tymn_Lg42sqH4pF2_3ERmY4EqMU_RfSGYWW3lSfhE8IwcKlTpjyFh12fQOrEJkET-x9NJ0PDsI1vJikCcAjgEUaMGhJeqhQjKOdQ/s1600/peredaran-darah.jpg" height="400" width="218" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Sistem Limfatik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem limfatik merupakan suatu jalur tambahan
tempat cairan dapat mengalir dari ruang intertisial ke dalam darah. Sistem
limfatik dapat mengangkut protein dan zat-zat berpatikel besar keluar dari
ruang jaringan, yang tidak dapat dipindahkan dengan proses absorpsi langsung ke
dalam kapiler darah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sistem
limfatik<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terdiri dari pembuluh limfa dan
jaringan dan organ limfa.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo42; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi Sistem Limfatik</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengembalikan cairan dan protein
dari jaringan ke dalam sirkulasi darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mengangkut limfosit dari kelenjar
limfe ke sirkulasi darah.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membawa lemak yang sudah dibuat
emulsi dari usus ke sirkulasi darah. Saluran limfe yang melaksanakan fungsi ini
ialah saluran lakteal (di mukosa usus halus)</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar limfe menyaring dan
menghancurkan mikroorganisme untuk menghindarkan penyebaran organisme itu ke
dalam jaringan, dan bagian lain tubuh.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Apabila ada infeksi, kelenjar limfe
menghasilkan zat imun (antibodi) untuk melindungi tubuh terhadap mikroorganisme</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 39.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PEMBULUH
LIMFE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Struktur pembuluh limfe serupa
dengan vena kecil, tetapi memiliki lebih banyak katup sehingga pembuluh limfe
tampaknya seperti rangkaian petasan atau tasbih.Pembuluh limfe yang terkecil
atau kapiler limfe lebih besar dari kapiler darah dan terdiri hanya atas
selapis endotelium.Pembuluh limfe bermula sebagai jalinan halus kapiler yang
sangat kecil atau sebagai rongga-rongga limfe di dalam jaringan berbagai
organ.Pembuluh limfe khusus di vili usus halus yang berfungsi sebagai absorpsi
lemak (kilomikron), disebut lacteal villi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SALURAN LIMFE</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdapat dua saluran limfe utama,
ductus thoracicus dan ductus limfaticus dextra.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ductus thoracicus atau ductus
limfaticus sinister, mengumpulkan cairan limfe dari tubuh bagian tungkai bawah
(kanan kiri), abdomen (kanan kiri), dada kiri, kepala kiri, lengan kiri,
kemudian masuk ke sirkulasi darah lewat vena subclavia sinistra.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ductus Limfaticus Dexter ialah
saluran yang jauh lebih kecil dan mengumpulkan limfe dari kepala kanan, leher
kanan, lengan kanan dan dada sebelah kanan, dan menuangkan isinya ke dalam vena
subklavia dextra yang berada di sebelah bawah kanan leher.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jika terjadi infeksi, kelenjar limfe
dapat meradang (kelenjar limfe bengkak, merah dan sakit), proses ini biasa
disebut nglanjer (limfadenitis). Limfadenitis menunjukan adanya infeksi pada
pembuluh limfe (jaringan) diatasnya.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Organ
Limfa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Organ-organ
limfa mencangkup:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Nodus Limfa / Kelenjar Limfa </span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Nodus limfa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> berbentuk kecil lonjong atau seperti kacang dan terdapat di sepanjang
pembuluh limfe. kelompok-kelompok utama terdapat di dalam leher, aksila,
toraks, abdomen, dan lipat paha.<b>Nodus limfa</b> mempunyai pinggiran yang cembung
dan cekung. </span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5S2EFlj0ij9LhuGESJ9_ByZglM7NH1d1D1qwU7Nbm9nunT1yHlqkwSIigcRu0l3c5AWDuxWvsKuPxPUcms9l251O9sxO5wNUYpcekqicmDR6PPPTS5H-LYm1oiK6_hKN9zi2p5gBxvg8/s1600/nodus+limfa.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh5S2EFlj0ij9LhuGESJ9_ByZglM7NH1d1D1qwU7Nbm9nunT1yHlqkwSIigcRu0l3c5AWDuxWvsKuPxPUcms9l251O9sxO5wNUYpcekqicmDR6PPPTS5H-LYm1oiK6_hKN9zi2p5gBxvg8/s1600/nodus+limfa.png" height="182" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pinggiran yang cekung disebut hilum.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kelenjar limfe sebagai penyaring limfe dan dijumpai di
tempat-tempat terbentuknya limfosit.Kelompok-kelompok utama terdapat di dalam
leher, axial, thorax, abdomen, dan lipatan paha.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Limfa (Lien)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b>Limpa</b>
ialah sebuah kelenjar berwarna ungu tua yang terletak di sebelah kiri abdomen
di daerah hipogastrium kiri.<b>Limpa</b> terdiri atas jaringan struktur
jaringan ikat. Limpa dibungkus kapsul yang terdiri atas jaringan kolagen yang
elastis dan beberapa serabut otot<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>halus.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCOoQH8g4WA52k1B6LmlAXOl58Q8IV7qMvCCK4BnVTFu4IQaPCA9aBuwSW54z7-Mn4aQDHkekNRMTZ-w1y5nyszRquo332jAxElsfO077Am4J8BbkP20NupHWDPxttOgTEmdVOjD2KhMU/s1600/limpa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCOoQH8g4WA52k1B6LmlAXOl58Q8IV7qMvCCK4BnVTFu4IQaPCA9aBuwSW54z7-Mn4aQDHkekNRMTZ-w1y5nyszRquo332jAxElsfO077Am4J8BbkP20NupHWDPxttOgTEmdVOjD2KhMU/s1600/limpa.jpg" height="309" width="320" /></a></div>
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"> </a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://konsepbiologi.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/peredaran-darah.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo47; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi Limpa/Lien:</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membentuk eritrosit
(terutama saat janin)</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memisahkan eritrosit
mati dari sirkulasi darah</span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghasilkan limfosit,
antibodi</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo46; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menghancurkan leukosit
dan trombosit</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">TONSIL</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tonsil merupakan
kelenjar limfe yang terdapat cavum oris dan faring (tonsila faringialis,
tonsila palatina, tonsila lingualis). Tonsil merupakan garis depan pertahanan
infeksi yang terjadi di mulut, hidung dan tenggorokan. Tonsil yang gagal
menahan infeksi akan meradang yang disebut tonsillitis.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: #FEFDFA; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 32.2pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-line-height-alt: 11.4pt; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo43; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vili</span></b></div>
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<a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="http://konsepbiologi.files.wordpress.com/2011/10/peredaran-darah.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=2268820238452944612" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"></a><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagian besar vili adalah jaringan limfe. Kilus sentralis di
dalam vilus berhubungan dengan pembuluh limfe dalam jaringan submukosa. Dari
sini limfe keluar dan akhirnya sampai di reseptakulum kili.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">Ø<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membran serosa</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 32.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membran serosa berkaitan erat dengan
sistem saluran limfe. Lipatannya yang banyak membawa saluran limfe dan pembuluh
darah. Membran ini dilapisi epitelium bersisik atau endothelium dan di dalamnya
terdapat lubang-lubang yang halus, lubang ini disebut stomata. Stomata
menghindarkan limfe berkumpul dalam ruang serosa.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem Retikulo-Endotelial</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sistem didalam jaringan dan organ
yang berfungsi memakan (fagosit) benda asing dan bakteri yang masuk tubuh.Yang
termasuk Retikulo-Endotial adalah kelenjar limfe, limpa, hati dan sumsum
tulang. Sel-sel ini memiliki kemampuan besar untuk berkembang biak dan
bertalian dengan limfosit dan dengan organ-organ pembentuk darah. Sel ini
bertugas melindungi tubuh terhadap infeksi.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">PERTANYAAN</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">TERM I</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Khalidya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Zat apa yang menyebabkan pembuluh darah
tersumbat dan bagaimana mekanisme penyumbatan pembuluh darah?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penyebab utama penyumbatan pembuluh
darah,yaitu plak. Plak adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">endapan atau deposit lemak yang
menempel di dinding dalam (endotel)<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Mekanisme : Penimbunan
lemak di dinding pembuluh besar jantung </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">lama kelamaan terjadi penimbunan di jaringan ikat</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat
menyumbat pembuluh darah </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> otot jantung itu
kekurangan pembuluh darah</span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> terjadi peyumbatan.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.menshealth.co.id/kesehatan/waras/penyebab.penyumbatan.pembuluh.darah/004/003/161" target="_blank">http://www.menshealth.co.id/kesehatan/waras/penyebab.penyumbatan.pembuluh.darah/004/003/161</a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Gaby</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem tertutup karena
pada keadaan normal tidak ada darah yang berada dalam wadah. Itu maksudnya apa?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tidak ada darah yang keluar dari pembuluh
nadi, balik, dan kapiler.</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Enzi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hemoglobin wanita dan
pria kenapa berbeda?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab : Karena pada wanita terjadi menstruasi
sehingga hemoglobinnya lebih rendah dari pria.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">TERM II</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Melisa</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Bagaimana proses penyucian darah?</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab:
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hemodialisa
dilakukan dengan alat yang disebut dialyzer. Mesin akan memompa darah kita
keluar dari tubuh secara sedikit demi sedikit untuk kemudian dicuci dalam
dialyzer ini. Dialyzer merupakan alat seperti filter dengan ribuan serat halus
yang akan menyaring semua zat berbahaya, cairan dan elektrolit berlebih. Di
dalam dialyzer terdapat cairan khusus yang disebut dialysate yang mengandung
cairan dan formula khusus yang berfungsi menyerap zat yang tidak perlu dan
menambahkan zat atau mineral atau elektrolit yang kurang. Komposisi dialysate
dapat berubah-ubah sesuai dengan keadaan cairan dan darah anda saat melakukan
hemodialisa. Karena itulah setiap kali akan melakukan hemodialisa anda akan
melalui pemeriksaan darah terlebih dahulu dulu untuk melihat komposisi
elektrolit dan berbagai komponen kimia darah dalam tubuh saat itu.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah
selesai disaring, maka darah yang sudah bersih akan dipompa kembali ke dalam
tubuh. Proses ini akan diulang berkali-kali hingga seluruh darah berhasil
disaring.<br />
<br />
Artikel kesehatan di : </span><a href="http://www.tanyadok.com/kesehatan/mengenal-lebih-jauh-hemodialisa-alias-cuci-darah"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://www.tanyadok.com/kesehatan/mengenal-lebih-jauh-hemodialisa-alias-cuci-darah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: 14.2pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lama regenerasi darah
baru?</span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 14.2pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab: 3 bulan sekali melalui donor darah.</span></div>
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<a href="http://www.listrikindonesia.com/berdonor_darah__bisa_menyehatkan_tubuh___55.htm" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://www.listrikindonesia.com/berdonor_darah__bisa_menyehatkan_tubuh___55.htm</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.tipscaramanfaat.com/manfaat-donor-darah-bagi-kesehatan-749.html" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://www.tipscaramanfaat.com/manfaat-donor-darah-bagi-kesehatan-749.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">:</span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-17253780673043348642015-01-07T17:46:00.003+07:002015-01-07T17:46:54.563+07:00<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fbf8f2; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<span style="line-height: 13px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: #343434; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI SISTEM MOSKULOSKELETAL</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 13px;"></span><span style="line-height: 13px;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJJEH0NYm2qD6TBe8pLyiDsWaTVN0LOHwcZmJin0a7Z7jW_RpLUSM7crpA3wnIeROpsg00IY6AD2Fs3qE1Q-Duffoo9LKi4c89IK_qUkbTKWNWlpPT8_APRLyQze2NlPBKVvRr0hUmiE/s1600/logo-poltekkes-kemenkes-jakarta-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #1f85da; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: large;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJJEH0NYm2qD6TBe8pLyiDsWaTVN0LOHwcZmJin0a7Z7jW_RpLUSM7crpA3wnIeROpsg00IY6AD2Fs3qE1Q-Duffoo9LKi4c89IK_qUkbTKWNWlpPT8_APRLyQze2NlPBKVvRr0hUmiE/s1600/logo-poltekkes-kemenkes-jakarta-2.jpg" style="border: 0px;" /></span></a></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Anatomi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Ghaby Ardelia Putri</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Afiyfah Diharjo</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Fisiologi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Enziana Maharani</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Melisa Alfiani</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Notulen:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Aulia Arrum Sari</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">khalydia Nafisya</span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 33px;">GIZI DIV-IA</span></div>
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Dosen:</div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;"><o:p>Dr. Maria Poppy Herlianty, M.Epd </o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Jurusan Gizi Politekmik Kesehatan Jakarta II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="line-height: 13px;">Jl. Hang Jebat III/F3 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pengertian
Sistem Muskuloskeletal<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sistem muskuloskeletal
terdiri dari kata muskulo yang berarti otot, dan skeletal yang berarti tulang.
Muskulo atau muscular adalah jaringan otot-otot dalam tubuh, skeletal atau
osteo adalah tulang kerangka tubuh. Sistem muskoloskeletal terdiri atas otot (<i>muscle</i>),
tulang (<i>skeletal</i>), sendi, tendon, dan ligamen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A. Muskuler/Otot<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Otot merupakan alat gerak aktif yang berkontraksi dan berelaksasi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fungsi otot:<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pergerakan<b>: </b>Otot menghasilkan gerakan pada
tulang tempat otot tersebut melekat dan bergerak dalam bagian organ internal
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Penopang tubuh dan mempertahankan postur: Otot
menopang rangka dan mempertahankan tubuh saat berada dalam posisi berdiri atau
saat duduk terhadap gaya gravitasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Produksi panas: Kontraksi otot-otot secara metabolis
menghasilkan panas untuk mepertahankan suhu tubuh normal. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-Jenis Otot</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.Otot Rangka/lurik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Otot rangka merupakan
otot lurik dan melekat pada rangka. Otot ini berkerja secara sadar atau
dipengaruhi oleh otak sehingga reaksi lurik sangat cepat saat mendapat
rangsangaan. Otot lurik </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">bertugas utuk menggerakkan tulang serta melindungi
rangka dari benturan yang keras. Sel-sel otot lurik membentuk serabut otot.
Kemudian serabut otot akan membentuk berkas otot sehingga berkas otot dapat
membentuk otot lurik yang bergantung pada tulang dan membungkus rangka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Otot Polos</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Otot polos<b> </b>merupakan otot tidak berlurik dan berb</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">entuk bergelendong dengan kedua ujungnya meruncing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">. Jenis otot ini dapat ditemukan
pada dinding berongga seperti kandung </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">kemih dan uterus, serta pada dinding tuba, seperti
pada sistem respiratorik, pencernaan, reproduksi, urinarius, dan sistem
sirkulasi darah. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: 36pt;">Bekerja di luar kesadaran, gerakan lambat, ritmis dan tidak mudah lelah.</span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Otot Jantung</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Otot jantung memiliki
struktur yang mirip dengan otot lurik, cara bekerjanya seperti otot polos. Otot
tersebut letaknya hanya terdapat di permukaan lapisan tengah dinding jantung
hanya otot jantung memiliki cabang yang dinamakan duskus interkalaris. Sistem
kerja otot jantung secara tidak sadar (refleks) dan reaksinya lambat bila
terkena rangsangan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kerja Otot Kerja Otot<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Kerja otot dibagi atas 6 gerak,
yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fleksor (bengkok) >< Ekstentor (meluruskan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Supinasi(menengadah) >< Pronasi (tertelungkup)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Defresor(menurunkan) >< Lepator (menaikkan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sinergis (searah) >< Antagonis (berlawanan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dilatator(melebarkan) >< Konstriktor
(menyempitkan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "MS Mincho"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">➢<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adduktor(dekat) >< Abduktor (jauh)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B. Tendon<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tendon adalah jaringan
pengikat yang berfungsi sebagai penghubung tulang dengan otot. Tendon bersifat
kenyal (elastis) dan kuat. Isersi yaitu tendon yang menempel pada tulang yang
bergerak. Sementara itu, origo merupakan tendon yang melekat pada tulang yang
tidak bergerak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwmgrcbsy20DrNBfs1kzHZf3-ldMxye8qHNVD1XIdOeayaGy7psrBC2Eg6xy7_PSr2uJ7jCj9AGm2xJWOfJ-rAJggGRKbU51jcYBb_GN5RMhQ4DiD-_WzLdrRmPskeGbfj5GoHXdJbrjs/s1600/TENDON.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwmgrcbsy20DrNBfs1kzHZf3-ldMxye8qHNVD1XIdOeayaGy7psrBC2Eg6xy7_PSr2uJ7jCj9AGm2xJWOfJ-rAJggGRKbU51jcYBb_GN5RMhQ4DiD-_WzLdrRmPskeGbfj5GoHXdJbrjs/s1600/TENDON.png" height="320" width="277" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C. Ligamen<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ligamen adalah pembalut/selubung yang sangat kuat, yang merupakan
jaringan elastis penghubung yang terdiri atas kolagen. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ligamen dapat diklasifikasikan dalam tiga kategori
utama – Ligamen artikular, Ligamen Remnant fetal dan Ligamen peritoneal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tipe ligamen :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ligamen artikular</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> adalah mereka jaringan ikat
tulang-tulang yang menghubungkan tulang untuk membentuk sendi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ligamen remnant fetal</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> adalah ligamen seperti
struktur yang tetap dalam tubuh organisme sejak masih janin dan telah
berkembang menjadi jaringan menyerupai ligamen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ligamen peritoneal</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> adalah lipatan jaringan
ikat yang terbentuk di dalam dan di sekitar lapisan membran dari rongga perut.
Ligamen ini adalah ligamentum hepatoduodenal dan ligamentum uterus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0C3EfUODvqCyYFJhZlWP6NqVN3oqxGdiPwHAp70R47CfEAsWpoLS3ELwQkp52QXJQRtkTQa2FjHzAhUGAI3-oykHaVP4gK7-6Tn5Y-K6oo7bhTFDJo-9j7eC6tP18grBbRh3YuHaO_zc/s1600/TENDON+VS+LIGAMEN.png" imageanchor="1" style="background-color: #fbf8f2; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center; text-indent: -24px;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0C3EfUODvqCyYFJhZlWP6NqVN3oqxGdiPwHAp70R47CfEAsWpoLS3ELwQkp52QXJQRtkTQa2FjHzAhUGAI3-oykHaVP4gK7-6Tn5Y-K6oo7bhTFDJo-9j7eC6tP18grBbRh3YuHaO_zc/s1600/TENDON+VS+LIGAMEN.png" height="149" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D. Sendi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> merupakan persambungan antar tulang yang menjadikan
tulang menjadi fleksibel dalam pergerakan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Berdasarkan pergerakannya sendi dibagi menjadi : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fbf8f2; color: #343434; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><b style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinartrosis</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sinartrtosis adalah persendian yang tidak memperbolehkan pergerakan.
Dapat dibedakan menjadi dua:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinartrosis
sinfibrosis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: sinartrosis
yang tulangnya dihubungkan oleh jaringan ikat fibrosa. Contoh: persendian
tulang tegkorak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sinartrosis
sinkondrosis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: sinartrosis
yang dihubungkan oleh tulang rawan. Contoh: hubungan antarsegmen
pada tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Diartrosis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Diartrosis adalah persendian yang memungkinkan terjadinya gerakan. Dapat
dikelempokkan menjadi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendi
Peluru</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : Sendi yang
memungkinkan pergerakan ke segala arah. Contoh: hubungan tulang lengan
atas dengan tulang belikat, & ( tulang paha dengan gelang panggul
)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendi
Pelana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : Sendi yang
memungkinkan beberapa gerakan rotasi, namun tidak ke segala arah. Contoh:
hubungan tulang telapak tangan dan jari tangan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendi
Putar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : Sendi yang
memungkinkan gerakan berputar (rotasi). Contoh: hubungan tulang tengkorak
dengan tulang belakang I (atlas).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendi
Luncur</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : Sendi yang
memungkinkan gerak rotasi pada satu bidang datar. Contoh: hubungan tulang
pergerlangan kaki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sendi
Engsel</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> : Sendi yang
memungkinkan gerakan satu arah. Contoh: sendi siku antara tulang lengan
atas dan tulang hasta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: #fbf8f2; color: #343434; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 16px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 18pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Amfiartosis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">persendian yang dihubungkan oleh jaringan tulang
rawan sehingga memungkinkan terjadinya sedikit gerakan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sindesmosis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: Tulang dihubungkan oleh jaringan ikat serabut dan
ligamen. Contoh:persendian antara fibula dan tibia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Simfisis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">: Tulang dihubungkan oleh jaringan tulang rawan yang
berbentuk seperi cakram. Contoh: hubungan antara ruas-ruas tulang belakang.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJe25P4EB-1EtwztYHtFUcm3zBjyJp53HNLCk9KugOxpcvj4RRcmrf747K902a9AfzJxINPZhikXdFf3w7R4YJs3yyedXLH7wWyLfnVqf6stGDVbjEIIzK-PfYxHT_w00c7iJmjS6Q-xc/s1600/SENDI.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJe25P4EB-1EtwztYHtFUcm3zBjyJp53HNLCk9KugOxpcvj4RRcmrf747K902a9AfzJxINPZhikXdFf3w7R4YJs3yyedXLH7wWyLfnVqf6stGDVbjEIIzK-PfYxHT_w00c7iJmjS6Q-xc/s1600/SENDI.png" height="239" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">E. Skeletal</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pertumbuhan tulang mencapai kematangannya setelah pubertas dan
pertumbuhan seimbang hanya sampai usia 35 tahun. Berikutnya mengalami
percepatan reabsorpsi sehingga terjadi penurunan massa tulang. Pertumbuhan
dipengaruhi hormon & mineral. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: left;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Skelet atau rangka adalah rangkaian tulang
yang mendukung dan melindungi beberapa organ lunak, terutama dalam tengkorang
dan panggul. Kerangka juga berfungsi sebagai alat ungkit pada gerakan dan
,menyediakan permukaan untuk kaitan otot otot kerangka. Rangka terdiri atas dua bagian yaitu aksial
dan apendikular.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Aksial terdiri atas sekelompok tulang yang menyusun
poros tubuh dan memberikan dukungan dan perlindungan pada organ di kepala,
leher dan badan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Apendikular ersusun atas tulang tulang yang
merupakan tambahan dari skeleton axial. Skeleton apendikular terdiri dari : Anggota gerak atas anggota
gerak bawah gelang bahu gelang panggung </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang
Tengkorak <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tengkorak adalah tulang kerangka kepala yang
disusun menjadi dua, kranium terdiri atas delapan tulang dan kerangka wajah terdiri atas 14 tulang.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt; mso-themecolor: text1;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tulang kranium terbagi menjadi satu tulang kepala belakang (<i>okspital</i>),
dua tulang ubun-ubun(<i>parietal</i>), satu tulang dahi (<i>frontal</i>), dua
tulang pelipis (<i>temporal</i>), dan satu tulang tapis (<i>etmoid</i>)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang
Wajah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Terdapat
14 tulang wajah yang semuanya kecuali mandibular dihubungkan oleh sutura dan
tidak dapat bergerak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua
tulang hidung membentuk lengkung hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua
tulang palatum membentuk atap mulut dan dasar hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua
tulang lakrimalis (tulang air mata) membentuk saluran air mata dan bagian dari
tulang rongga mata pada sudut dalam rongga mata. Melalui celah ini air mata
disalurkan kehidunh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua
tulang zigomatikus (tulang lengkung pipi) proseus tulang ini bersatu dengan
proseus zigomatikus tulamg temporal untuk membentuk lengkung tulang pipi atau
arkus zigomatikus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Satu
vomer (tulang pisau luku) membentuk bagian bawah sekat menulang hidung. (bagian
ata sekat hidung dibentuk lempeng tengah etmoid atau lempeng tegak etmoid)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 49.5pt; text-align: left; text-indent: 36pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dua
tulang turbinatum inferior (kerang hidung bawah) merupakan pasangan terbesar
dari tiga pasang lipatan (konka hidung) dinding lateral maksila, dua maksila
membentuk rahang atas dan memuat gigi atas. Badan maksila memuat ruang udara
yang agak besar, yaitu sinus maksilarisatau antrum highmore, yang berhubungan
dengan hulu hidung melalui dua lubang kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuuOcP60oxWHURmlC09Fi4LFTwuFpuxJrATA_cAzE0HJCaI6OixABZhWRpWWOlWc2qVde0LuNqiFLV4ku8h44Fy1vlcyTcsstM7yZF7idSt0IgrOkw0n24iG12Ap2y2Ciu6f2KNayDSvo/s1600/TENGKORAK.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuuOcP60oxWHURmlC09Fi4LFTwuFpuxJrATA_cAzE0HJCaI6OixABZhWRpWWOlWc2qVde0LuNqiFLV4ku8h44Fy1vlcyTcsstM7yZF7idSt0IgrOkw0n24iG12Ap2y2Ciu6f2KNayDSvo/s1600/TENGKORAK.jpg" height="171" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang
Belakang<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rangkaian tulang belakang
adalah struktur lentur sejumlah tulang yang disebut vertebra atau ruas tulang
belakang. Diantara tiap ruas tulang pada tulang belakang terdapat bantalan
tulang rawan. Panjang rangkaian tulang belakang pada orang dewasa mencapai
57-67 cm. seluruhnya terdapat 33 ruas tulang, 24 buah diantaranya adalah
tulang-tulang terpisah dan 9 ruas sisanya bergabung membentuk 2 tulang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">. Tulang belakang berfungsi untuk menegakkan/menopang
postur struktur tulang belakang manusia. Postur tegak juga meningkatkan gaya
mekanik struktur tulang belakang lumbrosakral.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM18TuvJj9Y2Gp5e9vVUW5L93EAu3N7KntcCh98am98SDZJCj5LPjBqqDAJM0EH5lhjTijUIzGz3RmyoZL_6_dHei9v0i45Hwvy6hgWAJ_t8k_ah4GOlurbDT-Xij_Kx6MCl9bI3npo_k/s1600/TLNG+PUNGGUNG.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM18TuvJj9Y2Gp5e9vVUW5L93EAu3N7KntcCh98am98SDZJCj5LPjBqqDAJM0EH5lhjTijUIzGz3RmyoZL_6_dHei9v0i45Hwvy6hgWAJ_t8k_ah4GOlurbDT-Xij_Kx6MCl9bI3npo_k/s1600/TLNG+PUNGGUNG.png" height="320" width="274" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang
dada dan iga-iga<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang dada ( Sterenium ) terbagi
menjadi tiga bagian :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Artikulasi manubrium : merupakan salah
satu tulang yang mudah di palpasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Badan tulang : membentuk bagian utama
sterenum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian inferior prosesus sifoid :
jaringan kartilago<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang iga <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">12 pasang tulang iga berartikulasi ke
arah posteriour transversa di vetebrata toraks.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tujuh pasang tulang yang pertama adalah
tulang iga sejati dan berartikulasi dengan sterenum di sisi anterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Cambria Math', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">Tiga pasang kemudian, adalah iga semu.
Tulang ini berartikulasi tidak langsung dengan sternum melalui penyatuan
kartilago tulang tersebut dengan iga diatasnya dan kemudian menyatu dengan
bagian kartilago dengan kartilag</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -18pt;">o kostal ke- 7</span></div>
</span><br />
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang iga 11 dan 12 adalah tulang iga
melayang tidak memiliki perlekatan di sisi anteriornya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Karakteristik tulang iga secara umum :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian kepala dan tuberkel berartikulasi
dengan faset dan prosesus tranversus dan vetebrata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian leher brfungsi untuk perlekatan
ligamen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bagian batang atau badan dari tulang iga
berfungsi untuk mengakomodasi saraf dan pembuluh darah pada permukaan internal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Cambria Math";">⦿<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tulang iga dan tulang dada mengandung
sumsum tulang merah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: left;">
<b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Anggota Gerak Atas</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Kerangka
anggota atas dikaitkan pada kerangka badan dengan perantara gelang bahu yang
terdiri atas klavula dan skapula. Dibawahnya terdapat 30 buah tulang yang
membentuk kerangka lengan, lengan bawah dan telapak tangan, antara lain:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Humerus atau tulang lengan atas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ulna dan radius atau tulang hasta dxan tulang
pengumpil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">8 tulang karpal atau tulang pangkal tangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Lima tulang metakarpal atau tulang tapak tangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14 falang atau ruas jari tangan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tulang
tangan disusun dalam beberapa kelompok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Karpus atau tulang yang masuk formasi pergelangan
tangan adalah tulang pendek yang terdiri dari delapan tulang tersusundalam dua
baris , empat tulang setiap baris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">metakarpal membentuk kerangka tapak tangan dan
berbentuk tulang pipa, terdiri dari lima tulang, setiap tulang memiliki batang
dan dua ujung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Falang adalah tulang jari dan berbentuk tulang pipa,
mempunyai batang dan dua ujung. Batnagnya mengecil di arah ujung distal.
Terdapat empat belas falang, tiga pada setia jari dan dua pada ibu jari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5U5sgsA3PmNSWUsolcllGvcTN3XCDFyjmkRKu4JjzbYjGT7BfZXD-c38TMXIIDw5bY2JB9lTx5fWyiwy1lj29xzhSCLsbsQmrL_3t7Nk_5v609CnCaJHDH9mwlt7_h-FYWuB6tsKUj7A/s1600/GERAK+ATAS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5U5sgsA3PmNSWUsolcllGvcTN3XCDFyjmkRKu4JjzbYjGT7BfZXD-c38TMXIIDw5bY2JB9lTx5fWyiwy1lj29xzhSCLsbsQmrL_3t7Nk_5v609CnCaJHDH9mwlt7_h-FYWuB6tsKUj7A/s1600/GERAK+ATAS.jpg" /></a></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">Anggota
Gerak Bawah<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tulang
ekstremitas bawah atau anggota gerak bawah dikaitkan dengan batang tubuh oleh
gelang panggul. Anggota gerak bawah terdiri atas 31 tulang</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1 tulang koksa atau pangkal paha</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1 fermur atau tulang paha</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1 tibia atau tulang kering</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1 fibula atau tulang betis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1 patela atau tempurung lutut</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">1 tulang tarsal atau pangkal kaki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">5 tulang metatarsal atau tulang telapak kaki</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 36pt; text-align: left; text-indent: -18pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">14 falang atau ruas jari kaki</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSeNtCxaH8AKUgr5Jna14wkHIxmI02osA8-BxE4IqyFgIPZXn4cXiVkc9cMxSf3cmvoMZPK0AFg7U_SdPUNaRNWBrlG9OdaStK8vlBfLGzjeFmu282tgDPak79snkoEJxNIWkRqAwhGa0/s1600/GERAK+BAWAH.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSeNtCxaH8AKUgr5Jna14wkHIxmI02osA8-BxE4IqyFgIPZXn4cXiVkc9cMxSf3cmvoMZPK0AFg7U_SdPUNaRNWBrlG9OdaStK8vlBfLGzjeFmu282tgDPak79snkoEJxNIWkRqAwhGa0/s1600/GERAK+BAWAH.png" /></a></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-80201906149763118912015-01-07T16:03:00.000+07:002015-01-07T19:11:51.081+07:00<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 12.6pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANATOMI
FISIOLOGI</span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SISTEM
REPRODUKSI </span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anatomi :
1. Amanah Rachmawati<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2. </span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Innelina
Purnamasari</span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></b><b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fisiologi :
1. </span></b><b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bestari Habi</span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Notulen :
1. </span></b><b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dyah Ayu Kirana</span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 2.
</span></b><b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mega Ernalia Hakim
Putri</span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><b>Kelas :
D </b></span><b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV-IA</span></b><span style="color: #343434; font-family: "Verdana","sans-serif"; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u>Pengertian</u><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
reproduksi adalah suatu rangkaian dan interaksi organ dan zat dalam organisme
yang dipergunakan untuk berkembang biak. Sistem reproduksi pada suatu organisme
berbeda antara jantan dan betina. Sistem reproduksi pada perempuan berpusat di
ovarium. Sedangkan pada pria berpusat di testis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><br /></span></b>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">A.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;">Sistem Reproduksi Pria<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Organ reproduksi pada pria<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Alat
kelamin laki-laki terbagi menjadi tiga yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Organ luar:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Penis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Skrotum<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Organ dalam:</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Testis<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Epididimis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Vas deferens<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>iv.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Saluran ejakulasi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>v.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Uretra<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Kelenjar kelamin:<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; mso-text-indent-alt: -.25in; text-indent: -1.0in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>i.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Vesikula seminalis<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>ii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kelenjar prostat<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span>iii.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]-->Kelenjar cowper<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFiFtef-_oR6OqHnOCBRFqvMTOC47-pKB3bJa9Aelju3rDmBgOc18XPLpBhq809tI_RdD2ZzH2DMh4LcCyLayuDm9pOfJqWw9VB5HtginOSO-ar84INVY6S47x0-ddtQq_yoxvBhmQJhI/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFiFtef-_oR6OqHnOCBRFqvMTOC47-pKB3bJa9Aelju3rDmBgOc18XPLpBhq809tI_RdD2ZzH2DMh4LcCyLayuDm9pOfJqWw9VB5HtginOSO-ar84INVY6S47x0-ddtQq_yoxvBhmQJhI/s1600/2.png" height="231" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ Luar<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><br /></b>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><b style="text-indent: -0.25in;">Penis</b></div>
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<br />
Terdiri atas jaringan seperti busa dan
memanjang dari glans penis (kepala zakar),tempat muaranya uretra. Kulit
pembungkus glans penis adalah preputum atau kulup (anfis,Eveyln,hal.327).
Terlatak menggantung didepan skrotum. Bagian tengah penis disebut korpus penis
dan pangkalnya disebut radik penis.Penis merupakan alat yang mempunyai jaringan
erektil yang satu sama lainnya dilapisi jaringan fibrosa ringan terdiri dari
rongga – rongga seperti ret busa. Berfungsi sebagai alat kelamin pria yg
berperan untuk kopulasi dan sebagai organ eksternal untuk urinasi.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
Bagian-bagian Penis :<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Corpora
cavernosa, 2 ruang mengisi sebagian besar penis, terisi jar. Spons <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Selaput
albugenia terjadi, memberan yg mengelilingi corpora cavernosa u/ menjaga darah
tetap berada dalam penis selama ereksi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Uretra,
tabung yg menjadi sal. Urin keluar, sal. Ejakulasi bagian ujung disebut meatus <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Corpus
spongiosum, berbentuk ruang yg mengelilingi uretra, penuh dg darah selama
ereksi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Kopus
karvernosus penis terdiri dari jaringan yang mengandung banyak sekali pembuluh
darah.<br />
<br />
Pada waktu akan mengadakan hubungan kelamin maka penis akan menjadi
besar dan keras karena korpus tersebut.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjMf-eaYdxmqooeLdvypWQtarp-omRuKxPXQO66YlFH-rh3JzHxfIRib_Wy91wU-BYA7CnaoLeSF7KWQPtXlSTkSeKc2xMXKtkBJxchQWw7RGJtePhyphenhyphenSmV8OYGkbtWB8d2UESjGUJ3MM/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXjMf-eaYdxmqooeLdvypWQtarp-omRuKxPXQO66YlFH-rh3JzHxfIRib_Wy91wU-BYA7CnaoLeSF7KWQPtXlSTkSeKc2xMXKtkBJxchQWw7RGJtePhyphenhyphenSmV8OYGkbtWB8d2UESjGUJ3MM/s1600/3.png" height="200" width="198" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
Kopus karvernosus penis terdiri dari
jaringan yang mengandung banyak sekali pembuluh darah. Pada waktu akan
mengadakan hubungan kelamin maka penis akan menjadi besar dan keras karena
korpus tersebut.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjChUgCfpJjVQXy0HXq1TnS5YTL0lU6LjJUiFNYVF0O96YEFw7VXDnLLZwFsSO0CHOs9Zf0NGSlFLZ_4eyhrnmybwBTcSCa3-Kj9_yN47JKV2jwSmxejzkN9C6zYcCQn7U-D99xvq5Q6n4/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjChUgCfpJjVQXy0HXq1TnS5YTL0lU6LjJUiFNYVF0O96YEFw7VXDnLLZwFsSO0CHOs9Zf0NGSlFLZ_4eyhrnmybwBTcSCa3-Kj9_yN47JKV2jwSmxejzkN9C6zYcCQn7U-D99xvq5Q6n4/s1600/4.png" height="144" width="200" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Skrotum<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<br />
Adalah sebuah struktur berupa kantung
yang terdiri atas kulit tanpa lemak subkutan,berisi sedikit jaringan otot. Di
dalam skrotum ini terdapat testis, setiap testis berada dalam pembungkus yang
disebut tunika vaginalis yang dibentuk dari peritoneum.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
Skrotum merupakan kantung kulit banyak
mengandung pigmen, Lapisan luar atau kulit skrotum merupakan lanjutan kulit
abdomen yang berpigmen mengandung kelenjar sebasea. Suhu di dalam skrotum rata
– rata adalah beberapa derajat celcius lebih rendah daripada suhu tubuh normal
(fisiologi manusia,Sherwood,hal.697). Berfungsi menjaga suhu testis tetap pada
sekitar 34oC (suhu efektif pembuatan sperma).<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLYPXa9zsboVcQYN8gsC55pYlZ2ctRIElNXytoWUoReVNH23tKvXAcr0lSOtezcL9EpN_WFrw3pwRm2Ks5seSrWPOkO_0pA94c_q6Z64PCeXOtX5ilqp0yHanla_QZ6z4bGmwvDni0JQc/s1600/6.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgLYPXa9zsboVcQYN8gsC55pYlZ2ctRIElNXytoWUoReVNH23tKvXAcr0lSOtezcL9EpN_WFrw3pwRm2Ks5seSrWPOkO_0pA94c_q6Z64PCeXOtX5ilqp0yHanla_QZ6z4bGmwvDni0JQc/s1600/6.png" height="200" width="200" /></a></div>
<br />
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Organ Dalam<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<b><br /></b>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Testis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan organ kelamin
laki-laki,berkembang di dalam rongga abdomen sewaktu janin dan turun melalui
saluran inguinal kanan dan kiri masuk ke dalam skrotum menjelang akhir
kehamilan (anatomi dan fisiologi untuk paramedis,Evelyn C. Pearce,hal. 326).
Testosteron dari testis janin merupakan penyebab turunnya testis ke dalam
skrotum (fisiologi manusia,sherwood,hal 697). Testis ini terletak menggantung
pada urat-urat spermatik di dalam skrotum (anatomi dan fisiologi untuk
paramedis,Evelyn C. Pearce,hal. 326). Testis ini terdiri dari belahan-belahan
yang bernama lobulus testis. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Di dalam testis berkemas tubulus seminiferosa
penghasil sperma dengan panjang sekitar 250 cm,di dalam tubulus ini terdapat
dua jenis sel yaitu sel germinativum yang sebagian besar berada dalam berbagai
tahap perkembangan sperma dan sel sertoli yang sangat penting dalam menunjang
spermatogenesis (fisiologi mSel – sel sertoli yang berada di tubulus
seminiferosa membentuk suatu cincin yang berjalan dari membran basal di bagian
luar ke lumen tubulus. Setiap sel sertoli terentang dari membran luar ke lumen
yang berisi cairan (fisiologi manusia.Sherwood,hal.701).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sel – sel sertoli
adalah tempat kerja testosteron dan FSH untuk mengontrol spermatogenesis
(fisiologi manusia,Sherwood,hal.702) anusia,Sherwood,hal. 699).</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Testis berfungsi
menghasilkan sel kelamin sperma
(sitogenik) dan hormon kelamin testosteron (endokrinik) untuk
mempertahankan ciri kelamin sekunder. Di dalam testis terdapat tubulus
seminiferus tempat pembentukan sperma pada suhu di bawah suhu tubuh (± 35
derajat). Diantara tubulus ini terdapat sel-sel interstitial Laydig yg
menghasilkan hormon testosteron. Sel sertoli berfungsi memberi nutrisi pada
sperma. Setiap testis melalui tubulus seminiferus akan menghasilkan 200 – 250
juta spermatozoa</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Epididimis <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Merupakan organ kecil yang terletak di
belakang testis. Merupakan saluran halus yang panjangnya ±6 cm. Terdiri atas
sebuah tabung sempit yang sangat panjang dan berliku-liku di belakang testis. Melalui tabung ini sperma
berjalan dan masuk ke dalam vas deferens.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
Stuktur epididimis. Saluran ini
dikelilingi oleh jaringan ikat, spermatozoa melalui duktuli eferentis merupakan
bagian dari kaput epididimis. Duktus eferentis panjangnya ±20 cm,
berbelok-belok dan membentuk kerucut kecil dan bermuara ke duktus epididimis
tempat spermatozoa disimpan, masuk ke dalam vas deferens. Fungsinya sebagai
saluran penghantar testis, mengatur sperma sebelum enjakulasi, memproduksi
semen, serta sebagai tempat pematangan dan penyimpanan sperma.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Semen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdiri dari sekret epididimis vesika seminalis dan prostrat serta
mengandung spermatozoa yang dikeluarkan setiap enjakulasi, spermatozoa bergerak
dalam semen lingkungan cairan alkalis melindungi dari keasaman. Terdiri dari
90% air yang mengandung 50 – 120 juta sperma per ml. Volume sperma mencapai 5%
volume semen.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kandungan
zat kimia semen :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Fruktosa<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Asam Sitrat<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Spermin<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Seminin<o:p></o:p></div>
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</div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Enzim prosfatase, asam glukoronidase, lisozom,
amilase<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Prostaglandin<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Na, K, Zn, Mg<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Vas deferens<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Adalah sebuah saluran yang berjalan dari
bagian bawah epididimis. Naik di belakang testis,masuk ke tali mani (funikulus
spermatikus) dan mencapai rongga abdomen melalui saluran inguinal,dan akhirnya
berjalan masuk ke dalam pelvis (anfis,Evelyn,hal.327). Berfungsi untuk
menyalurkan sperma yang berasal dari epididimis menuju vesika seminalis.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Saluran
ejakulasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Jumlah sepasang. Berupa saluran pendek
menghubungkan duktus vesikula seminalis dan uretra. Berfungsi untuk menampung
semen yang akan dikeluarkan pada waktu ejakulasi. Bagian ini mengandung otot
polos yang berfungsi memberi tekanan pada kantong sehingga sperma dapat memancar
dengan kuat<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Uretra<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Merupakan saluran kemih pada pria yang
sekaligus merupakan saluran ejakulasi. pengeluaran urin tidak bersamaan dengan
ejakulasi karena diatur dengan kegiatan kontraksi prostat. Uretra laki – laki
panjangnya 17 sampai 23 cm. Berfungsi sebagai saluran pembuangan baik pada
sistem kemih atau ekskresi maupun pada sistem seksual. Pada pria, uretra
berfungsi juga dalam sistem reproduksi sebagai saluran pengeluaran air mani.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Uretra pada pria dibagi menjadi empat
bagian, dinamakan sesuai dengan letaknya, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></div>
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• Pars praprostatica, terletak
sebelum kelenjar prostat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
• Pars prostatica, terletak di
prostat.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
• Pars
membranosa, panjang sekitar 1,5 cm dan di bagian lateral terdapat kelenjar bulbouretralis.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
• Pars
spongiosa/ cavernosa, panjang sekitar 15 cm dan melintas di corpus spongiosum
penis.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kelenjar Kelamin<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Vesikula
Seminalis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Adalah dua buah
kelenjar tubuler yang terletak kanan dan kiri di belakang leher kandung
kencing. Bentuknya berupa kantung yg merupakan kelenjar yg berlekuk2. Berwarna
kekuningan dan besifat basa (alkalis). Menyumbang 60% total volume semen.
Salurannya bergabung dengan vasa deferentia,untuk pembentukan saluran
ejakulator (ductus ejaculatorios communis). Sekret vesikula seminalis adalah
komponen pokok dari air mani fungsinya menghasilkan cairan yand disebut
semen.Vesikula seminalis bermuara pada duktus deferens pada bagian yang hampir
masuk prostat, dindingnya tipis mengandung serabut otot dan mukosa. Atau
merupakan kantong semen (mani) yang dindingnya menghasilkan cairan lendir yang
mengandung fruktosa, asam askorbat dan asam amino sebagai makanan dan pelindung
sperma sebelum membuahi ovum. Berfungsi memberi nutrisi sperma dan
prostaglandin membuat otot uterus berkontraksi mendorong sperma mencapai uterus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Kelenjar Prostat<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ukurannya kira-kira sebesar
walnut atau buah kenari besar,letaknya di bawah kandung kencing,mengelilingi uretra.
Terdiri atas kelenjar majemuk,saluran-saluran,dan otot polos. Prostat mengeluarkan
sekret cairan yang bercampur dengan sekret dari testis. Kelenjar prostat
merupakan suatu kelenjar yang terdiri dari 30-50 kelenjar yang terbagi atas 4
lobus yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> a. lobus posterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> b. lobus lateral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> c. lobus anterior<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> d. lobus medial <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Panjang kelenjar
prostat adalah 2-5 cm. Menghasilkan cairan basa berwarna putih susu. Berfungsi
mensekresi cairan: encer spt susu bersifat alkalis u/ menyeimbangkan keasaman
residu urin di uretra dan keasaman vagina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><b>Kelenjar bulbouretralis (Cowper</b>)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br />
Kelenjar bulbouretralis adalah sepasang kelenjar
kecil yang terletak disepanjang uretra, dibawah prostat panjangnya 2 – 5 cm.
Kelenjar Cowper (kelenjar bulbouretra) merupakan kelenjar yang salurannya
langsung menuju uretra. Kelenjar Cowper menghasilkan getah yang bersifat alkali
(basa). Berfungsi untuk menghasilkan sekret (hasil produksi kelenjar) untuk
memberi nutrisi dan mempermudah gerakan spermatozoa.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Fenikulus
spermatikus<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan bangun
penyambung yang berisi duktus seminalis,pembuluh limfe dan serabut-serabut
saraf.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Prostaglandin<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Na, K, Zn, Mg<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Hormon pada reproduksi pria<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Testoteron<o:p></o:p></div>
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Testoteron
disekresi oleh sel-sel Leydig yang terdapat di antara tubulus seminiferus.
Hormon ini penting bagi tahap pembelahan sel-sel germinal. Fungsinya adalah
meningkatkan libido, fungsi imun, energi, dan perlindungan dari osteoporosis.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Pengaruh
testosteron bagi pria lebih besar sebab pria memproduksi hormon testosteron
lebih banyak, yakni sekira 20 kali lipat dari testosteron pada wanita. Bagi
pria, testosteron merupakan hormon seks yang punya peran penting dalam fungsi
seksual,produksi sperma, pembentukan otot, dan intonasi suara.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->LH (Luteinizing Hormone)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LH disekresi oleh
kelenjar hipofisis anterior. Berfungsi merangsang sel-sel Leydig testis untuk
menghasilkan tostesteron.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FSH disekresi oleh
sel-sel kelenjar hipofisis anterior. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berfungsi merangsang perkembangan spermatosit dalam proses
spermatogenesis, khususnya merangsang sel-sel sertoli pada perubahan spermatid
menjadi sperma. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Estrogen<o:p></o:p></div>
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Estrogen
dibentuk oleh sel-sel sertoli ketika distimulasi oleh FSH. Sel-sel sertoli juga
mensekresi suatu protein pengikat androgen yang mengikat testoteron dan
estrogen serta membawa keduanya ke dalam cairan pada tubulus seminiferus. Hormon
ini berperan dalam proses pematangan sperma.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Hormon Pertumbuhan<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Hormon pertumbuhan diperlukan untuk
mengatur fungsi metabolisme testis. Hormon pertumbuhan secara khusus
meningkatkan pembelahan awal pada spermatogenesis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Sperma<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Sperma atau spermatozoa adalah sel
reproduksi laki-laki yang diproduksi oleh testis mulai saat pubertas dan biasanya
berlanjut hingga usia 70-an. Ketika laki-laki mengalami ejakulasi, antara 2
sampai 7 juta sperma meninggalkan tubuhnya (<a href="http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/sperma/">http://kamuskesehatan.com/arti/sperma/</a>).
Dihasilkan oleh tubulus seminiferosa di testis.<o:p></o:p></div>
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Keterangan:<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Kepala<o:p></o:p></div>
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Berbentuk
oval, lebar 2,5-3,5 μm dan panjang 4-5 μm,berisi nukleus yang dilapisi akrosom
(tutup kepala) yang mengandung enzim yang diperlukan untuk menembus ovum.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Bagian
tengah<o:p></o:p></div>
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Mengandung
mitokondria → memproduksi ATP → diperlukan untuk pergerakan<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]-->Ekor<o:p></o:p></div>
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Panjang
50μm,mengakibatkan mobilitas sperma untuk bergerak.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karakteristik
Sperma: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Cairan
sedikit kental<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Volume
3-5 cc<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Lebih
dari 60% sperma bergerak aktif<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Jumlah
sperma 60-100 juta/cc, bila kurang dari 20 juta/cc menunjukan infertilitas
(mandul)<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Courier New"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Courier New";">o<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]-->Jumlah
sperma yang normal harus besar dari 70%<o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Spermatogenesis<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Merupakan pembentukan sperma terjadi di
dalam testis, tepatnya di dalam tubulus seminiferus. Dua sampai tiga lapis
dinding luar tubulus seminiferus merupakan epithelium germinal, sel-selnya
berdeferensiasi menjadi spermatogonia yang merupakan prekusor sperma.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></div>
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Memerlukan waktu 40 hari dari
spermatogonia menjadi sperma matang. Setiap hari beberapa ratus sperma mencapai
kematangan <o:p></o:p></div>
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Spermatogenesis dimulai dari usia 13 tahun (usia pubertas)
berlangsung seumur hidup<o:p></o:p></div>
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Spermatogenesis mencakup tiga tahapan :<o:p></o:p></div>
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1. Proliferasi
mitotik<o:p></o:p></div>
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2. Meiosis<o:p></o:p></div>
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3. Pengemasan<o:p></o:p></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keterangan:
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Spermatogonia
terus-menerus memperbanyak diri dengan membelah secara mitosis. Spermatogonium
(tunggal) mengandung kromosom diploid (2n) atau mengandung 23 pasang kromosom.
Setelah berulangkali membelah akhirnya berubah menjadi spermatosit primer yang
masih diploid. Setelah beberapa minggu, spermatosit primer membelah secara
meiosis (meiosis 1) menjadi 2 buah spermatosit sekunder yang bersifat haploid
(n) atau 23 buah kromosom. Spermatosit sekunder membelah lagi secara meiosis
(meiosis 2) menjadi 4 buah spermatid.<br />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Komponen perilaku seksual pria<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Komponen perilakunya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 187.7pt;" valign="top" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Definsi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-left: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 19.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 187.75pt;" valign="top" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dilaksanakan oleh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 113.05pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #D0D8E8; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 113.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 115.95pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ereksi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D0D8E8; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 113.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 187.7pt;" valign="top" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengerasan
penis yang dalam keadaan normal lemas sehingga penis dapat masuk ke dalam
vagina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #D0D8E8; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 113.05pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 187.75pt;" valign="top" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembengkakan
jaringan erektil penis oleh darah akibat vasodilatasi arteriol penis yang
diinduksi oleh sistem parasimpatis dan penekanan vena secara mekanis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.0pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #E9EDF4; border-top: none; border: solid windowtext 1.0pt; height: 27.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 115.95pt;" valign="top" width="155"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ejakulasi :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
Emisi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">-<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Fase
Ekspulsi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E9EDF4; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 187.7pt;" valign="top" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengosongan
sperma dan sekresi kelenjar seks tambahan (semen) ke dalam uretra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyemprotan
dengan kuat dan ekspulsif semen dari penis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
<td style="background: #E9EDF4; border-bottom: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid windowtext 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 27.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; mso-border-top-alt: solid windowtext .5pt; padding: .05in .1in .05in .1in; width: 187.75pt;" valign="top" width="250"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kontraksi
otot polos di dinding duktus dan kelenjar seks tambahan yang diinduksi oleh
sistem simpatis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kontraksi
otot rangka di dasar penis yang diinduksi oleh neuron motorik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;"> </span></b><!--[endif]--><b>Tahap Ejakulasi<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxTVrovHISWCYRvxkUwN0-R-NpZ0FW4pS-bjQsX55zIi_NQpuEot1PGL_oTsaaKViWUrTnO2vMoVawhZE_hDECBJP2VrFab3qx94r4uG3gmeNBVqHQ-RzK1MRdjy8EubBo7CXDfxGiWPE/s1600/18.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxTVrovHISWCYRvxkUwN0-R-NpZ0FW4pS-bjQsX55zIi_NQpuEot1PGL_oTsaaKViWUrTnO2vMoVawhZE_hDECBJP2VrFab3qx94r4uG3gmeNBVqHQ-RzK1MRdjy8EubBo7CXDfxGiWPE/s1600/18.png" height="310" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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</div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mekanisme Ereksi
dan Ejakulasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ereksi
merupakan salah satu fungsi vaskuler korpus kavernosum di bawah pengendalian
saraf otonom. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pada
kondisi biasa, saraf simpatis menyebabkan kontriksi arteriol yang menuju ke
korpus kavernosa, sehingga aliran darah yang menuju ke sana sedikit. Pada
rangsangan seksual atau yang lain, maka saraf parasimpatis akan menyebabkan
dilatasi arteriol yang menuju ke kavernosa. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sinusoid
pada korpus kavernosa dipenuhi darah, dan vena menjadi tertekan, sehingga darah
tetap berada di sinusoid korpus kavernosa. Penis menjadi keras.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ketika
timbul ejakulasi, saraf simpatis menyebabkan konstriksi arteriol, sehingga
aliran darah yang ke kavernosa mengecil. Darah dari sinusoid korpus kavernosa
mengalir ke vena, penis menjadi lunak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Impuls
simpatis menyebabkan kontraksi peristaltik di duktus testis, epididimis, dan
duktus deferen menyebabkan sperma mengalir ke sepanjang saluran. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Impuls
parasimpatis menyebabkan otot bulbokavernosum berkontraksi secara berirama,
menyebabkan cairan semen keluar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tambahan
dari Pertanyaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebiri<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<br />
Kebiri (juga
disebut pengebirian atau kastrasi) adalah tindakan bedah atau
kimia yang bertujuan untuk menghilangkan fungsi testis pada jantan
atau fungsiovarium pada betina. Pengebirian dapat dilakukan baik
pada hewan ataupun manusia.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
juga yang praktiknya memotong penis dan bahkan ada pula yang dilakukan dengan
memotong penis dan testis sekaligus. (http://hot.detik.com/)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kebiri sifatnya amputasi, yakni pembuangan buah
zakar atau testis sehingga tidak dapat lagi memproduksi sperma dan hormon
testosteron (kejantanan).
(http://thpardede.wordpress.com/2011/02/07/untuk-apa-di-kebiri/)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruhnya
: kehilangan fungsi testosteron (Hormon testosteron berperan penting membangun
sosok laki-laki. Testosteron pula yang membentuk jaringan organ reproduksi
pria, membangkitkan libido, dan produksi sperma. Testosteron juga membangun dan
mempertahankan karakteristik seksual sekunder pria, seperti kepadatan tulang
dan otot, serta menumbuhkan rambut di beberapa bagian tubuh (janggut, kumis,
rambut ketiak, dan rambut di bagian kemaluan), suara yang lebih berat
dibandingkan perempuan, serta mengurangi risiko osteoporosis.)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber:
(http://health.kompas.com/read/2012/07/05/08582546/Bila.Tubuh.Kurang.Testosteron)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Nasib sperma yang tak
dapat membuahi ovum <o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hanya
diperlukan satu dari jutaan sperma yang masuk ke vagina untuk membuahi sel
telur. Meski cuma satu, tapi sperma harus berjuang keras untuk melakukan
pembuahan. Sperma harus melakukan perjalanan panjang, di mana dalam
perjalanannya, sperma bisa saja mati. Kendati sudah bertemu sel telur pun,
sperma tidak bisa dengan mudah melakukan penetrasi.<br /><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">"Ada juga sperma yang enggak bisa bertemu sel telur pertama karena memang
rusak kedua karena di mulut rahim itu ada lendir alamiah yang mengandung
antibodi," kata dr Johannes Soedjono, M.Kes., SpAnd, spesialis andrologi
Unit Kesehatan Reproduksi/Andrologi RS AL Dr Ramelan, Surabaya, dalam
perbincangan dengan detikHealth dan ditulis pada Rabu (9/10/2013). Jadi saat sperma
masuk ke mulut rahim dan dianggap sebagai musuh atau benda asing, antibodi di
sel telur bisa saja justru membunuh sperma. Nah, sperma yang mati akan terserap
oleh tubuh dan ada juga yang dalam beberapa waktu sperma yang gagal bertemu sel
telur ini diam di dalam vagina. "Lalu waktu si wanita berdiri, akan keluar
cairan. Itu bukan sperma yang bagus yang keluar, tapi yang gagal atau yang
rusak tadi," sambung dr Nugroho.<br /><br />
</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Saat dihubungi terpisah, seksolog dr Andri Wanananda, MS mengatakan waktu yang
diperlukan sperma untuk bisa menembus sel telur itu relatif. Beberapa literatur
menyebut pada kondisi yang ideal, sperma dapat hidup antara 3 sampai 6 hari di
dalam tubuh perempuan. "Sperma bisa gagal karena ada gangguan hormon atau
kondisi spermanya yang tidak baik, maka dia akan mati, punah, bisa terserap
dalam tubuh atau dikeluarkan melalu vagina si wanita," ucap dr Andri. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sumber:
(http://health.detik.com/read/2013/10/09/153138/2382585/775/beginilah-nasib-sperma-yang-tidak-bisa-membuahi-sel-telur)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANATOMI FISIOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 20.0pt; line-height: 115%;">SISTEM REPRODUKSI
WANITA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disusun oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Amalia Nur Ainina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Inayah Saraswati
Arsya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.</span><span style="color: white; font-family: "Cambria","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: major-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Khalydia Nafisha<br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Aulia Arrum S</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Notulen : <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Dyah Ayu Kirana<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Mega Ernalia Hakim
Putri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Politeknik Kesehatan
Kementrian Jakarta II<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Jurusan Gizi Angkatan
2014<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></u></b>
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<b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sistem Reproduksi Wanita</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">Genetalia Interna</span><br />
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Genetalia Eksterna</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Or</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">gan atau alat kelamin yang tampak dari luar, dapat
dilihat bila wanita dalam posisi litotomi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mons Vineris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Labia Mayora</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Labia Minora</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klitoris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hymen (Selaput dara)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l81 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vestibulum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCs2ritpnAKFPGJNKcBeLQae99l2gmzMpl-iTgU5lf06NzWcqeQlIrGvAp64sayfU0O2N_LYGEU-TUwr6_wNr0KvlVz9uA8SA5mNsdosCIod2AY9_PHiz3IXUzm5gN-e0UnaTq2Qr9zmA/s1600/19.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCs2ritpnAKFPGJNKcBeLQae99l2gmzMpl-iTgU5lf06NzWcqeQlIrGvAp64sayfU0O2N_LYGEU-TUwr6_wNr0KvlVz9uA8SA5mNsdosCIod2AY9_PHiz3IXUzm5gN-e0UnaTq2Qr9zmA/s1600/19.png" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mons Vineris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mons Veneris merupakan bagian
yang menonjol dan terdiri dari jaringan lemak yang menutupi bagian depan
simpisis pubis, dan setelah masa pubertas kulit mons veneris akan di tumbuhi
oleh rambut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Labia Mayora</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Labia mayora berbentuk lonjong
dan menonjol, berasal dari mons veneris dan berjalan ke bawah dan belakang.
Yaitu dua lipatan kulit yang tebal membentuk sisi vulvadan terdiri dari kulit,
lemak, pembuluh darah, jaringan otot polos dan syaraf. Labia mayora sinistra
dan dextra bersatu di sebelah belakangdan merupakan batas depan dari perinium,
yang disebut commisura posterior (frenulum), dan panjangnya kira-kira 7, 5 cm.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Labia Minora</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Labia minora merupakan lipatan
sebelah medial dari labia mayora dan merupakan lipatan kecil dari kulit
diantara bagian superior labia mayora. Sedangkan labianya mengandung jaringan
erektil. Kedua lipatan tersebut bertemu dan membentuk superior sebagai
preputium klitoridis pada bagian superior dan inferior sebagai klitoridis pada
bagian inferior</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klitoris</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Klitoris merupakan sebuah
jaringan erektil kecil, banyak mengandung urat-urat syaraf sensoris yang
dibentuk oleh suatu ligamentum yang bersifat menahan ke depan simpisis pubis
dan pembuluh darah. Panjangnya kurang lebih 5 cm. klitoris identik dengan penis
tetepi ukurannya lebih kecil dan tak ada hubungannya dengan uretra</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hymen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hymen adalah diafragma dari
membrane yang tipis dan menutupi sebagian besar introitus vagina, di tengahnya
terdapat lubang dan melalui lubang tersebut kotoran menstruasi dapat mengalir
keluar. Biasanya hymen berlubang sebesar jari, letaknya di bagian mulut vagina
memisahkan genitalia eksterna dan interna.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vestibulum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vestibulum merupakan rongga
yang sebelah lateralnya dibatasi oleh kedua labia minora, anterior oleh
klitoris, dorsal oleh fourchet. Pada vestibulum terdapat muara-muara dari
vagina uretra dan terdapat juga 4 lubang kecil yaitu: 2 muara dari kelenjar
Bartholini yang terdapat disamping dan agak kebelakang dari introitut vagina, 2
muara dari kelenjar skene disamping dan agak dorsal dari uretra.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Genetalia
Interna</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Genetalia interna wanita
merupakan organ atau alat kelamin yang tidak tampak dari luar, terletak di
bagian dalam dan dapat dilihat dengan alat khusus atau pembedahan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Terdiri dari :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vagina</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Uterus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tuba Fallopi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l50 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ovarium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifeEhjs5W96FUWpvas2SCea2HPa-QtTIqSRlwxhS9JPXdLOtwHdl8M8f58qUhzIqElmGa9wijkbBc3nQGXEmUyGDp43OAbsDyaQynCx0nQq9SFu5DqkUJtf6cZb7AsJZ3DTiMxz4iDf-Q/s1600/20.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifeEhjs5W96FUWpvas2SCea2HPa-QtTIqSRlwxhS9JPXdLOtwHdl8M8f58qUhzIqElmGa9wijkbBc3nQGXEmUyGDp43OAbsDyaQynCx0nQq9SFu5DqkUJtf6cZb7AsJZ3DTiMxz4iDf-Q/s1600/20.jpg" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vagina</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Vagina merupakan saluran yang menghubungkan uterus
dengan vulva dan merupakan tabung berotot yang dilapisi membran dari jenis
epitelium bergaris khusus dan dialiri banyak pembuluh darah serta serabut saraf
secara melimpah. Panjang Vagina kurang lebih 10-12 cm dari vestibula ke uterus,
dan letaknya di antara kandung kemih dan rektum. Vagina mempunyai fungsi yaitu
: sebagai saluran keluar dari uterus yang dapat mengalirkan darah menstruasi,
sebagai jalan lahir pada waktu partus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Uterus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Uterus merupakan alat yang
berongga dan berbentuk sebagai bola lampu yang gepeng dan terdiri dari 2 bagian
: korpus uteri yang berbentuk segitiga dan servix uteri yang berbentuk
silindris. Bagian dari korpus uteri antara kedua pangkal tuba disebut fundus
uteri (dasar rahim).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Bentuk dan ukuran uterus sangat
berbada-bada tergantung dari usia, dan pernah melahirkan anak atau belum. Cavum
uteri (rongga rahim) berbentuk segitiga, melebar di daerah fundus dan menyempit
kearah cervix. Sebelah atas rongga rahim brhubungan dengan saluran indung telur
(tuba follopi) dan sebelah bawah dengan saluran leher rahim (kanalis
cervikalis). Hubungan antara kavum uteri dengan kanalis cervikalis disebut
ostium uteri internum, sedangkan muara kanalis cervikalis kedalam vagina
disebut ostium uteri eksternum. Dinding rahim terdiri dari 3 lapisan :
Perimetrium (lapisan peritoneum) yang meliputi dinding uteru bagian luar,
Myometrium (lapisan otot) merupakan lapisan yang paling tebal, Endometrium
(selaput lendir) merupakan lapisan bagian dalam dari korpus uteri yang
membatasi kavum uteri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tuba Fallopi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tuba Fallopi terdapat pada tepi
atas ligamentum latum, berjalan kearah lateral, mulia dari kornu uteri kanan
kiri yang panjangnya kurang lebih 12 cm dan diameternya 3-8 mm.
Fungsi tuba yang utama adalah untk membawa ovum yang dilapaskan ovarium ke
kavum uteri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada tuba ini dapat dibedakan menjadi 4 bagian, sebagai
berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pars interstitialis (intramularis), bagian tuba yang
berjalan dalam dinding uterus mulai pada ostium internum tubae.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pars Ampullaris, bagian tuba antara pars isthmixca dan
infundibulum dan merupakan bagian tuba yang paling lebar dan berbentuk huruf S.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pars Isthmica, bagian tuba sebelahkeluar dari dinding
uerus dan merupakan bagian tuba yang lurus dan sempit.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pars Infundibulum, bagian yang berbentuk corong dan
lubangnya menghadap ke rongga perut, Bagian ini mempunyai fimbria yang berguna
sebagai alat penangkap ovum.</span></li>
</ul>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ovarium</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ovarium berbentuk oval dan
terletak pada dinding panggul bagian lateral yang disebut fossa ovarium.
Ovarium ada dua yaitu terletak di kiri dan kanan uterus. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fungsi ovarium adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. Mengeluarkan
hormon progesteron dan esterogen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Mengeluarkan
telur setiap bulan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Ukuran ovarium sekitar 2,5-5 cm x 1,5-3 cm x 0,9-1,5 cm.
Berat ovarium kurang lebih 4-8 gram.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengaruh
Hormonal Wanita</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hormon yang berpengaruh pada
reproduksi wanita adalah hormon estrogen dan progesteron.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek Fisiologis Estrogen</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><br /></span>
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="IN">Merangsang
pertumbuhan semua organ reproduksi, terutama lapisan mukosa dan lapisan otot
tuba uterin, uterus, dan vagina. Estrogen juga menstimulasi pertumbuhan duktus
dan alveoli kelenjar mamae</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN">Mempengaruhi
konfigurasi tubuh total melalui peningkatan pembentukan tulang dan peningkatan
penumpukan lemak.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN">Menyebabkan
produksi sekresi serviks berair jernih yang cenderung memfasilitasi masuknya
sperma ke dalam uterus.</span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l28 level1 lfo59; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Efek Fisiologis Progesteron</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<ul>
<li><span lang="IN">Merangsang
pertumbuhan endometrium uterus lebih lanjut untuk mempersiapkan terhadap
implantasi ovum yang sudah dibuahi</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN">Merangsang
pertumbuhan dan diferensiasi sel-sel alveolar kelenjar mamae menjadi sel-sel
pensekresi susu.</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN">Meningkatkan
viskositas mukus serviks dan dengan demikian cenderung menghambat masuknya ke
os serviks.</span></li>
</ul>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo60; text-indent: -.25in;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Siklus
reproduksi pada wanita</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. Siklus Oogenesi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">s<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">• Fase
Menstruasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">• Fase praovulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">• Fase
ovulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IT;">• Fase
pasca-ovulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">2. Siklus Kehamilan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">3. Siklus Kelahiran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: FI;">4. Siklus Menopause</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">MENSTRUASI
DAN KEHAMILAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Siklus Menstruasi</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada pengertian klinik,haid
dinilai berdasarkan tiga hal. Pertama,siklus haid yaitu jarak antara haid hari
pertama haid dengan hari pertama haid berikutnya. Kedua,lama haid,yaitu jarak
hari pertama haid sampai perdarhan haid berhenti ,dan ketiga jumlah darah yang
keluar selama satu kali haid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Haid dikatakan normal bila
didapatkan siklus haid,tidak kurang dari 24 hari,tetapi tidak melebihi 35
hari,lama haid 3 -7 hari,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Haid normal merupakan hasil akhir suatu siklus ovulasi.
Siklus ovulasi diawali dari pertumbuhan beberapa folikel antral pada awal
siklus,diikuti ovulasi dari satu folikel dominan,yang terjadi pada pertengahan
siklus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sekitar 5 -7 tahun pascamenarche,siklus haid relatif
memanjang,kemudian perlahan panjang siklus haid berkurang,menuju siklus yang
teratur normal,memasuki masa reproduksi,masa sekitar usia 20 – 40 tahun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Variasi panjang siklus haid merupakan manifestasi klinik
variasi panjang fase folikuler di ovarium,sedangkan fase luteal mempunyai
panjang yag tetap berkiar antara 13 – 15 hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada usia 25 tahun lebih dari 40 % perempuan mempunyai
panjang siklus haid berkisar antara 25 – 28 hari,usia 25 – 35 tahun lebih dari
60% mempunyai panjang siklus haid 28 hari,dengan variasi di antara siklus haid
15%</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhyphenhyphenTYlPx8xaxDl0j0jlNmMqRTrMG5vTJlM0__G-n_FpREYc55aIF-l8b8DITSWQxEGMKCeSgKR01faM0ZI8UUFKNIYuhSxjHlgX_um0k6moR2bDqeqLc2QG5EJcKPhSAo_RRvB2ijES0/s1600/21.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHhyphenhyphenTYlPx8xaxDl0j0jlNmMqRTrMG5vTJlM0__G-n_FpREYc55aIF-l8b8DITSWQxEGMKCeSgKR01faM0ZI8UUFKNIYuhSxjHlgX_um0k6moR2bDqeqLc2QG5EJcKPhSAo_RRvB2ijES0/s1600/21.png" height="248" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><span lang="IN">Pada awal
siklus (awal fase folikuler) reseptor LH hanya dijumpai pada sel teka,sedangkan
reseptor FSH hanya ada di sel granulosa.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l66 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">LH
memicu sel teka untuk menghasilkan hormon androgen,selanjutnya hormon androgen
memasuki sel granulosa. FSH dengan bantuan enzim aromatase mengubah androgen
menjadi estrogen (estradiol) di sel granulosa.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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<u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan Histologis Pada Ovarium Dalam Siklus Haid</span></u><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l29 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dampak stimulus gonadotropin pada ovarium salah satunya
adalah perubahan folikel,atau folikulogenesis. Selama satu siklus pertumbuhan
folikel secara berurutan mulai dari awal siklus dibagi menjadi 3 fase,yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fase folikuler</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fase ovulasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l51 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Fase luteal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu9lJPKJJZwntLHaD9Jwx4Bo7WJ0wKCiJvEUPdq74sUkLucWG4R8N-ZBRDtg7e9AgWgYqZBMogXRj5uWOpi1mPVv0BdK88T3H0cRX3nMs9lHno95ZjCOuJPaswgB5eOx52fh-YbDZzeyk/s1600/22.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhu9lJPKJJZwntLHaD9Jwx4Bo7WJ0wKCiJvEUPdq74sUkLucWG4R8N-ZBRDtg7e9AgWgYqZBMogXRj5uWOpi1mPVv0BdK88T3H0cRX3nMs9lHno95ZjCOuJPaswgB5eOx52fh-YbDZzeyk/s1600/22.png" height="251" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Fase folikuler</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pada
umumnya fase folikuler berkisar antara 10 – 14 hari.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Selama
fase folikuler didapatkan proses steroidogenesis,folikulogenesis dan
oogenesis/meiosis yang saling terkait.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l54 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pada
awal fase folikuler didapatkan beberapa folikel antral yang tumbuh,tetapi pada
hari ke 5 – 7 hanya satu folikel dominan yang tetap tumbuh akibat sekresi FSH
yang menurun.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l44 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Sebenarnya
folikulogenesis sudah mulai jauh hari sebelum awal siklus,diawali dari :</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Folikel
primordial</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Folikel
preantral</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Folikel
antral</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l57 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Folikel
preovulasi</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNQ3qtVozvkOhLktWMODqYrZSFMkSN3hyadxb99LrCZOUBLMYZ5pFd9f2bPOMwkMhi58FUmw1y2-bpk4roRBY0hqyknI4px9f1c4wkHfdIaohojZRK7TnWUPA_CwkWIL7A8joxUYXgN0/s1600/23.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNNQ3qtVozvkOhLktWMODqYrZSFMkSN3hyadxb99LrCZOUBLMYZ5pFd9f2bPOMwkMhi58FUmw1y2-bpk4roRBY0hqyknI4px9f1c4wkHfdIaohojZRK7TnWUPA_CwkWIL7A8joxUYXgN0/s1600/23.jpg" height="242" width="320" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Fase Ovulasi</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Lonjakan
LH sangat penting untuk proses ovulasi pasca keluarnya oosit dan folikel.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Lonjakan
LH dipicu oleh kadar estrogen yang tinggi yang dihasilkan oleh folikel
preovulasi.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Dengan
kata lain,stimulus dan kapan ovulasi bakal terjadi ditentukan sendiri oleh
folikel preovulasi.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ovulasi
diperkirakan terjadi 24-36 jam pasca puncak kadar estrogen dan 10-12 jam pasca
puncak LH. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Lonjakan
LH digunakan sebagai petanda/indikator untuk menentukan waktu kapan
diperkirakan ovulasi bakal terjadi</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l79 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ovulasi
terjadi sekitar 34-36 jam pascaawal lonjakan</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit9pV2DZJHD0VI5dqmSJgyRw9x45mPIAvSPABS3VyGKRxbsszjsRkTvrTb1WbAR5e1hWkKaVdDwK1l2r5ymGTqn_h_tZ_FC655sVugLVlvb7pfFuE6JBd9LSlzKLNCr3HwUAzWFftf4Ko/s1600/24.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEit9pV2DZJHD0VI5dqmSJgyRw9x45mPIAvSPABS3VyGKRxbsszjsRkTvrTb1WbAR5e1hWkKaVdDwK1l2r5ymGTqn_h_tZ_FC655sVugLVlvb7pfFuE6JBd9LSlzKLNCr3HwUAzWFftf4Ko/s1600/24.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l45 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Fase Luteal</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Menjelang
dinding folikel “pecah” dan oosit keluar saat ovulasi,sel granulosa
membesar,timbul vakuol dan penumpukan pigmen kuning,lutein proses
luteinisasi,yang kemudian dikenal sebgai korpus luteum.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Selama
3 hari pascaovulasi,sel granulosa terus membesar membentuk korpus luteum
bersama sel teka dan jaringan stroma disekitarnya.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l69 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Vaskularisasi
yang cepat,luteinisasi dan membrane basalis yang menghilang,menyebabkan sel
yang membentuk korpus luteum sulit dibedakan asal muasalnya.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kehamilan</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Proses
kehamilan terdiri dari ovulasi yaitu proses peepasan ovum yang dipengaruhi oleh
sistem hormonal yang kompleks,terjadi migrasi spermatozoa dan ovum,terjadi
konsepsi dan perkembangan zigot,terjadi nidasi(implantasi) pada
uterus,pembentukan plasenta,tumbuh kembang hasil konsepsi dampai aterm
(Prawirohardjo,2007)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Proses
permulaan kehamilan ketika bersatunya sel telur (ovum) dan sperma atau disebut
fertilisasi. Ovum yang telah dibuahi ini segera membelah diri sampai stadium
morula selama 3 hari dan bergerak kearah rongga rahim oleh rambut getar tuba
(silia) dan kontraksi tuba, hasil konsepsi tiba dalam kavum uteri pada tingkat
blastula ( Prawirahardjo, 2005 ).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Hasil
konsepsi akan menanamkan dirinya dalam endometrium (nidasi). Ketika blastula
mencapai rongga rahim, endometrium berada dalam masa sekresi sehingga blastula
dengan bagian yang berisi massa sel dalam akan mudah masuk kedalam desidua,
menyebabkan luka kecil yang kemudian sembuh dan menutup lagi (Prawirohardjo,
2007).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Apabila
nidasi telah terjadi, maka dimulailah diferensiasi sel-sel blastula. Kemudian
blastula akan berkembang menjadi janin. Untuk mencukupi kebutuhan janin maka
dibentuklah plasenta. Plasenta terbentuk lengkap pada kehamilan kurang lebih 16
minggu, dan berfungsi untuk memberikan makanan pada janin. Respirasi janin,
untuk tempat sekresi bagi janin, dan tempat pembentukan hormon dan juga tempat
menyalurkan segala kebutuhan janin (Varney, 2006).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Didalam
rahim janin juga diproteksi oleh air ketuban, volume air ketuban pada kehamilan
cukup bulan kira-kira 1000-1500 cc, air ketuban berwarna putih keruh, berbau
amis dan berasa amis (Varney, 2006).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l43 level1 lfo13; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Masa
kehamilan yang normal diakhiri dengan pengeluaran bayi yang cukup bulan dari
jalan lahir dan bayi tersebut kuat untuk hidup diluar kandungan (Varney, 2006).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Proses
Adaptasi,Fisiologis dan Psikologis dalam Kehamilan</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<u><span lang="IN">Perubahan Adaptasi
Fisiologis</span><o:p></o:p></u></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Adaptasi
anatomik,dan fisiologik serat biokimiawi yang terjadi pada wanita selama masa
kehamilan yang penek itu begitu besar.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perubahan-perubahan
tersebut segera terjadi setelah fertilisasi dan berlanjut sepanjang kehamilan.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kebanyakan
adaptasi yang besar sekali ini terjadi sebagai respon terhadap stimulasi
fisiologik yang diberikan oleh janin atau jaringan janin,sistem komunikasi
ibu-janin</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo14; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perubahan
akibat kehamilan dialami oleh seluruh tubuh wanita,mulai dari sistem
pencernaan,pernafasan,kardiovaskuler,integumen,endokrin,metabolisme,muskuloskeletal,payudara,kekebalan
dan sistem reproduksi khususnya pada alat genitalia eksterna dan interna.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l46 level1 lfo15; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Sistem Reproduksi dan Payudara</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l36 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Menurut
Prawirohardjo perubahan anatomi dan adaptasi
fisiologi pada sistem reproduksi serta payudara adalah sebagai berikut :</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perubahan
Uterus</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Serviks
Uteri</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Segmen Bawah
Uterus</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kontraksi Braxton-Hikcs</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Vagina dan
Vulva</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ovarium</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo17; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->g.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Mammae </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->a.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perubahan Uterus</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Uterus
akan membesar pada bulan-bulan pertama dibawa pengaruh estrogen dan progesteron
yang kadarnya meningkat.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pada
kehamilan 8 minggu terus membesar,sebesar telur bebek,pada kehamilan 12 minggu
sebesar telur angsa.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pada
16 minggu sebesar kepala bayi/tinju orang dewasa pada kehamilan 28 minggu
tinggi fundus uteri 25cm. Pada 32 minggu 27cm,pada 36 minggu 30cm.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pada
kehamilan 40 minggu TFU turun kembali dan terletak 3 jari dibawah prosesus
xyfoideus</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Berat
menjadi 1000 gram pada akhir kehamilan,ukurannya untuk pertumbuhan janin rahim
menjadi besar,endomterium menjadi desidua,ukuran kehamilan 30x25x20 kapasitas
lebih dari 4000 c.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kehamilan
5 bulan rahim teraba seperti berisi cairan ketuban dinding rahim tipis karena
itu bagian-bagian anak dapat diraba melalui dinding perut dan rahim;terbentuk
sigmen atas rahim (S.A.R) dan Sigmen bawah rahim(S.B.R)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Posisi
rahim dalam kehamilan : awal kehamilan ante atau Ret</span>r<span lang="IN">ofleksi</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Akhir
bulan kedua uterus teraba satu sampai dua jari diatas Symphisis pubis keluar
dari rongga panggul</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Akhir
36 minggu 3 jari dibawah Procesus xypidieus</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .75in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Uterus
yang hamil sering berkontraksi tanpa rasa nyeri juga kalau disentuh pada waktu
pemeriksaan(palpasi) konsistensi lunak kembali.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->b.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Serviks
Uteri</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Perubahan
ditentukan sebulan setelah konsepsi,perubahan kekenyalan,tanda Goodel serviks
menjadi lunak warna menjadi biru,membesar</span><span lang="IN"> </span><span lang="IN">(</span>e<span lang="IN">dema) pembuluh darah meningkat,lendir menutupi osteum uteri (kanalis
servikalis) cerviks menjadi lebih mengkilap (Prawirohardjo,1999)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Glandula
servikalis mensekresikan lebih banyak mucus dan plak bahan mukus yang akan
menutupi kanalis servikalis.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Fungsi
utama dari plak mukus ini adalah untuk menutup kanalis servikalis dan untuk
memperkecil resiko infeksi genital yang meluas ke atas. </span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Menjelang
akhir kehamilan kadar hormone relaksin memberikan pengaruh perlunakan kandungan
kolagen pada serviks (Verrals,2003)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Dalam
persiapan persalinan,<i>estrogen </i>dan hormon plasenta relaksin membuat
serviks lebih lunak.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Sumbat
mucus yang disebut<i> operculum </i>terbentuk dari sekresi kelenjar serviks
pada kehamilan minggu ke-8.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo20; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Sumbat
mucus tetap berada dalam serviks sampai persalinan dimulai,dan pada saat itu
dilatasi serviks menyebabkan sumbat tersebut lepas. Terlihat mucus serviks
merupakan salah satu tanda dini persalinan(Farrer,2001).</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->c.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Segmen Bawah
Uterus</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Segmen
bawah uterus berkembang dari bagian atas <i>kanalis servikalis </i>setinggi <i>ostium
interna </i>bersama-sama <i>isthmus uteri.</i></span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Segmen
bawah lebih tipis dari pada segmen atas dan menjadi lunak serta berdilatasi
selama minggu-minggu terakhir kehamilan sehingga memungkinkan segmen tersebut
menampung <i>presenting part </i>janin.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l59 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Serviks
bagian bawah baru menipis dan menegang setelah persalinan terjadi (Farrer,2001)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->d.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Kontraksi
Braxton – Hikcs</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Merupakan
kontraksi tak teratur rahim dan terjadi tanpa rasa nyeri di sepanjang
kehamilan.Kontraksi ini barang kali membantu sirkulasi darah dalam plasenta
(Farrer,2001)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br />
<!--[if !supportLists]-->e.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Vagina dan Vulva</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Vagina
dan serivks akibat estrogen mengalami perubahan karena adanya hipervaskularisasi
mengakibatkan vagina dan vulva tampak lebih merah,agak kebiruan(livide) disebut
tanda Chadwick.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pada
awal kehamilan,vagina dan serviks memilki warna merah yang hampir
biru(normalnya,warna bagian ini pada wanita yang tidak hamil adalah merah
muda). Warna kebiruan ini disebabkan oleh dilatasi vena yang terjadi akibat
kerja hormon progesteron(Farrer,2001)</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l27 level1 lfo18; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]-->f.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ovarium</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Pada
permulaan kehamilan masih didapat korpus luteum graviditas sampai terbentuknya
plasenta pada kira-kira kehamilan 16 minggu.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Korpus
luteum graviditas bediameter kira-kira 3 cm,lalu ia mengecil setelah plasenta
terbentuk.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Ditemukan
pada awal ovulasi hormon relaxing,suatu immunoreaktive inhibin dalam sirkulasi
maternal.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l55 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Relaxin
mempunyai pengaruh menenangkan hingga pertumbuhan janin menjadi baik hingga
aterm.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: 90.8pt; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">g.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">M</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">ammae</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">somatomammotoprin,estrogen
dan progesteron akan tetapi belum mengeluarkan air susu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada
kehamilan akan terbentuk lemak sehingga mammae menjadi lebih besar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada
kehamilan 12 minggu keatas dari puting susu dapat kelaur cairan berwarna putih
agak jernih disebut kolostrum</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan
pada payudara yang membawa kepada fungsi laktasi disebabkan oleh peningkatan
kadar estrogen,progesteron,laktogen plasental dan prolktin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Stimulasi
hormonal ini menimbulkan poliferasi jaringan,dilatasi pembuluh darah dan
perubahan sekretorik pada payudara</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Payudara
terus tumbuh disepanjang kehamilan dan ukuran serta beratnya meningkat hingga
mencapai 500 gram untuk masing-masing payudara.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l60 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Areola
</span></i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">menjadi lebih gelap dan
dikelilingi oleh kelenjar-kelenjar sebasea yang menonjol, kelenjar ini terlihat
pada kehamilan sekitar 12 minggu (Farrer,2001)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: 90.8pt; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2.
Perubahan metabolik</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sebagian
penambahan berat badan selam kehamilan berasal dari uterus dan isinya,
payudara, volume darah, dan cairan ekstrseluler. Diperkirakan selam kehamilan
berat badan akan bertambah 12,5 kg. Pada trimester ke2 dan ke3 perempuan dengan
gizi baik dianjurkan untuk menambah BB perminggu 0,4 kg, gizi kurang 0,5 kg,
gizi lebih 0,3 kg.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan
metabolisme dalam tubuh terutama Metabolisme basal naik sebesar 15% sampai 20%
dari semula, terutama pada trimester ketiga. Keseimbangan asam basa mengalami
penurunan dari 155 mEq per liter menjadi 145 mEq per liter disebabkan
hemodilusi darah dan kebutuhan mineral yang diperlukan janin. Kebutuhan protein
wanita hamil makin tinggi untuk pertumbuhan dan perkembangan janin,
perkembangan organ kehamilan dan persiapan laktasi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l75 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Dalam
makanan diperlukan protein tinggi sekitar ½ gr/kg BB atau sebutir telur ayam
sehari. Kebutuhan kalori didapat dari karbohidrat, lemak dan protein. Kebutuhan
zat mineral untuk ibu hamil adalah Kalsium 1,5 gram setiap hari, 30 sampai 40
gram untuk pembentukan tulang janin. Fosfor, rata-rata 2 gram dalam sehari. Zat
besi, 800 mg atau 30 sampai 50 mg sehari. Air, ibu hamil memerlukan air cukup
banyak dan dapat terjadi retensi air.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; tab-stops: 90.8pt; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3.
Sirkulasi darah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sirkulasi
darah ibu dalam kehamilan dipengaruhi oleh adanya sirkulasi ke plasenta, uterus
yang membesar dengan pembuluh-pembuluh darah yang membesar pula, mamma dan
alat-alat yang memang berfungsi berlebihan dalam kehamilan. Volume darah ibu
dalam kehamilan bertambah secara fisiologik dengan adanya pencairan darah yang
disebut hidremia. Volume darah akan bertambah banyak, kira-kira 25%, dengan
puncak kehamilan 32 minggu, diikuti dengan cardiac output yang meninggi
sebanyak kira-kira 30%.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l73 level1 lfo26; tab-stops: list .5in left 90.8pt; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Eritropoesis
dalam kehamilan juga meningkat untuk memenuhi keperluan transpor zat asam yang
dibutuhkan sekali dalam kehamilan. Meskipun ada peningkatan dalam volume
eritrosit secara keseluruhan, tetapi penambahan volume plasma jauh lebih besar,
sehingga konsentrasi hemoglobin dalam darah menjadi lebih rendah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4.
Sistem respirasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l35 level1 lfo27; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Seorang wanita hamil pada kelanjutan kehamilannya tidak
jarang mengeluh tentang rasa sesak dan pendek nafas. Hal ini ditemukan pada
kehamilan 32 minggu ke atas oleh karena usus-usus tertekan oleh uterus yang
membesar ke arah diafragma, sehingga diafragma kurang leluasa bergerak. Untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan oksigen yang meningkat kira-kira 20%, seorang wanita hamil
selalu bernafas lebih dalam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5. Traktus digestivus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karena pengaruh estrogen, pengeluaran asam lambung
meningkat yang dapat menyebabkan :pengeluaran air liur berlebihan
(hipersalivasi), daerah lambung terasa panas, terjadi mual dan sakit/pusing
kepala terutama pagi hari, yang disebut morning sicknes, muntah yang terjadi
disebut emesis gravidarum,muntah berlebihan sehingga menggangu kehidupan
sehari-hari, disebut hiperemesis gravidarum, progesteron menimbulkan gerak usus
makin berkurang dan dapat menyebabkan obstipasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">6. Traktus urinarius</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karena pengaruh desakan hamil muda dan turunnya kepala
bayi pada hamil tua terjadi gangguan miksi dalam bentuk sering kencing.
Filtrasi pada glomerulus bertambah sekitar 69-70%. Pada kehamilan ureter
membesar untuk dapat menampung banyaknya pembentukan urine, terutama pada
ureter kanan karena peristaltik ureter terhambat karena pengaruh progesteron.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">7. Kulit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada kulit terdapat deposit pigmen dan hiperpigmentasi
alat-alat tertentu. Pigmentasi ini disebabkan oleh peningkatan melanophore
stimulating hormone (MSH) yang dikeluarkan oleh lobus anterior hipofisis.
Kadang-kadang terdapat deposit pigmen pada dahi, pipi dan hidung, dikenal
sebagai kloasma gravidarum. Di daerah leher sering terdapat hiperpigmentasi
yang sama, juga di areola mamma. Linea alba pada kehamilan menjadi hitam,
dikenal sebagai linea grisera. Tidak jarang dijumpai kulit perut seolah-olah
retak-retak, warnanya berubah agak hiperemik dan kebiru-biruan, disebut striae
livide.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan dan
Adaptasi Psikologis dalam masa Kehamilan</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selama kehamilan kebanyakan ibu mengalami perubahan
psikologis dan emosional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis dan emosional ini tampaknya
berhubungan dengan perubahan biologis yang dialami ibu selama kehamilan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l77 level1 lfo31; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Emosi ibu hamil cenderung labil.Reaksi yang ditunjukkan
terhadap kehamilan dapat saja berlebihan dan mudah berubah-ubah</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG
MEMPENGARUHI KEHAMILAN</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. <b>Faktor-faktor Fisik yang
Memengaruhi Kehamilan</b></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Wanita hamil akan mengalami perubahan fisik selama
kehamilannya, dimana perubahan ini terjadi karena adanya adaptasi terhadap
pertumbuhan janin dalam rahim dan dapat juga dipengaruhi oleh hal-hal yang
berhubungan dengan fisik ibu sebelum dan selama hamil. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">a. Faktor Usia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1)Segi negatif kehamilan di
usia tua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">–<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kondisi fisik ibu hamil dengan usia lebih dari 35 tahun
akan sangat menentukan proses kelahirannya. Hal ini turut memengaruhi kondisi
janin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">–<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pada proses pembuahan, kualitas sel telur perempuan pada
usia ini telah menurun jika dibandingkan dengan sel telur pada perempuan dengan
usia reproduksi sehat (25-30 tahun)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo33; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">–<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kontraksi uterus juga sangat dipengaruhi oleh kondisi
fisik ibu. Jika ibu mengalami penurunan kondisi, terlebih pada primitua (hamil
pertama dengan usia lebih dari 40 tahun), keadaan ini harus benar-benar
diwaspadai.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Segi positif hamil di usia
tua</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
<ul>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kepuasan peran sebagai ibu</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Merasa lebih siap</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengetahuan mengenai perawatan kehamilan dan bayi lebih baik</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Rutin melakukan pemeriksaan kehamilan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mampu mengambuil keputusan</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Karir baik, status ekonomi lebih baik</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perkembangan intelektual anak lebih tinggi</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Periode menyusui lebih lama</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Toleransi pada kelahiran lebih besar</span></li>
</ul>
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<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">b. Riwayat Kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Penyakit yang pernah diderita
ibu dapat memengaruhi<span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="line-height: 18.3999996185303px;"> </span></span></span>kehamilannya. Sebagai
contoh penyakit yang akan memengaruhi dan dapat dipicu dengan adanya
kehamilan adalah :</div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 1. Hipertensi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 2. Penyakit Jantung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 3. Diabetes Mellitus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 4. Anemia</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 5. Penyakit Menular Seksual</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">c.
Kehamilan ganda (Multiple)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">d.
Kehamilan dengan HIV</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br />
2. Status gizi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemenuhan kebutuhan nutrisi yang adekuat sangat mutlak
dibutuhkan oleh ibu hamil agar dapat memenuhi kebutuhan nutrisi bagi
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bayi yang dikandungnya dan persiapan fisik ibu
untuk menghadapi persalinan dengan aman.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selama proses kehamilan bayi sangat membutuhkan zat-zat
penting yang hanya dapat dipenuhi dari ibu. Penting bagi bidan untuk memberikan
informasi ini kepada ibu karena terkadang pasien kurang memperhatikan kualitas
makanan yang dikonsumsinya. Biasanya masyarakat di era sekarang ini lebih
mementingkan selera dengan mengabaikan kualitas makanan yang dikonsumsi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo35; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pemenuhan gizi seimbang selama hamil akan meningkatkan
kondisi kesehatan bayi dan ibu, terutama dalam menghadapi masa nifas sebagai
modal awal untuk menyusui.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Gaya hidup</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Selain pola makan yang dihubungkan dengan gaya hidup masyarakat
sekarang ternyata ada beberapa gaya hidup lain yang cukup merugikan kesehatan
seorang wanita hamil, misalnya kebiasaan begadang, bepergian jauh dengan
berkendara motor dan lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l42 level1 lfo36; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gaya hidup ini akan mengganggu kesejahteraan bayi yang
dikandungnya karena kebutuhan istirahat mutlak harus dipenuhi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Substance abuse</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perokok</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Hamil di luar nikah/ kehamilan tidak diharapkan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4.Faktor Psikologis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 1. Stresor Internal dan
Eksternal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 2. Support Keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 3. Subrainstormingtan
Abuse (substance abuse)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 4. Partner Abuse</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">5.Faktor lingkungan, sosbud dan
ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 1 Kebiasaan dan Adat Istiadat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 2. Fasilitas Kesehatan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> 3.Ekonomi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda –tanda dan gejala
Kehamilan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><br /></span>
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">1. Tanda Mungkin Hamil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perut membesar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Uterus membesar, sesuai dengan umur kehamilan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda Chadwicks, mukosa vagina berwarna kebiruan karena
hipervaskularisasi hormon estrogen</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Discharge, lebih banyak dirasakan wanita hamil. Ini
pengaruh hormon estrogen dan progesteron.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l33 level1 lfo37; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda Goodell, portio teraba melunak.</span><br />
<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda Hegar, isthmus uteri teraba lebih panjang dan
lunak.</span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Tanda Piscaseck, pembesaran dan pelunakan pada tempat
implantasi. Biasannya ditemukan saat umur 10 minggu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Teraba ballotement (tanda ada benda mengapung/
melayang dalam cairan), pada umur 16-20 minggu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Kontraksi Braxton Hicks, kontraksi uterus (perut
terasa kencang) tetapi tidak disertai rasanyeri.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]-->10)<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN">Reaksi kehamilan positif (Lusa, 2009)</span><span lang="IN"> </span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">2. Tanda Tidak Pasti Hamil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Menurut Winknjosastro (2007) wanita hamil terdapat
beberapa tanda atau gejala, antara lain sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Amenorea (tidak haid), gejala ini sangat penting kerena
umumnya wanita hamil tidak dapat haid lagi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l82 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Nausea (enek) dan emesis (muntah), dimana enek pada
umumnya terjadi pada bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan, disertai kadang-kadang oleh
emesis. Sering terjadi pada pagi hari, tetapi tidak selalu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l82 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengidam (menginginkan makanan atau minuman tertentu),
sering terjadi pada bulan-bulan pertama akan tetapi menghilang dengan makin
tuanya kehamilan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l82 level1 lfo39; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">4. Pingsan, sering dijumpai bila berada pada
tempat-tempat ramai. Dianjurkan untuk tidak pergi ke tempat-tempat ramai pada
bulan-bulan pertama kehamialn. Hilang sesudah kehamilan 16 minggu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mammae menjadi tegang dan membesar, keadaan ini
disebabkan oleh pengaruh estrogen dan progesteron yang merangsang Iduktuli dan
alveoli di mammae. Galndula montgomeri tampak lebih jelas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anoreksia (tidak ada nafsu makan), pada bulan-bulan
pertama tetapi setelah itu nafsu makan timbul lagi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sering kencing terjadi karena kandung kencing pada
bulan-bulan pertama kehamilan tertekan oleh uterus yang mual membesar</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Obstipasi terjadi karena tonus otot menurun karena
disebabkan oleh pengaruh hormon steroid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> Pigmentasi kulit
terjadi pada kehamilan 12 minggu ke atas. Pada pipi, hidung dan dahi
kadang-kadang tampak deposit pigmen yang berlebihan, dikenal sebagai chloasma
gravidarum. Areola mammae juga menjadi lebih hitam karena didapatkan deposit
pigmen yang berlebih. Daerah leher menjadi lebih hitam. Demikian pula linea
alba di garis tengah abdomen menjadi lebih hitam (linea nigra).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Varises, sering dijumpai pada triwulan terakhir didapat
pada daerah genetalia eksterna, fossa poplitea, kaki dan betis. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">3. Tanda Pasti Hamil</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Tanda pasti dari kehamilan dalam Prawirohardjo (2007),
dapat ditentukan dengan jalan:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Gerakan janin dalam rahim, terlihat/teraba gerakan
janin dan teraba bagian-bagian janin</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo41; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Denyut jantung janin<br />
Didengar dengan stetoskop Laenec, alat kardiotokografi, alat Doppler.
Dilihat dengan ultrasonografi. Pemeriksaan dengan alat canggih, yaitu
rontgen untuk melihat kerangka janin, ultrasonografi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Diagnose Kehamilan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kehamilan normal dengan gambaran ibu sehat,tidak ada
riwayat obstetri buruk,ukuran uterus sama/sesuai usia kehamilan,pemeriksaan
fisik dan laboratorium normal (Saifuddin,2006)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Kehamilan dengan kondisi kegawatdaruratan yang
membutuhkan rujukan segera. Seperti perdarahan,eklampsia,ketuban pecah
dini,atau kondisi-kondisi kegawatdaruratan lain pada ibu dan
bayi(saifuddin,2006)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara melakukan diagnosis kehamilan antara lain melakukan
Anamnesis diantaranya :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<ol>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">kapan ibu mulai
tidak mendapat haid?</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah ibu mengalami mual muntah ?</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Apakah terjadi pembesaran payudara ?</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pembesaran puting susu ?</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sering buang air kecil ?</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Lesu/lelah/cepat pingsan ?</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pigmentasi kulit ?</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Folikel Montgomery</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Mengidam</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Anoreksia</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Obstipasi</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Epulis</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Varises</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Peningkatan suhu basal badan</span></li>
<li><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Peningkatan saliva</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perubahan warna payudara</span></li>
<li><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Keluarnya kolostrum</span></li>
</ol>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LAKTASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">LAKTASI
:</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Proses pengeluaran dan pembentukan Asi </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">FISIOLOGI
LAKTASI: </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan bagian integral dari daur produksi
manusia dibawah control hormon prolaktin dan oksitosin</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u>
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflek Prolaktin<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> hisapan bayi </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
receptor pada nipple implus </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
nasafagus </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
hipotalamus </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
prolaktin </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
epitel </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
alveoli memproduksi ASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u>
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflek oksitosin ( let down reflek )<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> pituitary posterior </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> oktosin </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kontrasi sel
miopitel dinding alveoli dengan sel mamae </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">Æ</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> ASI meningkat
melalui sisi ductus dan sinus laktiferus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u>
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflek oksitosin meningkat :<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada
rangsangan pada puting susu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melihat
bayi / perhatian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l41 level1 lfo61; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Suara
cemas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u>
<u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflek oksitosin menurun :<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo62;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cemas<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo62;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Takut, sakit<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo62;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kurang PD<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast;">Hormon-hormon yang berperan dalam proses
laktasi:</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo62;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Estrogen :
pembesaran mamae<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l34 level1 lfo62;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Progesteron :<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Perkembangan sistim sekresi mamae<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Pertumbuhan lobulus, pembentukan alveolus baru, perkembangan sekresi dalam sel-sel alveolus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Prolaktin : Merangsang produksi ASI<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Somototropin : Laktogenik ( ringan )<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Glukokorticoid : Mengatur transportasi
ASI selama laktasi<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo63; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]-->Tyroid : Stimulasi nafsu makan
(metabolisme)<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Produksi ASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dalam fisiologi laktasi, prolaktin,
suatu hormon yang disekresi oleh glandula pituitari anterior sangat penting
untuk produksi asi. Selama kehamilan kerja hormon ini terhambat oleh hormon
placenta. Dengan lepasnya atau keluarnya placenta pada akhir proses persalinan.
Maka kadar estrogen & progesterone beransur turun sampai dapat melepaskan
dan mengaktifkannya prolaktin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Terjadinya peningkatan suplai darah
yang beredar lewat payudara dan dapat diextrakan bahan penting untuk
pembentukan air susu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengeluaran air
susu<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dua faktor yang terlibat dalam
mengalirkan air susu dari sel-sel elektrolit kepapilla mamae:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo64; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tekanan
dari belakang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Tekanan globuli yang baru terbentuk
didalam sel akan mendorong globuli tersebut kedalam tubulus laktifer dan
pengisapan oleh bayi Akan memacu sekresi air susu lebih banyak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l52 level1 lfo65; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Reflek
neurohormonal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Apabila bayi di susui akan
menghasilkan rangsangan saraf yang terdapat didalam glandula pituitaria
posterior. Sekresi oksitoksin yang sama akan menyebabkan otot uterus
brkontraksi dan membantu involusi uterus selama puerperium (masa nifas)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemeliharaan
Laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Dua faktor yang terpenting untuk
pemeliharaan laktasi adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l78 level1 lfo66; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rangsangan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bayi yang minum ASI perlu sering
menyusui, terutama pada hari-hari neonatal awal. Penting bahwa bayi difiksasi
pada payudara dengan posisi yang benar apabila diinginkan untuk meningkatkan
rangsangan yang tepat sebagi respon terhadap pengisapan, prolaktin dikeluarkan
dari glandula pituitaria anterior dan dengan demikian memacu pembentukan air
susu yang lebih banyak. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo67; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengosongan
sempurna payudara<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bayi sebaiknya mengosongkan satu
payudara sebelum diberikan payudara yang lain. Apabila bayi tidak mengosongkan
satu payudara yang kedua, maka pemberian air susu yang berikutnya payudara yang
kedua ini yang diberikan pertama kali. Apabila
diinginkan agar bayi benar-benar puas (kenyang), maka bayi perlu
diberikan air susu awal maupun air susu akhir pada saat sekali minum hal ini
hanya dapat dengan pengosongan sempurna pada satu payudara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Apabila air susu yang diproduksi
tidak dikeluarkan maka laktasi akan tertekan (mengalami hambatan) karena
terjadi pembengkakan, alveoli tidak dapat berkontraksi. ASi tidak dapat dipaksa
masuk kedalam ductus lactifer. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Untuk
menghadapi masa laktasi (menyusukan) sejak dari kehamilan telah terjadi
perubahan-perubahan pada kelenjar mamae yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proliferasi
jaringan pada kelenjar-kelenjar, alveoli dan jaringan lemak bertambah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Cairan
susu yang pertama kali keluar dari ductus laktiferus disebut colostrum
bewarna kuning – putih susu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hipervaskularisasi
pada permukaan dan bagian dalam, dimana vena-vena berdilatasi sehingga
tampak jelas<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l61 level1 lfo68; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setelah
persalinan, pengaruh supresi estrogen dan progesterone hilang<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASPEK
KEWAJIBAN PADA LAKTASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dalam
menyusui bayi terpenuhi kebutuhan anak dalam hal :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepuasan
fisik yaitu ASI diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan dirinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepuasan
psikis / rasa aman untuk mengembangkan kualitas prilaku dan kepribadian serta
kemampuan dirinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l31 level1 lfo69; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
belajar karena bayi harus berjuang dalam menyesuaikan mulutnya dengan payudara
ibu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Bagi ibu yang berhasil menyusui
bayinya akan menimbulkan hal-hal sbb :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - Puas, bangga & bahagia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - Naluri keibuan tersaluri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> - Kesempatan terbaik untuk mendidik
anak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI (AIR SUSU
IBU)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persiapan pembentukan
Asi sudah dimulai sejak awal kehamilan status nutrisi ibu dalam kehamilan
mempengaruhi proses laktasi. Tidak diragukan lagi bahwa Asi adalah makan yang
cocok dan tepat untuk bayi dapat dilihat dari komposisi dan manfaatnya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Komposisi Asi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Asi adalah cairan yang alkalis
(basa) berwarna putih kebiruan dengan berat jenis 1,031. rata-rata kandungan
Asi dikumpulkan selama 24 jam :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l38 level1 lfo47; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Protein
1,5%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Jauh lebih mudah dicerna bayi jika
dibandingkan dengan protein ASS, protein dari susu disebut kasein. Kadar
protein yaitu laktoalbumin dan laktoglobulin lebih besar Asi dibandingkan ASS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l65 level1 lfo48; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lemak
3,5%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Asi mengandung lemak jenuh dan lemak
tak jenuh yang sama kadarnya, dapat diabsorbsi oleh bayi secara lebih mudah
dari pada butir-butir lemak yang terdapat pada susu sapi. Diduga karena bayi
telah belajar mengelola kolesterol pada stadium awal ini. Maka terdapat insiden
penyakit jantung yang lebih rendah pada masa dewasanya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo49; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karbohidrat
7,0%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> mengabdung faktor bifidus dan faktor
ini tidak terdapat didalam air susu sapi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo50; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Garam
mineral 0,2 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> natrium dalam kadar yang ideal untuk
bayi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kalsium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> fosfor <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> magnesium <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l40 level1 lfo51; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Zat
besi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kadar zat besi yang rendah tak
mengurangi sifat anti infektif laktoferin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l74 level1 lfo52; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Vitamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> kadar vitamin A, B, C, D dan E lebih
tinggi dibandingkan kadarnya dalam ASS, tetapi lebih sedikit vitamin K dalam
ASI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l68 level1 lfo53; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">n<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Air
78,8%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> nilai kalori 80 kilo joule / 30 ml<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor
pelindung terdapat didalam asi maupun didalam kolostrum<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Imunoglobulin
protektif<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Laktoferin<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lisosom<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor
antitripsin<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l67 level1 lfo70; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor
bifidus<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Manfaat Asi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo71; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><br /></span>
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
mengandung hampir semua zat gizi yang diperlukan oleh bayi dengan komposisi
yang sesuai dgn kebutuhan bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo71; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
mengandung kadar laktosa yang lebih tinggi dimana laktosa ini dalam usus akan
mengalami peragian hingga membentuk asam laktat manfaat asam laktat :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Menghambat pertumbuhan bakteri yang patologis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Mersangsang pertumbuhan mikro organic yang dapat menghasilkan berbagai asam
organic dan mesintesa beberapa jenis
vitamin dalam usus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Memudah pengendapan calsium casenat (protein susu)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
Memudahkan penyerapan berbagai mineral<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l80 level1 lfo72; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
mengandung anti bodi / zat penolak yang dapat melindungi bayi dari berbagai
penyakit infeksi misalnya:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Gastroenteritis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Batuk ringan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Tetanus, dll<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
lebih aman dari kontraminasi, karena diberikan langsung kemungkinan tercemar
zat berbahaya lebih kecil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Temperatur
asi lebih sesuai dengan temperatur tubuh bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Resiko
alergi pada bayi kecil sekali karena tidak mengandung beta laktoglobulin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
membantu pertumbuhan gigi lebih baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
dapat dipakai sebagai perantara untuk menjalin hubungan kasih sayang antara ibu
dan bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
mengandung laktoferin untuk mengikat zat besi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
ekonomis, praktis tersedia setiap waktu pada suhu untuk ideal dan dalam keadaan
segar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l26 level1 lfo73; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Proses
laktasi dapat membantu menjarangkan kehamilan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengeluaran ASI
dapat dibedakan atas :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo74; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kolostrum<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Berwarna kuning jernih dengan protein berkadar tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
mengandung : imunoglubulin, laktoferin, ion-ion ( Na, Ca, K, Zn, Fe ) Vitamin
(A,D,E,K), lemak dan rendah laktosa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">-
Pengeluaran kolostrum berlangsung sekitar dua tiga hari dan diikuti ASI
berwarna putih<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l71 level1 lfo75; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI
transisi (antara)<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> mulai berwarna putih bening, dengan
susunan yang disesuaikan kebutuhan bayi dan kemampuan mencerna usus bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l58 level1 lfo76; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ASI
sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> pengeluaran ASI penuh sesuai dengan
perkembangan usus bayi sehingga dapat menerima susunan ASI sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keuntungan dan
kerugian pemberian ASI<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="square">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo77; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keuntungan
pemberian Asi adalah sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.
Dapat meningkatkan martabat wanita dan sekaligus meningkatkan kualitas SDM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.
Asi disiapkan sejak mulai kehamilan sehingga sesuai dengan kebutuhan tumbuh
kembang bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.
Asi mempunyai kelebihan dalam susunan kimia, komposisi biologis dan mempunyai
substansia spesifik untuk bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.
Asi siap setiap saat untuk diberikan pada bayi dengan sterilisasi yang terjamin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">5.
Asi dapat disimpan selama 8 jam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">6.
Bayi akan terhindar dari beberapa penyakit<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">7.
Ibu yang siap memberikan asi mempunyai keuntungan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terjadi laktasi amenorea, dapat
bertindak sebagai metode KB dalam waktu relatif 3 – 4 bln<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Mempercepat terjadinya involusi uterus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l39 level1 lfo54; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">•<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Melalui Pemberian Asi kasih sayang ibu
terhadap bayi lebih baik sehingga menumbuhkan hubungan bathin lebih sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kerugian
pemberian Asi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Waktu
pemberian asi tidak terjadwal, tergantung dari bayinya<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kesiapan
untuk ibu untuk memberikan Asi setiap saat<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo55; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat
kesulitan bagi ibu yang bekerja diluar rumah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Larangan untuk
memberikan Asi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor
dari ibu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibu
dengan penyakit yg berat, akan menambah beratnya penyakit ibu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibu
dengan pre eklamsia dan eklamsia karena banyaknya obat-obatan yang telah
diberikan, sehingga dapat mempengaruhi bayinya<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyakit
infeksi berat pada payudara<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Karsinoma
pada payudara dapat menimbulkan metastasis<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibu
dengan infeksi virus<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ibu
dengan TBC atau lepra<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Faktor
dari bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="7" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bayi
dalam keadaan kejang-kejang<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bayi
yang menderita sakit berat<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bayi
dengan BBLR rendah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bayi
dengan cacat bawaan yang tidak mungkin menelan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l53 level1 lfo56; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bayi
yang tidak dapat menerima ASI<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hal
diatas untuk memberikan ASI sebaiknya dipertimbangkan dengan dokter anak<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keadaan
patologis payudara<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Yang
memerlukan konsultasi adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Infeksi
payudara<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat
abses yang memerlukan insisi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Terdapat
benjolan payudara yang membesar saat hamil dan menyusui<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l70 level1 lfo57; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Asi
yang bercampur dengan darah<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variasi
dalam komposisi Asi dipengaruhi oleh faktor-faktor sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0in;" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keadaan
kesehatan / gizi ibu<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Tahap
laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Lama
waktu menetekkan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l76 level1 lfo78; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Makanan
ibu sehari-hari<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-indent: .25in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kualitas Asi dan
kemampuan laktasi pada setiap ibu tidak sama. Perbedaan kemampuan laktasi
tersebut dikarenakan hal sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Usia
laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh
kualitas dan kuantitas makanan ibu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan
emosi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Gangguan
dalam pembinaan dan pemeliharaan laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .5in; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo79; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pengaruh
pemberian makanan lain kepada bayi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-left: .25in; mso-background-themecolor: background1;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pembinaan
laktasi dimulai sendini mungkin, jauh sebelum masa laktasi misalnya waktu
remaja atau sekurang-kurangnya pada masa kehamilan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persiapan
mental mencapai keteguhan tekad ibu untuk menyusui bayinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Penyuluhan
tentang manfaat dan keuntungan Asi serta aspek-aspek lainnya tentang menyusui
dan laktasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Perawatan
payudara dan senam untuk kesehatan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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makanan tambahan yang cukup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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saat melahirkan, diusahakan agar membantu persalinan yang sebaik-baiknya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemeliharaan
kemampuan laktasi pada dasarnya diperlukan upaya sbb:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pemeliharaan
kesehatan, khususnya payudara<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Memberikan
kondisi menunjang adanya ketenangan jiwa, bebas dari keresahan dan ketegangan <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menyusui
bayi dengan cara yang baik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Persiapan
memperlancar pengeluaran ASI dilaksanakan dengan jalan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Membersihkan
putting susu dengan air atau minyak, sehingga epitel yang lepas tidak menumpuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Putting
susu ditarik-tarik setiap mandi sehingga menonjol untuk memudahkan isapan bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Bila
putting susu belum menonjol dapat memakai pompa susu atau dengan jalan operasi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Keberadaan
putting susu dalam mulut bayi mempunyai keuntungan:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Rangsangan
putting susu lebih mantap sehingga reflek pengeluaran ASI lebih sempurna<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Menghindari
kemungkinan lecet pada putting susu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Kepuasan
bayi saat menghisap ASI lebih besar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Semprotan
ASI lebih sempurna dan menghindari terlalu banyak udara yang masuk kedalam
lambung bayi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-83227135707472831212015-01-07T15:20:00.002+07:002015-01-11T12:19:00.333+07:00Anatomi Fisiologi Sistem Respirasi dan Suhu Tubuh<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">MAKALAH
ANATOMI-FISIOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">SISTEM
RESPIRASI DAN SUHU TUBUH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNkCV7M7BC2aPB_oz5cRXhCoUykfKz2HToz-YpU6BwUxTTn3H6euTeSVYpOVThUQFCWTx796UJcOGemm9RpGbQYE1gcS3vdzMyH_YDIXEljhdSSlOofiHLRf58gOwm77VwQJF5vA3r18w/s1600/download.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNkCV7M7BC2aPB_oz5cRXhCoUykfKz2HToz-YpU6BwUxTTn3H6euTeSVYpOVThUQFCWTx796UJcOGemm9RpGbQYE1gcS3vdzMyH_YDIXEljhdSSlOofiHLRf58gOwm77VwQJF5vA3r18w/s1600/download.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">DISUSUN
OLEH :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">FISIOLOGI
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ANNASTASYA
VEGA ARMINDA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ASTUTI
CATUR LESTARI NINGSIH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ANATOMI
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">IRHAMNA
FAUZIAH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JIHAN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">NOTULEN
:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">DESY
NEZIA PARAMITHA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%;">LIKE
INGGRID SAMSUDIN<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">JURUSAN GIZI POLTEKKES JAKARTA II<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Jl. Hang Jebat III/F3 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta
Selatan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tahun 2014<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Anatomi Fisiologi Sistem Respirasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pengertian
Respirasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Respirasi
adalah pertukaran gas, yaitu oksigen (O²) yang dibutuhkan tubuh untuk
metabolisme sel dankarbondioksida (CO²) yang dihasilkan dari metabolisme
tersebut dikeluarkan daritubuh melalui paru.Sistem respirasi adalah system
organ yang berfungsi untuk mengambil O2 dariatmosfer ke dalam sel-sel tubuh
untuk mentranspor CO2 yang dihasilkan sel-sel tubuhkembali ke atmosfer.
Organ-organ respiratorik juga berfungsi untuk produksi bicaradan berperan dalam
keseimbangan asam basa, pertahanan tubuh melawan benda asing,dan pengaturan
hormonal tekanan darah.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Anatomi
Fisiologi Saluran Respirasi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sistem
respirasi dibedakan menjadi dua saluran yaitu, saluran nafas bagian atas
dansaluran nafas bagian bawah. Saluran nafas bagian atas terdiri dari: rongga
hidung,faring dan laring. Saluran nafas bagias bawah terdiri dari trakea,
bronkus, bronkiolus, dan paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 85.5pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Saluran Nafas Bagian
Atas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hidung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hidung atau naso
adalah saluran pernafasan yang pertama. Ketika proses pernafasan berlangsung,
udara yang diinspirasi melalui rongga hidung akan menjalani tiga proses yaitu
penyaringan (filtrasi), penghangatan, dan pelembaban. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 63.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 63pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fungsi
hidung manusia dalam sistem pernafasan manusia <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 63.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pada bagian ujung hidung ditunjang oleh tulang rawan
dan pangkal hidung ditunjang oleh tulang nasalis. pada kedua tulang inilah
berguna untuk menghubungkan rongga hidung dengan atmosfer untuk mengambil
udara.Rongga hidung yang tersusun dari sel-sel epitel berlapis dengan bulu-bulu
halus ini semu bersilia yang memiliki sel goblet.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: #e90062; font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 28.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: +mn-cs; mso-fareast-font-family: +mn-ea; mso-font-kerning: 12.0pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Kemudian sel goblet
ini, adalah sel yang menghasilkan lendir yang memiliki fungsi menyaring
debu, melekatkan kotoran pada rambut hidung, dan mengatur suhu udara
pernapasan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 63.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Hidung
terdiri atas bagian- bagian sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bagian
luar dinding terdiri dari kulit. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lapisan
tengah terdiri dari otot-otot dan tulang rawan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 81.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Lapisan
dalam terdiri dari selaput lender yang berlipat-lipat yang dinamakan karang
hidung ( konka nasalis ), yang berjumlah 3 buah, yaitu: konka nasalis inferior,
konka nasalis media, dan konka nasalissuperior.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-GB; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Diantara konka
nasalis terdapat 3 buah lekukan meatus, yaitu: meatus superior,meatus inferior
dan meatus media. Meatus-meatus ini yang dilewati </span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">oleh udarapernafasan ,
sebelah dalam terdapat lubang yang berhubungan dengan tekak yang disebut koana.
<b><i>Fungsi konka</i></b> yaitu untuk <b><i>menghangatkan
udara </i></b>. Apabila udara yg masuk suhunya lebih rendah dari suhu
tubuh , maka darah kapiler akan melepaskan energinya ke rongga hidung ,
sehingga suhu udara yg masuk menjadi hangat.Bulu hidung dan selaput lendir
berguna untuk menyaring kotoran yang masuk hidung bersama dengan
udara pernapasan.Kotoran tersebut dapat berupa debu, kuman, dan cairan. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Dasar rongga hidung
dibentuk oleh rahang atas ke atas rongga hidung berhubungan dengan rongga yang
disebut sinus paranasalis yaitu sinusmaksilaris pada rahang atas, sinus
frontalis pada tulang dahi, sinus sfenoidalis pada rongga tulang baji, dan
sinus etmoidalis pada rongga tulang tapis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pada sinus etmoidalis
keluar ujung-ujung saraf penciuman yang menuju kekonka nasalis . Pada konka
nasalis terdapat sel-sel penciuman , sel tersebutterutama terdapat pada di
bagian atas. Pada hidung di bagian mukosa terdapatserabut saraf atau reseptor
dari saraf penciuman ( nervus olfaktorius ).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Di sebelah konka bagian
kiri kanan dan sebelah atas dari langit-langit terdapatsatu lubang pembuluh
yang menghubungkan rongga tekak dengan rongga pendengaran tengah . Saluran ini
disebut tuba auditiva eustachi yangmenghubungkan telinga tengah dengan faring
dan laring. Hidung juga berhubungan dengan saluran air mata atau tuba
lakrimalis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 76.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Rongga hidung dilapisi
dengan membran mukosa yang sangat banyak mengandung vaskular yang disebut
mukosa hidung. Lendir di sekresi secaraterus-menerus oleh sel-sel goblet yang
melapisi permukaan mukosa hidung dan bergerak ke belakang ke nasofaring oleh
gerakan silia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVO49V40rxIn3bE8rr3VZwl25Nam33OQFi3UlZRxi0BqrTUkMGIXwc8RtMG6yd7p8TORtlBDPcswV3NBvRMe8BRKCO88yJihpuW8Vf2_Y0zB7xPuXC5Asaf91geW5FAQ1I0-NW6h9ry1Y/s1600/HIDUNG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVO49V40rxIn3bE8rr3VZwl25Nam33OQFi3UlZRxi0BqrTUkMGIXwc8RtMG6yd7p8TORtlBDPcswV3NBvRMe8BRKCO88yJihpuW8Vf2_Y0zB7xPuXC5Asaf91geW5FAQ1I0-NW6h9ry1Y/s1600/HIDUNG.jpg" height="181" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 27.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Faring<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 85.5pt; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Merupakan
pipa berotot yang berjalan dari dasar tengkorak sampai persambungannya dengan
oesopagus pada ketinggian tulang rawan krikoid.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hubungan faring dengan organ lain :</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faring dengan hidung disebut choana</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faring dengan mulut disebut isthimus fauchium</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faring kebawah (depan) disebut laring</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Faring kebawah (belakang) disebut oesophagus</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 85.5pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fungsi
nasofaring pada pernapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="margin-left: 103.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Sebagai
saluran udara yang berperan menghangatkan dan melembabkan udara di hidung yang
menuju ke laring dan trakea <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 103.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebagai
drainase untuk mukus yang disekresikan oleh hidung dan kelenjar nasofaring. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian-bagian
faring : </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Naso
Pharing : Sejajar hidung, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Nasofaring
terletak tepat di belakang cavum nasi , di bawah basis craniadan di depan
vertebrae cervicalis I dan II. Nasofaring membuka bagiandepan ke dalam cavum
nasi dan ke bawah ke dalam orofaring. Tubaeusthacius membuka ke dalam didnding
lateralnya pada setiap sisi.Pharyngeal tonsil (tonsil nasofaring) adalah
bantalan jaringan limfe padadinding posteriosuperior nasofaring. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Oro Pharing
: Sejajar mulut, </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Merupakan pertemuan rongga mulut
dengan faring,terdapat pangkal lidah).Orofaring adalah gabungan sistem
respirasi dan pencernaan , makananmasuk dari mulut dan udara masuk dari
nasofaring dan paru.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; margin: 0in 0in 3pt 1.5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -0.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Laringo
Pharing : sejajar laring (pharing laringeal), </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Laringofaring
merupakan bagian dari faring yang terletak tepat di belakanglaring, dan dengan
ujung atas esofagus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Laring
(tenggorok)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">Saluran udara dan
bertindak sebagai pembentuk suara. Pada bagian pangkal ditutup oleh sebuah
empang tenggorok yang disebut epiglotis, yang terdiridari tulang-tulanng rawan </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%;">yang berfungsi ketika menelan
makanan dengan menutup laring.</span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Terletak pada garis
tengah bagian depan leher, sebelah dalam kulit, glandulatyroidea, dan beberapa
otot kecil, dan didepan laringofaring dan bagian atasesophagus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cartilago / tulang
rawan pada laring ada 5 buah, terdiri dari sebagai berikut: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cartilago
thyroidea 1 buah di depan jakun ( Adam’s apple) dan sangat jelasterlihat pada
pria. Berbentuk V, dengan V menonjol kedepan leher sebagai jakun. Ujung batas
posterior diatas adalah cornu superior, penonjolantempat melekatnya ligamen
thyrohyoideum, dan dibawah adalah cornuyang lebih kecil tempat beratikulasi
dengan bagian luar cartilago cricoidea. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cartilago
epiglottis 1 buah. Cartilago yang berbentuk daun dan menonjolkeatas dibelakang
dasar lidah. Epiglottis ini melekat pada bagian belakangV cartilago thyroideum.
Plica aryepiglottica, berjalan kebelakang dari bagian samping epiglottis menuju
cartilago arytenoidea, membentuk batas jalan masuk laring. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 117.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cartilago
cricoidea 1 buah yang berbentuk cincin. Cartilago berbentuk cincin signet
dengan bagian yang besar dibelakang. Terletak dibawahcartilago tyroidea,
dihubungkan dengan cartilago tersebut oleh membrane ecricotyroidea.Cornu inferior cartilago thyroidea berartikulasi dengancartilago tyroidea pada setiap
sisi. Membrana cricottrachealemenghubungkan batas bawahnya dengan cincin
trachea I. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cartilago
arytenoidea 2 buah yang berbentuk beker. Dua cartilago kecil berbentuk piramid
yang terletak pada basis cartilago cricoidea. Plicavokalis pada tiap sisi
melekat dibagian posterio sudut piramid yangmenonjol kedepan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Laring dilapisi oleh
selaput lender , kecuali pita suara dan bagian epiglotis yang dilapisi olehsel
epithelium berlapis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGxYDDDvWi9-CONxVkrEvLWFBrG9JIm1pxIcwsJ2DZLTJsQSsYf5tYqdsAuqrfFROl-Llbi7iA0KyjV41X0cg9nJhyxj2a2gwbQUfPOr1V-5MkGCBTxWgG3Uo_QW5jwT6G3gwdoAqWol4/s1600/LARING.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhGxYDDDvWi9-CONxVkrEvLWFBrG9JIm1pxIcwsJ2DZLTJsQSsYf5tYqdsAuqrfFROl-Llbi7iA0KyjV41X0cg9nJhyxj2a2gwbQUfPOr1V-5MkGCBTxWgG3Uo_QW5jwT6G3gwdoAqWol4/s1600/LARING.jpg" height="240" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">2.Saluran
Nafas Bagian Bawah<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Trachea
atau Batang tenggorok <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Merupakan tabung fleksibel dengan
panjang kira-kira 9-10 cm dengan lebar 2,5cm. Trachea tersusun atas 16 - 20
lingkaran tak- lengkap yang berupan cincintulang rawan yang diikat bersama oleh
jaringan fibrosa dan yang melengkapilingkaran disebelah belakang trachea,
selain itu juga membuat beberapa jaringan otot.Trachea dilapisi selaput lender
yang terdiri dari epitelium bersilia dan sel cangkir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Fungsi trakea <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Respirasi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fungsi utama dari
tenggorokan atau trakea; untuk memungkinkan saluran udara ke paru-paru untuk
respirasi yaitu untuk menghirup udara kaya oksigen dan menghembuskan karbon
dioksida. Ketika menghirup udara, oksigen bergerak ke trakea, kemudian ke
bronkus, kemudian ke bronkiolus, dan kemudian alveoli. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -9pt;">1.</span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -9pt;"> <span lang="EN-GB">Menjaga Badan dari Benda Asing</span></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun fungsi utama
trakea adalah pertukaran udara, itu juga membantu dalam perlindungan dari
mikroba dan zat berbahaya. Trakea, pada gilirannya, mencegah masuknya zat
berbahaya ke bagian yang lebih dalam dari paru-paru, yang akan mendorong
kerusakan.Untuk perlindungan, lumen tenggorokan memiliki lapisan lapisan lendir
lengket yang menjebak zat-zat asing. Ketika terjebak, zat-zat asing ini diusir
ke atas dan baik dapat dikeluarkan dari tubuh sebagai dahak atau tertelan pada
kerongkongan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Termoregulasi</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Meskipun fungsi utama
trakea adalah pertukaran udara, itu juga membantu dalam perlindungan dari
mikroba dan zat berbahaya.Trakea, pada gilirannya, mencegah masuknya zat
berbahaya ke bagian yang lebih dalam dari paru-paru, yang akan mendorong
kerusakan.Untuk perlindungan, lumen tenggorokan memiliki lapisan lapisan lendir
lengket yang menjebak zat-zat asing. Ketika terjebak, zat-zat asing ini diusir
ke atas dan baik dapat dikeluarkan dari tubuh sebagai dahak atau tertelan pada
kerongkongan.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-indent: -0.25in;">BBronchus</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bronchus
yang terbentuk dari belahan dua trachea pada ketinggian kira-kiravertebrata
torakalis kelima, mempunyai struktur serupa dengan trachea dandilapisi
oleh.jenis sel yang sama.Bronkus-bronkus itu berjalan ke bawah dan kesamping ke
arah tampuk paru. Bronkus kanan lebih pendek dan lebih lebar, dan lebih
vertikal daripada yang kiri, sedikit lebih tinggi dari arteri pulmonalis dan
mengeluarkan sebuahcabang utama lewat di bawah arteri, disebut bronckus lobus
bawah.Bronkus kiri lebih panjang dan lebih langsing dari yang kanan, dan
berjalan di bawah arteri pulmonalis sebelurn di belah menjadi beberapa cabang
yang berjalan kelobus atas dan bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Cabang
utama bronchus kanan dan kiri bercabang lagi menjadi bronchuslobaris dan
kernudian menjadi lobus segmentalis. Percabangan ini berjalanterus menjadi
bronchus yang ukurannya semakin kecil, sampai akhirnyamenjadi bronkhiolus
terminalis, yaitu saluran udara terkecil yang tidak mengandung alveoli (kantong
udara).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Bronkhiolus
terminalis memiliki garis tengah kurang lebih 1 mm. Bronkhiolustidak diperkuat
oleh cincin tulang rawan. Tetapi dikelilingi oleh otot polossehingga ukurannya
dapat berubah. Fungsi utama dari bronkiolus adalah menyalurkan udara dari
bronkus ke alveoli, dan untuk mengontrol jumlah udara yang didistribusikan melalui
paru-paru dengan konstriksi dan dilatasi. Dalam rangka untuk mendapatkan
udara ke semua alveoli, bronkiolus harus bercabang yang lebih kecil dan lebih
kecil lagi<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">ü<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Seluruh
saluran udara ke bawah sampai tingkat bronkbiolus terminalis disebut saluran
penghantar udara karena fungsi utamanya adalah sebagai penghantar udara ke
tempat pertukaran gas paru-paru.yaitu alveolus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> C) </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Paru-Paru<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .25in;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Merupakan
sebuah alat tubuh yangsebagian besar terdiri atasgelembung-gelembung kecil(
alveoli). Alveolus yaitu tempat pertukaran gas assinus terdiri dari
bronkhiolus dan respiratorius yangterkadang memiliki kantong udara kecil atau
alveoli pada dindingnya.Ductus alveolaris seluruhnyadibatasi oleh alveoilis dan
sakusalveolaris terminalis merupakan akhir paru-paru, asinus atau.kadang
disebutlobolus primer memiliki tangan kira-kira 0,5 s/d 1,0 cm. Terdapat
sekitar 20 kali percabangan mulai dari trachea sampai Sakus Alveolaris.
Alveolusdipisahkan oleh dinding yang dinamakan pori-pori kohn. Fungsi dasar
alveoli adalah pertukaran gas. Struktur alveoli adalah situs di mana pertukaran
gas selama respirasi berlangsung. Struktur ini dikelilingi oleh kapiler membawa
darah. Pertukaran karbon dioksida dalam darah dari kapiler ini terjadi melalui
dinding alveolus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Paru-paru dibagi
menjadi dua bagian, yaitu <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Paru-paru
kanan yang terdiri dari3 lobus ( lobus pulmo dekstra superior, lobus pulmo
dekstra media, lobus pulmo dekstra inferior) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 58.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -9.0pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.</span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">
Paru-paru kiri yang terdiri dari 2 lobus ( lobussinistra superior dan lobus
sinistra inferior).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Tiap-tiap lobus terdiri
dari belahan yang lebih kecil yang bernama segmen.Paru-paru kiri memiliki 10
segmen yaitu 5 buah segmen pada lobus superior dan lima lobus inferior.
Paru-paru kanan juga memiliki 10 segmen, yaitu 5 buah segmen pada lobus
superior, 2 buah segmen pada lobus medialis, dan 3segmen pada lobus inferior.
Tiap-tiap segmen masih terbagi lagi menjadi belahan-belahan yang bernama
lobulus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Letak paru-paru di
rongga dada datarnya menghadap ke tengah rongga dada /kavum mediastinum.. Pada
bagian tengah terdapat tampuk paru-paru atauhilus. Pada mediastinum depan
terletak jantung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 49.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Paru-paru dibungkus
oleh selapus tipis yang bernama pleura . Pleura dibagimenjadi dua yaitu pleura
visceral ( selaput dada pembungkus) yaitu selaput paru yang langsung membungkus
paru-paru dan pleura parietal yaitu selaputyang melapisi rongga dada sebelah
luar. Antara kedua lapisan ini terdapatrongga kavum yang disebut kavum pleura.
Pada keadaan normal, kavum pleura ini vakum/ hampa udara.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jenis-Jenis
Penapasan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernapasan
dada : tulang rusuk, otot antar rusuk <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Inspirasi
: </span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">otot antar tulang rusuk
berkontraksi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tulang rusuk terangkat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">volume rongga dada akan
membesar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan udara di
dalamnya menjadi lebih kecil daripada tekanan udara luar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">udara masuk ke
paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ekspirasi
: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">otot antar tulang rusuk
relaksasi, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">posisi tulang rusuk
akan menurun,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">volume rongga dada akan
mengecil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">tekanan udara membesar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">udara terdorong ke luar
dari paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 75.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnmycwkORXJep4DdYfuo0HgexviL9Lmuaqsncm2-Q-Yhz9c2zlGPdIdl4Z-L-72kTRFxS2GyUtLcDHkhchnTvjd6EYPm0P-ygi6awyAFx6fK6T4IhByJ7pw1Y32yOrTfZag1u_kxBNNc/s1600/EKSPIRASI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglnmycwkORXJep4DdYfuo0HgexviL9Lmuaqsncm2-Q-Yhz9c2zlGPdIdl4Z-L-72kTRFxS2GyUtLcDHkhchnTvjd6EYPm0P-ygi6awyAFx6fK6T4IhByJ7pw1Y32yOrTfZag1u_kxBNNc/s1600/EKSPIRASI.jpg" height="203" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernapasan perut :
diafragma, otot perut, dan paru-paru.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 28.35pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: 7.65pt;">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Inspirasi :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">otot diafragma
berkontraksi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">posisi diafragma akan
mendatar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: 1.0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">volume rongga dada
bertambah besar tekanan mengecil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">udara masuk ke
paru-paru <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Ekspirasi :</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">otot diafragma
relaksasi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">posisi diafragma
naik/melengkung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">rongga dada mengecil <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">tekanan membesar <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">udara terdorong keluar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3RfWG5AGrh40yWvKMThZMgVgI_LAD9ZvSmohgLbMmhlbHAp80jI_cpq-WDbYHFuzp0IzHfIbyTqN7tQu5o1Eo9mxneraAkVarA8dpU1AJFByoTI8iiD4bQx3e4G23ffb6AMjMKfhnKOk/s1600/INSPIRASI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3RfWG5AGrh40yWvKMThZMgVgI_LAD9ZvSmohgLbMmhlbHAp80jI_cpq-WDbYHFuzp0IzHfIbyTqN7tQu5o1Eo9mxneraAkVarA8dpU1AJFByoTI8iiD4bQx3e4G23ffb6AMjMKfhnKOk/s1600/INSPIRASI.jpg" height="157" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernapasan paru-paru
(eksterna)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O2 dihirup melalui
hidung dan mulut <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O2 masuk melalui trakea
dan pipa brankiol ke alveoli<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Membran alveoli-kapiler
memisahkan O2 dengan darah <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">O2 menembus membran
alveoli-kapiler dan di hisap hemoglobin eritrosit, lalu dibawa ke jantung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pernapasan
jaringan(interna)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah yang telah
menjenuhkan Hb dengan O2 (oksihemoglobin) mengtari seluruh tubuh dan berhenti
di kapiler, bergerak secara lambat <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sel jaringan memungut
O2 dari hemoglobin untuk memungkinkan pernapasan berlangsung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Darah menerima hasil
buangan oksidasi berupa CO 2<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume Udara Pernafasan</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume Tidal (VT)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
Volume udara yang keluar masuk paru-paru sebagai akibat aktivitas pernapasan
biasa (500 cc).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume Komplemen (VK)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
Volume udara yang masih dapat dimasukkan secara maksimal ke dalam
paru-paru <i>setelah</i> inspirasi biasa (1500 cc)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume Suplemen (VS)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
Volume udara yang masih dapat dihembuskan secara maksimal dari dalam
paru-paru <i>setelah</i> melakukan ekspirasi biasa (1500 cc)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Volume Residu (VR)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
Volume udara yang selalu tersisa di dalam paru-paru setelah melakukan ekspirasi
sekuat-kuatnya (1000 cc)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 49.5pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.5pt;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapasitas Vital (KV)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
Volume udara yang dapat dihembuskan sekuat-kuatnya setelah melakukan inspirasi
sekuat-kuatnya (KV = VT + VK + VS) 3500 cc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kapasitasi Total (KT)</span></b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> :
Volume total udara yang dapat tertampung di dalam paru-paru (KT = KV + VR) 4500
cc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertukaran O</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">₂</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dan CO</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Cambria Math","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Cambria Math";">₂</span></b><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 16.35pt;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Saat
kita menghirup udara, O<sub>2</sub> akan bergerak menembus alveolus
paru-paru, lalu diikat dan diangkut oleh darah menuju ke seluruh jaringan
tubuh.Sekitar 97% oksigen yang masuk ke dalam darah akan diangkut oleh
hemoglobin/eritrosit, sedangkan yang 2-3 % lagi akan larut dan diangkut oleh
plasma darah. Oksigen yang terikat dalam Hb dikenal dengan oksihemoglobin (HbO<sub>2</sub>).
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-bipgFsrOi3Bu1CLuisCUf9fO9243NsfHOS5RbCgs7k9W_GjMa3WUdJ2ga-7wsTpwY3YSyQLw6l2g50aClALEqjf3b0px6MXl0LmwawlQBQYAKFtEKUguPQaJGx2KCLyhcwQdpXAEiHM/s1600/ALVEOLUS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-bipgFsrOi3Bu1CLuisCUf9fO9243NsfHOS5RbCgs7k9W_GjMa3WUdJ2ga-7wsTpwY3YSyQLw6l2g50aClALEqjf3b0px6MXl0LmwawlQBQYAKFtEKUguPQaJGx2KCLyhcwQdpXAEiHM/s1600/ALVEOLUS.jpg" height="228" width="320" /></a></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan dan terjadinya
peningkatan suhu tubuh<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">THERMOREGULASI (Pengaturan Suhu
Tubuh)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Memahami konsep pengaturan suhu
tubuh penting karena sangat berguna dalam hal penellitian atau<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">persoalan di klinik, contohnya :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Demam pada penyakit-penyakit <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemberian hypotermic pada pembedahan
jantung <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terapi pada kasus yang disebabkan
panas berlebihan (Heat stroke) atau pada kasus kedinginan yang ekstrem <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masalah-masalah militer (latihan
dilapangan panas terbuka), ruang angkasa, atau ditempat -tempat yang
memungkinkan mempunyai panas yang ekstrem Suhu inti (core temperature)
manusia berfluktuasi + 1 derajat Celcius dalam kegiatan sehari-hari. Misalnya
paling rendah adalah pada waktu pagi hari (jam 4 - 6 subuh) dan mencapai
puncaknya pada sore hari (jam 2 - 3 sore).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRINSIP
PENGATURAN SUHU TUBUH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konsep Core temperature yaitu
dianggap merupakan dua bagian dalam soal pengaturan suhu yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian dalam inti suhu tubuh, yang
benar- benar mempunyai suhu rata-rata 37 derajat Celcius, yaitu diukur pada
daerah (mulut, otot, membrane tympani, vagina, esophagus.(Tr) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bagian luar adalah temperature kulit
+ 1/3 massa tubuh yaitu penukaran kulit sampai + 2 cm kedalam.(Ts) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mekanisme
pengaturan suhu</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kulit –> Reseptor ferifer –>
hipotalamus (posterior dan anterior) –> Preoptika hypotalamus –> Nervus
eferent –> kehilangan/pembentukan panas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">SUMBER PANAS UNTUK SUHU TUBUH<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Metabolisme<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kegiatan
metabolisme tubuh adalah sumber utama dan pembentukan/pemberian panas tubuh.
Pembentukan panas dari metabolisme dalam keadaan basal (BMR) + 70 kcal/jam
sedang pada waktu kerja (kegiatan otot) naik sampai 20%.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila dalam keadaan dingin seseorang
menggigil maka produksi panas akan bertambah 5 kalinya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PELEPASAN PANAS</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penguapan(evaporasi)<br />
Penguapan dari tubuh merupakan salah satu jalan melepaskan panas. Walau tidak
berkeringat, melalui kulit selalu ada air berdifusi sehingga penguapan dari
permukaan tubuh kita selalu terjadi disebut inspiration perspiration
(berkeringat tidak terasa) atau biasa disebut IWL (insensible water loss).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Radiasi<br />
terjadi dalam bentuk gelombang elektromagnetik dengan kecepatan seperti cahaya
radiasi. Bila suhu disekitar lebih panas dari badan akan menerima panas, bila
disekitar dingin akan melepaskan panas. Proses ini terjadi pada permukaan
tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Konduksi<br />
Perpindahan panas dari atom ke atom/ molekul ke molekul dengan jalan pemindahan
berturut turut dari energi kinetic. Pertukaran panas dari jalan ini dari tubuh
terjadi sedikit sekali (kecuali menyiram dengan air)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan
Suhu Tubuh Pada Keadaan dingin</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Ada dua mekanisme tubuh untuk keadaan dingin yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara fisik (prinsif-prinsif ilmu
alam) Yaitu pengaturan atau reaksi yang terdiri dari perubahan sirkulasi dan
tegaknya bulu-bulu badan (piloerektion) erectorvilli <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara kimia yaitu terdiri dari
penambahan panas metabolisme. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan
secara fisik:</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vasokontriksi pembuluh darah</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (cutaneus vasokontriksi)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada reaksi dingin aliran darah pada
jari-jari ini bias berkurang + 1% dari pada dalam keadaan panas. Sehingga
dengan mekanisme vasokontriksi maka panas yang keluar dikurangi atau penambahan
isolator yang sama dengan memakai 1 rangkap pakaian lagi.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Limit blood flow slufts</span></i><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> (Perubahan aliran darah)</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada prinsipnya yaitu
panas/temperature inti tubuh terutama akan lebih dihemat (dipertahankan) bila
seluruh anggota badan didinginkan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b)<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pengaturan
kimia </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pada keadaan dingin, penambahan panas dengan metabolisme
akan terjadi baik secara sengaja dengan melakukan kegiatan otot-otot ataupun
dengan cara menggigil. Menggigil adalah kontraksi otot secara kuat dan lalu
lemah bergantian, secara syncron terjadi kontraksi pada bagian-bagian kecil
seluruh otot. Saat menggigil, kadang terjadi kontraksi secara simultan
sehingga seluruh badan kaku dan terjadi spasme. Menggigil efektif untuk
pembentukan panas, dengan menggigil pada suhu 5 derajat Celcius selama 60 menit
produksi panas meningkat 2 kali dari basal, dengan batas maximal 5 kali.</span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Pearce,
Evelyn C. 2014. <i>Anatomi dan Fisiologi
untuk Paramedis.</i> Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB"><a href="http://www.scribd.com/doc/28022703/Anatomi-Dan-Fisiologi-Respirasi"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">http://www.scribd.com/doc/28022703/Anatomi-Dan-Fisiologi-Respirasi</span></a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Syaifudin.Untuk
Siswa Perawat. Buku Kedokteran (EGC)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Buku
ANATOMI DAN FISIOLOGI UNTUK PARAMEDIS karangan Evelyn C. Pearce<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Anatomi
Fisiologi Sistem Pernafasan Ppt - by makanan sehat – Newsvine.htm<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-12379581832850792462015-01-07T14:36:00.003+07:002015-01-07T14:39:48.375+07:00<br />
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FISIOLOGI<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 36.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sistem
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn0M5IjDzFPNixjfm68cCytkxacMOeL8jnetM9uvUi86wCJhiUn8HEic5L81S4ECzDM0Ny1hgRcdks-dgG7fN0GKgftRoa3pND0piS3fbCAycbtFzm3_wBcErm9fTtpBaRGq9r2A08sXI/s1600/lambang.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn0M5IjDzFPNixjfm68cCytkxacMOeL8jnetM9uvUi86wCJhiUn8HEic5L81S4ECzDM0Ny1hgRcdks-dgG7fN0GKgftRoa3pND0piS3fbCAycbtFzm3_wBcErm9fTtpBaRGq9r2A08sXI/s1600/lambang.jpg" /></a></div>
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<o:p> </o:p><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Disusun
Oleh :</span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u>Anatomi</u></span></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Aulia
Arrum Sari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Khalydia
Nafisha<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><u>Fisiologi</u></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dinda
Putri Puspita D<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Medita
Dwi Rasna C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">GIZI
D IV A<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Dosen
: Dr.Maria Poppy Herlianty M.Epd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>Notulen :</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Amanah Rachmawati</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Innelina Purnamasari</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">A.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian sistem pencernaan</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="text-indent: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistem
pencernaan adalah sistem yang berurusan dengan penerimaan makanan dan
mempersiapkannya untuk diasimilasi tubuh. sistem ini memiliki fungsi untuk
menyediakan makanan, air, dan elektrolit bagi tubuh dari nutrient yang dicerna
sehingga siap diabsorpsi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Organ-organ sistem pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Organ utama: mulut, pharing, esophagus, lambung, usus
halus, usus besar dan anus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Organ assesoris: gigi, lidah, kelenjal saliva, hepar,
kantung empedu dan pancreas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l20 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">RONGGA MULUT<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mulut adalah
rongga lonjong pada permulaan saluran pencernaan. Mulut terdiri atas 2 bagian,
yaitu bagian luar atau <i>vestibula,</i>
yaitu ruang diantara gusi setra gigi dengan bibir dan pipi, dan bagian dalam
yaitu rongga yang dibatsi sisi-sisinya oleh tulang maksilaris dan semua gigi,
dan di bagian belakang berhububungan dengan awal faring.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUsSRhmKtS9Xr0yeeP61htfnUNaoX_k7RSau-6wrEJOWllX9GKRWn7TUQblz32GzB4KmMELpT6GZOhw6oOgm08aVrzvA74umxCBvUCrC_12C6_fgBoxQJnzglukWqhViIDpBvv7MGyfD8/s1600/ringga+mulut.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUsSRhmKtS9Xr0yeeP61htfnUNaoX_k7RSau-6wrEJOWllX9GKRWn7TUQblz32GzB4KmMELpT6GZOhw6oOgm08aVrzvA74umxCBvUCrC_12C6_fgBoxQJnzglukWqhViIDpBvv7MGyfD8/s1600/ringga+mulut.jpg" height="247" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Fungsi utama
mulut adalah untuk menghancurkan makanan sehingga ukurannya cukup kecil untuk
dapat ditelan ke dalam perut. Mulut dapat menghaluskan makanan karena di dalam
mulut terdapat gigi dan lidah.</span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gigi<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Manusia memiliki dua set gigi. Set
pertama adalah gigi desidua atau gigi primer atau gigisusu yang muncul pada tahun
pertama yang berjumlah 20 buah. Set kedua adalah gigi permanen yang mulai
mengalami pergantian dari gigi susu pada sekitar usia 6 tahun dan berjumlah 32
buah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 16.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Setiap gigi terdiri atas 3 bagian<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Mahkota (corona): Merupakan jarinagan keras yang
tampak di atas gusi dan secara struktur terdiri atas:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l12 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Email: jaringan keras yang mengalami klasifikasi
yang menutupi dentin dari mahkota gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Denti: jaringan ikat yang mengalami klasifikasi
dan jaringan terbesar dari gigi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Pulp: sebagai pemberi bentuk, sensori,
nutrisi dan defensif. Pada rongga pulpa terdapat jaringan saraf dan pembuluh darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Akar (radix): Merupakan bagian yang tertanam pada
tulang rahang. Akar gigi melekat pada tulang rahang dengan perntara semen gigi.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. leher (collum): Pada bagian tengah semua bagian
leher terdapat pulpa dan tepat di bagian luar pulpa terdapat dentin yang
membentuk bagian utama gigi. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Ada 4 tipe gigi berdasarkan bentuk yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. incisivus (seri): mempunyai mahkota berbentuk
runcing, sehingga membentuk tepi terpotong yang tajam <i>untuk menggigi tmakanan.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. caninus (taring): memiliki mahkota berbentuk
kerucut yang besar <i>berfungsi merobek atau
mencabik makanan.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. premolar (gerahamdepan): mempunyai makhota
berbentuk hamper bulat <i>untuk menggiling
makanan.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4. molar (gerahambelakang): mempunya igigi paling
besar yang <i>befungi mengunyah dan
melumatmakanan.<o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQG-AksFwHCKlTzSstyH4jqCTktxo-S3g4cGUr-Q2NH-8vA97naZBY19__nQxtY_SHzVlSUIDgDOwXeE5gM38MyAT0uFbgNnxtSfAfs9_GjOP9zpZ4VfvmUq5JfkopVb0-6O_dg2Kot8/s1600/gigi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzQG-AksFwHCKlTzSstyH4jqCTktxo-S3g4cGUr-Q2NH-8vA97naZBY19__nQxtY_SHzVlSUIDgDOwXeE5gM38MyAT0uFbgNnxtSfAfs9_GjOP9zpZ4VfvmUq5JfkopVb0-6O_dg2Kot8/s1600/gigi.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyQ-CChEHOcLsidsDZUveD7doy_t2vM8BgaafmMMEl0LmLymIT1IBC2eK4L4OxDr9yuHiBYeKpUPBwKvt_BJZu21ffw_p8A2zELiG51J4_9CMVktLeOvvnSy0GOxRudfbl99PAfIdcmI8/s1600/struktur+gigi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyQ-CChEHOcLsidsDZUveD7doy_t2vM8BgaafmMMEl0LmLymIT1IBC2eK4L4OxDr9yuHiBYeKpUPBwKvt_BJZu21ffw_p8A2zELiG51J4_9CMVktLeOvvnSy0GOxRudfbl99PAfIdcmI8/s1600/struktur+gigi.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lidah</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lidah sebagian besar terdiri atas
otot. Pada permukaan atas lidah banyak terdapat ribuan tonjolan kecil yang
disebut dengan <i>papilla</i>, yang banyak terdapat rangkaian kompleks saraf
yang membentuk alat indra pengecap dan peraba. Pada permukaan atas papilla
terdapat selaput lendir. Lidah seseorang berbentuk bulat memanjang. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 35.45pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.35pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam keadaan tertentu, lidah dapat
dijulurkan memanjang.Lidah berfungsi untuk mengaduk makanan di dalam rongga
mulut dan membantu mendorong makanan (proses penelanan) serta menghasilkan
kelenjar ludah. Selain itu, lidah juga berfungsi sebagai alat pengecap <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rasa asin —–> lidah bagian tepi depa <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rasa manis —–> lidah bagian ujung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rasa asam —–> lidah bagian samping<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Rasa pahit —–> lidah bagian belakang / pangkal lidah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelenjar Ludah<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelenjar ludah menghasilkan ludah
atau air liur ( saliva). Kelenjar ludah dalam mulut ada tiga pasang, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelenjar parotis,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> terletak di bawah telinga. Kelenjar
parotis menghasilkan ludah yang berbentuk cair.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelenjar submandibularis,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> terletak di rahang bawah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelenjar sublingualis,</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> terletak di bawah lidah. Kelenjar
submandibularis dan kelenjar sublingualis menghasilkan getah yang mengandung
air dan lendir.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ludah berfungsi untuk memudahkan
penelanan makanan, membasahi, dan melumasi makanan sehingga mudah ditelan.
Selain itu, ludah juga melindungi selaput mulut terhadap panas, asam, dan basa.
Di dalam ludah terdapat enzim <i>ptialin </i>( amilase) yang berfungsi mengubah
makanan dalam mulut yang mengandung zat karbohidrat ( amilum) menjadi gula
sederhana jenis maltosa. Enzim ptialin bekerja dengan baik pada pH antara 6.8 –
7 dan suhu 37 °C.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b>2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal;">
</span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u>F<span lang="IN">ARING</span></u></b><b><u><o:p></o:p></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Adalah organ yang menghubungkan
rongga mulut dan kerongkongan.organ yang penting di dalam faring adalah tonsil
yaitu kumpulan kelenjar limfe yang banyak mengandung limfosit untuk
mempertahankan tubuh terhadap infeksi, dan mematikan bakteri dan migroorganisme
yang masuk melalui jalan pencernaan dan pernafasan. Faring atau tekak terletak
dibelakang hidung, mulut, dan laring (tenggorokan). Faring berupa saluran
berbentuk kerucut dari bahan membran berotot (muskulo membrannosa). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dengan bagian terlebar di sebelah
atas dan berjalan dari dasar tengkorak sampai diketinggian vertebra servikal
keenam, yaitu ketinggin tulang rawan krikoid. <i>Dalam faring ini terjadi proses menelan (deglutisi) menggerakkan
makanan dari faring menuju esofagus</i></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">. </span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faring digunakan sebagai saluran alat pernafasan. Pada manusia faring juga
digunakan sebagai alatartikulasi bunyi.</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Pada Faring juga terdapat organ seksual sekunder pada
pria atau lebih dikenalsebagai jakun.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8UxWZoLGh5sSsjNTanolBEViOJeTEE9HzJg3AJX0DzYD_D__CTQWtWPXr0N6ptDit30fz7gx5VorR74z-g4w80pI3AZKbcqvlzJTE4fnlTBoVHTf_5RzWwLkN3lt_5hvlgDN-GqUTh_4/s1600/FARING+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8UxWZoLGh5sSsjNTanolBEViOJeTEE9HzJg3AJX0DzYD_D__CTQWtWPXr0N6ptDit30fz7gx5VorR74z-g4w80pI3AZKbcqvlzJTE4fnlTBoVHTf_5RzWwLkN3lt_5hvlgDN-GqUTh_4/s1600/FARING+1.jpg" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8pB85nTQ_qTdtf2ibJHv-BWw5Fg1Opc55MoK5Ea3yIIXOB9DrgoWpJBqF0vU43cFVnjW-IwGduH_q0z7cCyu44YQtfTnXglCc_3-TPX-vMZmJQrnVaEI-xjKyzNvG2dhBwFsbIZODY4/s1600/FARING+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiX8pB85nTQ_qTdtf2ibJHv-BWw5Fg1Opc55MoK5Ea3yIIXOB9DrgoWpJBqF0vU43cFVnjW-IwGduH_q0z7cCyu44YQtfTnXglCc_3-TPX-vMZmJQrnVaEI-xjKyzNvG2dhBwFsbIZODY4/s1600/FARING+2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ESOFAGUS
(KERONGKONGAN)<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Merupakan saluran
pencernaan setelah mulut dan faring, panjangnya kira-kira 25cm dengan posis
imulai dari tengah leher hingga ujung rongga dada di belakang trakea. Esophagus
dibagi menjadi 3 bgian, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1 bagian superior: sebagian besar terdiri atas otot
rangka.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2. bagian tengah: campuran otot rangka dan otot
halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3. bagian inferior: terutama terdiri dari otot
halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Sekresi esophagus bersifat mukoid yaitu memberi pelumas
untuk pergerakan makanan. Melalui esofagus. Pada permulaan esophagus terdapat
kelenjar mukosa komposita yang berfungsi melindungi dinding esophagus dari pencernaan
getah lambung. Bagian badan utamanya dibatasi oleh banyak kelenja rmukosa
simpleks yang berfungsi mencegah sekres imukosa oleh makanan yang baru</span></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlL0fOsWsitAfI5nZQX_YP-01zbNtJWRY1VhWrIXTouKLoAkczWkKLaDPebZW6Lpa9HBNH4usw_x_R5EH1QNaZlz_mZORNUXdlx833jYQpJS8vLe2UazmJ4XXjqaX_T0nBuTpNvQNnoi0/s1600/ESOFAGUS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlL0fOsWsitAfI5nZQX_YP-01zbNtJWRY1VhWrIXTouKLoAkczWkKLaDPebZW6Lpa9HBNH4usw_x_R5EH1QNaZlz_mZORNUXdlx833jYQpJS8vLe2UazmJ4XXjqaX_T0nBuTpNvQNnoi0/s1600/ESOFAGUS.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></u></b></div>
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<b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">L</span></u></b><b style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center; text-indent: -0.25in;"><u><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">AMBUNG</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">Lambung
dibagi menjadi 3 bagian, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">fundus adalah bagian lambung
yang terletak di atas lubang esofagus, merupakan bagian fungsional korpus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">korpus (badan) merupakan bagian
tengah atau bagian utama lambung.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">antrum merupakan bagian bawah
lambung. Bagian akhir lambung diseut juga sfingter pilorus, yang berfungsi sebagai
sawar antara lambung dan bagian atas usus halus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="background: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-shading-themecolor: background1;">Lambung
melakukan banyak fungsi.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Makanan
masuk ke dalam lambung dari kerongkongan melalui otot berbentuk cincin
(sfinter), yang bisa membuka dan menutup.</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">sfinter menghalangi masuknya kembali isi lambung ke dalam
kerongkongan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi lambung juga sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai tempat penyimpanan makanan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lambung berfungsi sebagai tempat penyimpanan yang
mana menerima makanan yang kita kunyah di mulut sehingga menjadi bagian bagian
yang kecil. Makanan yang kita kunyah dari mulut akan masuk ke dalam lambung.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai sekresi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lambung memproduksi dan mengeluarkan beberapa zat penting untuk
mengontrol pencernaan makanan. Masing-masing zat ini adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Produk
eksokrin utama dalam lambung adalah <i><span style="color: #434343;">gastric
juice</span></i> – campuran lendir, asam klorida, dan</span><a href="http://blogging.co.id/enzim-enzim-pencernaan-pada-manusia" title="Enzim-enzim Pencernaan Pada Manusia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">enzim pencernaan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Asam
lambung dicampur dengan makanan di lambung untuk
melakukan pencernaan. Kelebihan asam ini lah yang menjadi </span><a href="http://blogging.co.id/penyebab-perut-kembung-dan-cara-mengatasinya" title="penyebab perut kembung"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">penyebab perut kembung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang
sering terjadi setelah makan.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel-sel
eksokrin khusus dari mukosa dikenal sebagai sel mukosa mengeluarkan lendir
ke dalam lumen lambung dan ke dalam lubang lambung. Lendir ini menyebar di
seluruh permukaan mukosa untuk melapisi lapisan perut dengan tebal,
penghalang asam dan enzim. Bagian lendir pada lambung juga kaya ion
bikarbonat, yang menetralkan pH asam lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel
parietal ditemukan di pit lambung menghasilkan 2 sekresi penting: faktor
intrinsik dan asam klorida. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor intrinsik adalah glikoprotein yang
mengikat vitamin B12 dalam perut dan memungkinkan vitamin untuk diserap
di usus kecil. Vitamin B12 merupakan nutrisi penting untuk pembentukan
sel darah merah.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asam klorida melindungi tubuh dengan membunuh
bakteri patogen secara alami ditemukan dalam makanan. Asam klorida juga
membantu untuk mencerna protein dengan denaturasi mereka menjadi bentuk
dilipat yang mudah bagi enzim untuk mencerna. Protein mencerna enzim
pepsin diaktifkan oleh paparan asam klorida dalam perut.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
</ul>
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<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel
Chief, juga ditemukan dalam lambung, menghasilkan dua enzim pencernaan:
pepsinogen dan lipase lambung. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="circle">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pepsinogen adalah molekul prekursor sangat ampuh
mencerna protein enzim pepsin. Karena pepsin akan menghancurkan sel-sel
utama yang memproduksinya, ia dilepaskan dalam bentuk pepsinogen tidak
akti. Ketika pepsinogen mencapai pH asam yang ditemukan di perut berkat
asam klorida, perubahan bentuk dan menjadi enzim pepsin aktif.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lipase lambung adalah enzim yang mencerna lemak
dengan menghapus asam lemak dari molekul trigliserida.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sel G
adalah sel endokrin ditemukan di bagian bawah lubang lambung. Sel G
melepaskan hormon gastrin ke dalam aliran darah dalam menanggapi
rangsangan, seperti sinyal dari saraf vagus; adanya asam amino dalam perut
dari protein yang dicerna; dan peregangan dinding lambung selama makan<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai pencernaan<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lambung memiliki fugsi sebagai alat pencernaan, pencernaan dalam lambung
dapat dibagi menjadi 2 kelas yaitu pencernaan mekanik dan pencernaan kimia.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pencernaan
mekanik adalah pembagian fisik massa makanan menjadi massa yang lebih
kecil<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list .5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pencernaan
kimia adalah konversi molekul kimia yang lebih besar menjadi molekul yang
lebih kecil.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ø<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai mengontrol hormon<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kegiatan di dalam lambung dikendalikan oleh beberapa hormon yang
mengatur produksi asam lambung dan pelepasan makanan ke duodenum. Berikut
adalah beberapa hormon berfungsi di lambung:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gastrin, yang diproduksi oleh
sel-sel G dari lambung itu sendiri, meningkatkan aktivitas perut
dengan merangsang peningkatan produksi asam lambung, kontraksi otot, dan
pengosongan lambung melalui sfingter pilorus.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cholecystokinin (CCK), yang diproduksi oleh mukosa
duodenum, adalah hormon yang bertindak untuk memperlambat pengosongan lambung
dengan kontrak sfingter pilorus. CCK dilepaskan dalam menanggapi makanan kaya
protein dan lemak, yang sulit bagi tubuh dalam mencernyanya. Dengan
menghambat pengosongan lambung, CCK memungkinkan makanan untuk disimpan di
perut lebih lama untuk mempromosikan meningkatkan pencernaan oleh lambung dan
memberikan pankreas dan kantong empedu waktu untuk melepaskan enzim dan empedu
untuk meningkatkan pencernaan dalam duodenum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secretin, hormon lain yang diproduksi oleh mukosa
duodenum, menanggapi keasaman chyme yang memasuki duodenum dari lambung.
Secretin diangkut melalui aliran darah ke perut di mana ia memperlambat
produksi asam lambung oleh kelenjar eksokrin mukosa. Secretin juga
memproduksi cairan pankreas dan empedu yang mengandung ion bikarbonat
asam-penetral. Efek bersih secretin adalah untuk melindungi usus dari kerusakan
akibat asam chyme. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lambung
dapat mencerna makanan secara mekanik. Lambung memiliki tiga lapis otot halus
yang tersusun memanjang (bagian luar), melingkar (bagian tengah), dan miring
(bagian dalam). Kontraksi dinding lambung menghasilkan gerakan peristaltik yang
menghancurkan makanan dan mencampurkannya dengan enzim-enzim yang dihasilkan
oleh dinding lambung. Dinding lambung disusun oleh lapisan epitel sel selapis
batang. Kontraksi otot lambung menyebabkan beberapa sel pada dinding lambung
menyekresikan <b>gastrin</b>. Gastrin merangsang sel-sel kelejar di dinding
lambung menyekresikan asam lambung. Asam lambung tersebut terdiri atas HCl,
enzim-enzim pencernaan, dan lendir (mukus). </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-g3fjwNipqgU-Ua5OXTBefJi5NE9weFV8kc6E2_rvbuLZSe9wG3ygplREb7SNIbDZt2p8Bq3m0w5e5MCCdQVSHbQngwuEjM1PwdiCBEW2ysy8NKS9SyH7psBnmHevMifFwlbTjQPObg/s1600/LAMBUNG.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4-g3fjwNipqgU-Ua5OXTBefJi5NE9weFV8kc6E2_rvbuLZSe9wG3ygplREb7SNIbDZt2p8Bq3m0w5e5MCCdQVSHbQngwuEjM1PwdiCBEW2ysy8NKS9SyH7psBnmHevMifFwlbTjQPObg/s1600/LAMBUNG.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lambung
dibagi menjadi tiga bagian, kardiak, fundus, dan pilorus.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lendir selain berfungsi mencampur
makanan dengan enzim, juga berfungsi melindungi dinding lambung dari asam
lambung. Dinding lambung sering mengalami pergantian karena sering rusak oleh
HCl yang dihasilkannya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin_5PwalYmyOodXbNRAGjyDd4bQcGTZwXiN0_i0GDI6crdfFgH_e9tK3Hb_tK36qz1ubk1TPJ17rpzP622nx1er4y-tZuWt-E5YMoKIiUR1BHUvgqenJ4w_ogoMsjuW7yKx9V-JIbKxxE/s1600/LAMBUNG+2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEin_5PwalYmyOodXbNRAGjyDd4bQcGTZwXiN0_i0GDI6crdfFgH_e9tK3Hb_tK36qz1ubk1TPJ17rpzP622nx1er4y-tZuWt-E5YMoKIiUR1BHUvgqenJ4w_ogoMsjuW7yKx9V-JIbKxxE/s1600/LAMBUNG+2.jpg" height="257" width="320" /></a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> Sel mukus melindungi dinding lambung. Dinding
lambung menyekresikan berbagai macam enzim pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">HCl berperan dalam membunuh
mikroorganisme yang terkandung dalam makanan yang tidak mati oleh ludah dalam
mulut. HCl juga mengaktivasi sel-sel kelenjar lain di dinding lambung untuk
menghasilkan <b>pepsinogen</b>. Dalam suasana yang asam (pH 1 hingga 3),
pepsinogen akan berubah menjadi enzim yang aktif, yaitu <b>pepsin</b>. Pepsin
akan mengubah protein menjadi protease dan pepton. Selain pepsin, beberapa
enzim lain yang dihasilkan antara lain adalah <b>renin </b>yang berfungsi
menggumpalkan kasein dalam susu, dan <b>lipase </b>yang berfungsi mencerna
lemak. Makanan di lambung yang telah berbentuk cairan asam disebut <b>kim </b>(<b>chyme</b>).
Melalui gerakan peristaltik, kim didorong menuju usus halus melewati <b>sfinkter
pilorik</b>, yaitu otot yang berada di ujung lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">5.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <u>USUS HALUS DAN USUS BESAR</u></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Diameter usus
halus kurang lebih 2,5 cm dan panjangnya 3-5 m. Secara umum proses pencernaan
dalam tubuh adalah dimulaidari lambung melepaskan makanan ke dalam usus dua
belas jari (duodenum), yang merupakan bagian pertama dari usus halus.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Makanan masuk ke dalam duodenum melalui
sfingter pilorus dalam jumlah yang bisa di cerna oleh usus halus. Jika penuh,
duodenum akan megirimkan sinyal kepada lambung untuk berhenti mengalirkan
makanan. Dinding usus kaya akan pembuluh darah yang mengangkut zat-zat yang
diserap ke hati melalui vena porta. Dinding usus melepaskan lendir (yang
melumasi isi usus) dan air (yang membantu melarutkan pecahan-pecahan makanan
yang dicerna). Dinding usus juga melepaskan sejumlah kecil enzim yang mencerna
protein, gula dan lemak.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi usus halus adalah diantaranya
secara selektif mengabsorpsi produk digesti, usus halus juga mengakhiri proses
pencernaan makanan yang dimulai di mulut dan lambung. Proses ini diselesaikan
oleh enzim usus dan enzim pancreas serta dibantu empedu dalam hat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">i.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usus
halus</span></u></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> adalah saluran yang memiliki panjang dua setengah
meter panjang dalam keadaan hidup. Fungsi usus halus adalah mencerna dan
mengabsorpsi <i>chyme</i> dari lambung.Usus halus terdiri atas tiga
bagian , yaitu: <i>duodenum, jejunum, ileum.</i> Fungsinya: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">duodenum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;"> adalah sebagai alat untuk
mendistribusikan makanan yang sudah dicerna oleh lambung menuju usus duabelas
jari.</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jejenum </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai
tempat pelumatan makanan oleh enzim yang dikeluarkan dari usus kosong.pelumatan
ini untuk menghaluskan makanan untuk lebih lembut lagi agar mudah disalurkan
dengan usus halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ileum </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">untuk
menyerap makanan menggunakan jaringan vili-vili yaitu penyerapan nutrisi
terutama vitamin B kompleks dan garam-garamnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">Enzim-enzim yang berperan di usus
halus berasal dari hati, pankreas, dan sel-sel di dinding usus halus.
Enzim-enzim tersebut memecah molekul-molekul kompleks makanan menjadi molekul
yang lebih sederhana dan mengabsorpsinya dalam aliran darah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat hasil sekresi hati dan pankreas
masuk ke sistem pencernaan melalui duodenum.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hati menghasilkan cairan empedu,
suatu cairan yang merupakan campuran dari garam empedu, air, garam-garam lain,
dan kolesterol. Empedu dihasilkan hati untuk kemudian disimpan di dalam kantung
empedu. Ketika dibutuhkan, empedu akan dialirkan dari kantung empedu menuju
usus halus melewati saluran yang disebut <i>ductus hepaticus </i>(saluran
empedu). Garam empedu disintesis di hati dari kolesterol dan asam amino.
Meskipun berperan dalam memecah lemak, garam empedu tidak termasuk enzim. Garam
empedu bekerja mirip deterjen atau agen pengemulsi yang memecah gumpalan lemak
pada kim menjadi partikel-partikel yang lebih kecil. Partikel-partikel ini
kemudian diuraikan lagi oleh enzim <b>lipase </b>yang dihasilkan oleh pankreas.
Pankreas terletak di antara lambung dan usus halus. Selain lipase, pankreas
juga menghasilkan <b>sodium bikarbonat </b>(NaHCO<sub>3</sub>), <b>amilase</b>,
dan beberapa <b>protease </b>yang terdiri atas <b>tripsin</b>, <b>kemotripsin</b>,
dan <b>karboksipeptidase</b>. Bersama dengan air, sekresi pankreas ini sering
disebut “<i>pancreas juice</i>“. Sodium bikarbonat menaikkan pH hingga 7 sampai
8 untuk memberikan suasana basa pada bubur kim yang dihasilkan dari lambung.
Pada suasana basa ini, enzim-enzim yang dihasilkan pankreas dapat bekerja optimum.
Masing-masing enzim tersebut bereaksi terhadap molekul makanan yang berbeda.
Amilase berperan dalam memecah amilum (zat tepung) menjadi maltosa. Lipase
memecah lemak (lipid) menjadi gliserol dan asam lemak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sel-sel epitel pada usus halus,
selain mampu menyerap makanan juga menghasilkan enzim <b>aminopeptidase</b>, <b>sukrase</b>,
<b>laktase</b>, dan <b>maltase</b>. Jadi, segera setelah molekul-molekul
makanan dicerna oleh enzim-enzim tersebut, molekul-molekul yang sederhana
diserap ke dalam sel dan siap diangkut ke seluruh tubuh oleh pembuluh darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usus halus membentuk struktur yang
disebut dengan <b>vili </b>(jonjot) dan <b>mikrovili usus</b>. Struktur vili
tersebut memperluas permukaan di dalam usus halus sehingga meningkatkan
penyerapan. Seperti juga pada lambung, usus halus mempunyai otot-otot polos
yang letaknya bertumpuk dan bersilangan. Ketika otot-otot ini berkontraksi, kim
teraduk dan bersentuhan dengan dinding usus sehingga terdorong melewati usus
halus yang panjangnya mencapai delapan meter. Sebagian zat diserap, sedangkan
zat yang tidak dapat diserap terdorong menuju usus besar akibat gerakan
otot-otot usus halus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dinding
usus halus terspesialisasi untuk mengabsorpsi molekul-molekul kecil yang
dihasilkan dari proses pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usus besar<o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usus besar dibagi menjadi dua
bagian, yaitu <b>kolon </b>dan <b>rektum</b>. Makanan yang tidak dapat dicerna
dan tidak dapat diserap oleh usus halus, seperti serat pada sayuran dan
buah-buahan serta lemak dan protein yang tidak dapat terurai, semuanya akan
bercampur dengan air dan akan masuk ke dalam kolon. Di dalam kolon, terdapat
berbagai jenis bakteri, salah satunya adalah <i>Escherichia coli </i>yang hidup
bersimbiosis dengan manusia. <i>Escherichia coli </i>(<i>E</i>. <i>coli</i>)
mencerna makanan yang tidak dapat dicerna enzim usus. <i>E.coli </i>menyekresikan
beberapa zat seperti <i>thiamin </i>(vitamin B1), <i>riboflavin </i>(vitamin
B3), vitamin B12, <i>biotin </i>(vitamin H), dan vitamin K. Zat-zat tersebut
kemudian diserap oleh dinding kolon.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usus besar berfungsi diantaranya adalah:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usus besar mengabsorpsi 80% sampai 90% air dan
elektrolit dari kimus yang tersisa dan mengubah kimus dari cairan menjadi massa
semi padat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usus besar hanya memproduksi mucus. Sekresinya tidak
mengandung enzim atau hormone pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 7.1pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejumlah bakteri dalam kolon mampu mencerna sejumlah
kecil selulosa dan memproduksi sedikit kalori nutrient bagi tubuh dalam setiap
hari. Bakteri juga memproduksi vitamin (K, riboflavin, dan tiamin) dan berbagai
gas.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usus besar juga mengekskresi sisa dalam bentuk feses.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">6. <u>P</u></span></b><b style="line-height: 150%;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ANKREAS</span></u></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pankreas adalah kelenjar majemuk
bertandan,stukturnya sangat mirip dengan kelenjar ludah. panjangnya kira-kira lima belas
centimeter, mulai dari duodenum sampai limfa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">merupakan suatu organ yang terdiri dari 2 jaringan dasar
:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Asini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">:
</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menghasilkan
enzim-enzim pencernaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2. </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pulau pankreas</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">menghasilkan hormon. Pankreas melepaskan enzim pencernaan
ke dalam duodenum dan melepaskan hormon ke dalam darah. Enzim yang dilepaskan
oleh pankreas akan mencerna protein, karbohidrat dan lemak. Enzim proteolitik
memecah protein ke dalam bentuk yang dapat digunakan oleh tubuh dan dilepaskan
dalam bentuk inaktif. Enzim ini hanya akan aktif jika telah mencapai saluran
pencernaan. Pankreas juga melepaskan sejumlah besar sodium bikarbonat, yang
berfungsi melindungi duodenum dengan cara menetralkan asam lambung</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa fungsi dari pankreas
adalah :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<ol start="1" type="1">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengatur
kadar gula dalam darah melalui pengeluaran glucogen, yang menambah kadar
gula dalam darah dengan mempercepat tingkat pelepasan dari hati.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengurangan
kadar gula dalam darah dengan mengeluarkan insulin yang mana mempercepat
aliran glukosa ke dalam sel pada tubuh, terutama otot. Insulin juga
merangsang hati untuk mengubah glukosa menjadi glikogen dan menyimpannya
di dalam sel-selnya<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ol>
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<b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7. <u> </u></span></b><b style="line-height: 150%;"><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hati</span></u></b></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuQBMEpOp8xfO6IPIMuS1xyR1udiQ7hQq8ZreZW1GPabWbuU6TuGUwxro9vUf7Gj0VzzBGHiNkTYyrmqrjHNGI50PbAbig-o3jkSjPuLnB-iXoSr-lY3SLGUcFkCl5gJIZ44TUupGqFos/s1600/HATI.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiuQBMEpOp8xfO6IPIMuS1xyR1udiQ7hQq8ZreZW1GPabWbuU6TuGUwxro9vUf7Gj0VzzBGHiNkTYyrmqrjHNGI50PbAbig-o3jkSjPuLnB-iXoSr-lY3SLGUcFkCl5gJIZ44TUupGqFos/s1600/HATI.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hati merupakan
sebuah organ yang besar dan memiliki berbagai fungsi, beberapa diantaranya
berhubungan dengan pencernaan. Zat-zat gizi dari makanan diserap ke dalam
dinding usus yang kaya akan pembuluh darah yang kecil-kecil (kapiler). Kapiler
ini mengalirkan darah ke dalam vena yang bergabung dengan vena yang lebih besar
dan pada akhirnya masuk ke dalam hati sebagai vena porta. Vena porta terbagi
menjadi pembuluh-pembuluh kecil di dalam hati, dimana darah yang masuk diolah.
Hati melakukan proses tersebut dengan kecepatan tinggi, setelah darah diperkaya
dengan zat-zat gizi, darah dialirkan ke dalam sirkulasi umum.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi Hati:</span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Fungsi
Hati membantu proses motabolisme dalam tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://caksandi.com/fungsi-ginjal-pada-manusia/" target="_blank" title="Fungsi Ginjal Pada Manusia"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: text1; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Fungsi hati</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang pertama memiliki fungsi yang
sangat penting bagi tubuh yaitu sebagai pengontrol gula darah. Hati bertugas
sebagai pengubah kadar gula darah yang tinggi menjadi glikogen. Hal ini
dilakukan oleh hati ketika kadar gula darah tinggi. Glikogen merupakan pemberi
gula darah ketika gula darah kita menurun sehingga bisa kita sebut juga hati
sebagai penstabil gula darah kita. Selain itu juga hati membantu proses
metabolisme protein. Lemak dan juga karbohidrat.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Fungsi
Hati sebagai pembantu proses regulasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi hati
yang kedua adalah sebagai pengatur komposisi darah yang ada dalam tubuh manusia
yang meliputi gula, protein, lemak dan unsur lainnya. Hati juga berfungsi
memmbuang zat bilirubbin yang bisa menyebabkan tubuh menjadi kuning jika
terlalu banyak zat ini oelh karena itu zat bilirubbin ini dibuang melalui
fases.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Fungsi
Hati sebagai pembantu proses detoksifikasi tubuh</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fungsi hati yang ketiga ini adalah sebagai pembantu
detoksifikasi yaitu fungsinya untuk membersihkan darah dari zat- zat yang tidak
penting seperti zat kimia dari obat- obatan yang berbahaya bagi tubuh dan
dibuang melalui proses pembuangan. Sehingga darah yang akan dialirkan ke
seluruh tubuh adalah darah yang bersih dari zat- zat berbahaya tersebut. Bagi
wanita hati memiliki peranan yang penting sebagai bagian penting tubuh namun
hati juga merupakan indera perasa dimana wanita bisa merasa jika terjadi sesuatu
hal pada dirinya atau disekitarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">8. <u>KANTUNG EMPEDU DAN SALURAN EMPEDU</u></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Empedu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
adalah cairan bersifat basa yang pahit dan berwarna hijau kekuningan karena
mengandung pigmen bilirubin, biliverdin, dan urobilin, yang disekresikan oleh
hepatosit hati pada sebagian besar vertebrata . Empedu disimpan di dalam
kantung empedu dan dilepaskan ke usus dua belas jari untuk membantu proses
pencernaan makanan. Sebuah kantong empedu berbentuk terong dan merupakan
membran berotot, letaknya dalam sebuah lobus disebelah permukaan dibawah hati
sampai pinggir depannya, panjangnya 8-12 cm, berkapasitas 60 mL. Lapisan
empedu(kantong) terdiri dari lapisan luar serosa/pariental, lapisan otot
bergariss ,lapisan dalam mukosa/viseral yang disebut juga membran mukosa.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Empedu
memiliki 2 fungsi penting: </span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Membantu pencernaan dan penyerapan
lemak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> b</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">erperan dalam pembuangan
limbah tertentu dari tubuh, terutama haemoglobin (Hb) yang berasal
daripenghancuran sel darah merah dan kelebihan kolesterol</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
</span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">9. </span></b><b><u><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rektum dan Anus</span></u></b><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></u></b></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Rektum adalah
sebuah ruangan yang berawal dari ujung usus besar (setelah kolon sigmoid) dan
berakhir di anus. Biasanya rektum ini kosong karena tinja disimpan di tempat
yang lebih tinggi, yaitu pada kolon desendens. Jika kolon desendens penuh dan
tinja masuk ke dalam rektum, maka timbul keinginan untuk buang air besar (BAB).
Orang dewasa dan anak yang lebih tua bisa menahan keinginan ini, tetapi bayi
dan anak yang lebih muda mengalami kekurangan dalam pengendalian otot yang
penting untuk menunda BAB.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Anus merupakan lubang di ujung saluran
pencernaan, dimana bahan limbah keluar dari tubuh. Sebagian anus terbentuk dari
permukaan tubuh (kulit) dan sebagian lannya dari usus. Suatu cincin berotot
(sfingter ani) menjaga agar anus tetap tertutup.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><br /></span></h3>
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<span style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b>Fungsi rektum</b></span></div>
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<span lang="IN"><o:p></o:p></span></h3>
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<span lang="IN">Sebagai bagian terakhir dari saluran
pencernaan, rektum bertindak sebagai fasilitas penyimpanan sementara untuk
bahan kotoran / sampah. Makanan yang kita makan mengalami proses pencernaan,
ketika mulai mengunyah dalam mulut kita maka diteruskan ke lambung, usus kecil
dan usus besar akhirnya, residu sisa makanan yang tidak tercerna dengan bakteri
dan cairan dari sistem pencernaan masuk ke rektum dalam bentuk feses. Kotoran
ini tetap dalam rektum sampai kita lanjutkan dengan buang air besar di mana
melalui gerakan usus mereka dipindahkan ke lubang anus dan kemudian ke luar
tubuh.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
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<b><span lang="IN" style="font-size: 13.5pt; line-height: 150%;">FUNGSI ANUS<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anus berfungsi sebagai tempat
pembuangan sisa hasil proses pencernaan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br /></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.3999996185303px; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b>DaftarPustaka</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">NimanSusanti .(2013).<i>Anatomo Dan FisiologiSistemPencernaan.</i>.
Jakarta: Trans Info Media Jakarta.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.scrib.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www.scrib.com</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="http://www.wordpress.com/"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">www.wordpress.com</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pearce,Evelyn C.2013.Anatomi Dan
Fisiologi untuk Paramedis.Jakarta:PT Gramedia Pustaka utama.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dr.sarpini,Rusbandi.2008.Anatomi
Fisiologi.Jakarta:Kebidanan Mitra Persahabatan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 26pt; line-height: 150%;">Pertanyaan:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Pergerakan pada usus
halus?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: PERGERAKAN USUS HALUS<br />
Pergerakan usus seperti dimanapun dalam saluran pencernaan dapat di bagi dalam
kontraksi pencampur dan kontraksi pendorong. Akan tetapi dalam arti yang luas
pembagian ini bersifat artifisial karena pada hakekatnya semua pergerakkan usus
halus dapat menyebabkan pencampuran dan pendorongan dalam derajat tertentu.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo13; tab-stops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> KONTRAKSI PENCAMPUR (KONTRAKSI SEGMENTASI)<br />
Bila sebagian usus halus di regangkan oleh kimus hal ini menimbulkan kontraksi
konsentrik lokal seperti cincin dengan interval sepanjang usus. Kontraksi
ritmik ini berlangsung dengan kecepatan 11 sampai 12 per menit dalam duodenum
dan secara progresif kecepatannya makin lambat sampai sekitar 7 per menit dalam
ileum terminalis. Kontraksi ini menyebabkan “segmentasi” usus halus
kadang-kadang membagi usus menjadi segmen dalam jarak teratur yang mempunyai
bentuk seperti rantai sosis. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">v<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> GERAKAN PENDORONG<br />
Kimus di dorong melalui usus halus oleh gelombang peristaltik. Hal ini terjadi
pada bagian usus halus manapun dan mereka bergerak ke arah anus dengan
kecepatan 0,5 sampai 2 cm per detik. Aktivitas peristaltik usus halus sangat
meningkatkan setelah makan. Hal ini sebagai disebabkan oleh masuknya kimus ke
dalam duodenum tetapi juga oleh apa yang dinamakan refleks gastroenterik yang
ditimbulkan oleh peregangan lambung dan terutama di hantarkan melalui pleksus
mienterikus dari lambung turun sepanjang dinding usus halus. Refleks ini
meningkatkan kepekaan usus halus termasuk peningkatan gerakan dan sekret.<br />
Refleks peristaltik penyebab umum peristalsis pada usus halus adalah
peregangan. Regangan sirkum ferensial usus merangsang reseptor-reseptor pada
dinding usus dan hal ini menimbulkan refleks mienterikus lokal yang mulai
dengan kontraksi dari otot longitudinal atas jarak beberapa sentimeter diikuti
oleh kontraksi otot sirkular. Secara serentak proses kontraksi menyebar
kesearah anus dengan proses peristalsis. Pergerakkan kontraksi peristaltik
menuruni usus di atur oleh pleksus ini di hambat oleh obat-obatan atau bila
pleksus telah berdegenerasi. Fungsi gelombang peristaltik pada usus halus tidak
hanya menyebabkan perjalanan kimus ke arah katup ileosekalis tetapi juga
menyebabkan penyebaran kimus sepanjang mukosa usus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. pergerakan pada usus
besar?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: <b>Gerakan Mencampur – Haustra</b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada setiap kontriksi ini, kira-kira 2,5
cm otot sirkular akan berkontraksi, kadang menyempitkan lumen kolon sampai
hampir tersumbat. Pada saat yang sama, otot longitudinal kolon yang terkumpul
menjadi tiga pita longitudinal yang disebut taenia coli, akan berkontraksi.
Kontraksi gabungan dari pita otot sirkular dan longitudinal menyebabkan bagian
usus besar yang tidak terangsang menonjol ke luar memberikan bentuk
serupa-kantung yang disebut haustra.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Gerakan Mendorong – Pergerakan
Massa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Tiga sampai empat kali sehari, umumnya
setelah makan, terjadi peningkatan nyata motilitas, yaitu terjadi kontraksi
simultan segmen-segmen besar di kolon asendens dan transverse, sehingga dalam
beberapa detik feses terdorong sepertiga sampai tiga perempat dari panjang
kolon. Kontraksi-kontraksi masif yang diberi nama gerakan massa ( mass
movement) ini, mendorong isi kolon kebagian distal usus besar, tempat isi
tersebut disimpan sampai terjadi defekasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sewaktu makanan masuk kelambung, terjadi
gerakan massa di kolon yang terutama disebabkan oleh refleks gastrokolik, yang
diperantai oleh gastrin dari lambung ke kolon dan oleh saraf otonom
ekstrinsik.biasaya ini reflex untuk buang air besar. Dengan demikian, makanan
baru memasuki saluran pencernaan, akan terpicu oleh refleks-refleks untuk
memindahkan isi yang sudah ada ke bagian saluran cerna yang lebih distal dan
member jalan bagi makanan baru tersebut. Refleks gastroileum memindahkan isi
usus halus yang tersisa kedalam usus besar, dan refleks gastrokolik mendorong
isi kolon ke dalam rectum yang memicu refleks defekasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. pergerakan pada
esophagus?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: Esofagus dilapisi otot2 sirkuler
& longitudinal sehingga meimbulkan gerakan peristaltik.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bolus makanan bergerak masuk ke lambung
karena gerak peristaltik<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. enzim-enzim pada
system pencernaan?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mulut</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
(Kelenjar Ludah / Saliva)<o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim Ptialin </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">(Amilase)
berfungsi Memecah pati menjadi Maltosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Lambung
(Kelenjar Lambung)</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim Renin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berfungsi
mengubah kaseinogen menjadi kasein<br />
<b>Enzim Pepsin</b> berfungsi mengubah protein menjadi proteosa,
pepton dan polipeptida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim Lipase</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
befungsi memecah lemak menjadi asam lemak dan gliserol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pankreas
(Saluran Pankreas)</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo16; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim karbodhidase Pankreas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> berfungsi
untuk mencerna amilum menjadi maltosa atau disakarida.<br />
<b>Enzim Lipase Pankreas</b> berfungsi mengubah emulsi lemak menjadi asam
lemak dan gliserol.<br />
<b>Enzim Tripsin</b> berfungsi untuk mengubah protein menjadi
polipeptida<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Usus
(Kelenjar Usus)</span></u></b><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Enzim Enterokinase</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> (enzim
khusus) berfungsi untuk mengubah<b>Tripsinogen</b> menjadi <b>Tripsin </b>yang
digunakan dalam saluran pangkreas<br />
<b>Enzim Maltase</b> berfungsi untuk mengubah Maltosa menjadi
Glukosa<br />
<b>Enzim Laktase</b> berfungsi untuk mengubah Laktosa menjadi Glukosa dan
Galaktosa<br />
<b>Enzim Sukrase</b> berfungsi untuk mengubah Sukrosa menjadi Glukosa dan
Fruktosa<br />
<b>Enzim Paptidase</b> berfungsi untuk mengubah polipeptida menjadi asam
amino<br />
<b>Enzim Lipase</b> berfungsi untuk mengubah Lemak menjadi asam lemak dan
Gliserol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. bagaimana makanan
bercampur didalam lambung?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: Kontraksi peristaltik lambung
yang kuat merupakan penyebab makanan bercampur dengan sekresi lambung dan
menghasilkan kimus. Setiap gelombang peristaltik antrum mendorong kimus ke
depan ke arah sfingter pilorus. Apabila kimus terdorong oleh kontraksi
peristaltik yang kuat akan melewati sfingter pilorus dan terdorong ke duodenum
tetapi hanya sebagian kecil saja. Sebelum lebih banyak kimus dapat diperas
keluar, gelombang peristaltik sudah mencapai sfingter pilorus menyebabkan
sfingter berkontraksi lebih kuat, menutup dan menghambat aliran kimus ke dalam
duodenum.<br />
<br />
Sebagian besar kimus antrum yang terdorong ke depan tapi tidak masuk ke
duodenum berhenti secara tiba-tiba pada sfingter yang tertutup dan bertolak
kembali ke dalam antrum, hanya untuk didorong ke depan dan bertolak kembali
pada saat gelombang peristaltik yang baru datang. Gerakan maju mundur tersebut
disebut retropulsi, menyebabkan kimus bercampur secara merata di antrum. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. proses pengosongan
lambung?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: Dipengaruhi oleh :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Pompa Pilorus dan Gelombang Peristaltik<br />
Pada dasarnya, pengosongan lambung dipermudah oleh gelombang peristaltik pada
antrum lambung, dan dihambat oleh resistensi pilorus terhadap jalan makanan.
Dalam keadaan normal pilorus hampir tetap, tetapi tidak menutup dengan
sempurna, karena adanya kontraksi tonik ringan. Tekanan sekitar 5 cm, air dalam
keadaan normal terdapat pada lumen pilorus akibat pyloric sphincter. Ini
merupakan penutup yang sangat lemah, tetapi, walaupun demikian biasanya cukup
besar untuk mencegah aliran chyme ke duodenum kecuali bila terdapat gelombang
peristaltik antrum yang mendorongnya. Oleh karena itu, untuk tujuan praktisnya
kecepatan pengosongan lambung pada dasarnya ditentukan oleh derajat aktivitas
gelombang peristaltik antrum.<br />
Gelombang peristaltik pada antrum, bila aktif, secara khas terjadi hampir pasti
tiga kali per menit, menjadi sangat kuat dekat insisura angularis, dan berjalan
ke antrum, kemudian ke pilorus dan akhirnya ke duodenum. Ketika gelombang
berjalan ke depan, pyloric sphincter dan bagian proksimal duodenum dihambat,
yang merupakan relaksasi reseptif. Pada setiap gelombang peristaltik, beberapa
millimeter chyme didorong masuk ke duodenum. Daya pompa bagian antrum lambung
ini kadang-kadang dinamakan pompa pilorus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. apa saja
bagian-bagian lambung dan dinding pada lambung?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: Lambung terdiri atas tiga bagian,
yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kardiak</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pada
bagian awal yang berhubungan dengan kerongkongan.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Fundus</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bagian
tengah lambung yang membulat penghasil HCl dan musin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pylorus</span></i></b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">bagian
ujung bawah lambung yang berhubungan dengan usus halus, dan usus 12 jari (duodenum)
serta menghasilkan cairan alkali.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo19; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada bagian kardiak, terdapat sebuah
lubang yang tersusun dari otot <i>sfingter kardiak</i> dengan bentuk
melingkar. Peran otot ini seperti klep yang akan membuka bila ada makanan
memasuki lambung dan segera menutup setelahnya. Ini dilakukan supaya makanan
tidak kembali lagi ke kerongkongan, sedangkan di ujung pilorus terdapat <i>spingter
pylorus</i>. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinding lambung terdiri atas otot-otot
yang tersusun melingkar, memanjang, dan menyerong yang menyebabkan lambung
berkontraksi. Dinding lambung mengandung sel-sel kelenjar yang berfungsi
menghasilkan getah lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dinding Lambung
tersusun oleh 4 lapisan yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Mucosa
</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">yaitu,
Lapisan dimana sel mengeluarkan berbagai jenis cairan, enzim, asam lambung dan
hormon. Di lapisan <i>mucosa</i> terdapat 3 jenis sel yang berfungsi
dalam pencernaan, yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 1. Sel goblet,
berfungsi untuk memproduksi <i>mucus</i> atau lendir untuk menjaga
lapisan terluar sel agar tidak rusak karena enzim pepsin dan asam lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 2. Sel parietal
berfungsi untuk memproduksi asam lambung [<i>Hydrochloric acid</i>] yang
berguna dalam pengaktifan enzim pepsin. Diperkirakan bahwa sel parietal
memproduksi 1.5 mol dm<sup>-3</sup> asam lambung yang membuat tingkat
keasaman dalam lambung mencapai pH 2.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> 3. Sel Chief Berfungsi
untuk memproduksi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsinogen&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pepsinogen</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">,
yaitu </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">enzim</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pepsin&action=edit&redlink=1"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pepsin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> dalam
bentuk tidak aktif. Sel chief memproduksi dalam bentuk tidak aktif agar enzim
tersebut tidak mencerna protein yang dimiliki oleh sel tersebut yang dapat
menyebabkan kematian pada sel tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Submucosa</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yaitu, ialah lapisan dimana pembuluh darah arteri dan vena dapat ditemukan
untuk menyalurkan nutrisidan oksigen ke sel-selperut sekaligus untuk membawa
nutrisiyang diserap, urea,dan karbon dioksidadari sel-sel tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo21; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Muscularis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
yaitu lapisan otot yanng membantu perut dalam pencernaan mekanik. Lapisan
ini tersusun atas otot polos dan dibagi jadi 3 lapisan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. Otot
Melingkar (Bagian Luar)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. Otot
Memanjang/Longitudinal (Bagian Tengah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo22; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. Otot
Menyerong/Miring (Bagian Bawah)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;">q<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">serosa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berfungsi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">sebagai
lapisan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">pelindung perut. Sel-sel di lapisan ini</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">mengeluarkan sejenis</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">cairan untukmengurangi gaya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">gesekan yang terjadi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">antara perut dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">anggota tubuh</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">lainnya</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Di dalam dinding lambung terdapat
kelenjar Lambung yang menghasilkan :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.
Lendir Lambung (Mukosa), berfungsi melindungi dinding Lambung dari
absorbsi asam lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.
Getah Lambung, didalamnya terdapat bahan bahan sebagai berikut.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Asam
Klorida (HCl) merupakan cairan yanng dihasilkan oleh sel parietal. Berfungsi
untuk<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Membunuh kuman dan mengasamkan
makanan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Mengaktifkan beberapa enzim yang
terdapat dalam getah lambung. Misalnya pepsinogen menjadi pepsin<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Menetralkan sifat alkali Bolus yang datang dari rongga mulut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Mengasamkan lambung (pH turun 1-3) sehingga dapat membunh kuman<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Mengatur membuka dan menutupnya katub
antara lambung dan usus 12 jari<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Merangsang sekresi getah usus<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in 1.0in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Enzim- enzim Pencernaan yaitu :<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Pepsin, berfungsi mengubah protein
menjadi pepton.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Renin, berfungsi mengendapkan kasein
dalam susu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo24; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">- Lipase, memecah lemak menjadi asam
lemak dan gliserol<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.
Hormon Gastrin, merupakan hormon yang merangsang lambung untuk
menyekresi getah lambung.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">8. proses terjadinya
muntah?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab:
Lambung memberikan sinyal ke zona kemoreseptor oleh system syaraf aferen dan s.
simpatis sehingga menyebabkan kontraksi antiperistaltik dan menyebabkan makanan
kembali ke duodenum dan lambung setelah masuk ke usus sehingga banyak terkumpul
makanan di lambung dan mengganggu kerja lambung dan duodenum sehingga duodenum
teregang</span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN;">,</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Akibat duodenum teregang mengakibatkan kontraksi kuat diafragma dan otot
dinding abdominal sehingga menyebabkan tekanan di dalam lambung tinggi Setelah
itu kita menjadi bernafas dalam dan naiknya tulang lidah dan laring untuk
menarik sfingter esophagus bagian atas supaya terbuka Sfingter bagian bawah
berelaksasi dan pengeluaran isi lambung melalui esophagus dan keluar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">9. proses terjadinya
defekasi?<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jawab: Gerakan peristaltis dari
otot-otot dinding usus besar menggerakkan fases dari saluran pencernaan menuju
ke rektum. Pada rektum terdapat bagian yang membesar (disebut <i>ampulla</i>)
yang menjadi tempat penampungan fases sementara. Otot-otot pada dinding rektum
yang dipengaruhi oleh sistem saraf sekitarnya dapat membuat suatu rangsangan
untuk mengeluarkan fases dari tubuh. Jika tindakan pembuangan terus ditahan
atau dihambat maka fases dapat kembali ke usus besar yang menyebabkan air pada
fases kembali diserap, dan fases menjadi sangat padat. Jika buang air besar
tidak dapat dilakukan untuk masa yang agak lama dan fases terus mengeras,
konstipasi dapat terjadi. Sementara, bila ada infeksi bakteri atau virus di
usus maka secara refleks usus akan mempercepat laju fases sehingga penyerapan
air sedikit. Akibatnya, fases menjadi lebih encer sehingga perut terasa mulas dan
dapat terjadi pembuangan secara tanpa diduga.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ketika rektum telah penuh, tekanan di
dalam rektum akan terus meningkat dan menyebabkan rangsangan untuk buang air
besar. fases akan didorong menuju ke saluran anus. Otot sfingter pada anus akan
membuka lubang anus untuk mengeluarkan tinja.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo25; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri;"> <span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Selama buang air besar, otot dada,
diafragma, otot dinding abdomen, dan diafragma pelvis menekan saluran cerna.
Pernapasan juga akan terhenti sementara ketika paru-paru menekan diafragma dada
ke bawah untuk memberi tekanan. Tekanan darah meningkat dan darah yang dipompa
menuju jantung meninggi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br />
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<br /></div>
<!-- Blogger automated replacement: "https://images-blogger-opensocial.googleusercontent.com/gadgets/proxy?url=http%3A%2F%2F2.bp.blogspot.com%2F-McJet6qKvg8%2FVKzaInxZqII%2FAAAAAAAAA6A%2Fnqz_PsM8RCc%2Fs1600%2FUSUS%252BHALUS%252B3.jpg&container=blogger&gadget=a&rewriteMime=image%2F*" with "https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUMe4MyLieccDtG4asP6I3rA3jf_Pd6FcU963B6mJL5u8ohyLkMnQPHl8XbNDgXkTjc20J1F1Ff1qlJ3VUgZi1wckqZnTDQNdBB8aSdIRgXL9-yq-MfFvRrCyq_3lHH3hW6SbHUbUVm7s/s1600/USUS+HALUS+3.jpg" -->Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2268820238452944612.post-53735849317835502682015-01-07T13:28:00.002+07:002015-01-07T13:29:57.184+07:00Sistem Endokrin<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 29px; line-height: 33px;"></span></span></div>
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"></span><br />
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ANATOMI
DAN FISIOLOGI SISTEM ENDOKRIN<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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</v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"></span><!--[endif]--></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJJEH0NYm2qD6TBe8pLyiDsWaTVN0LOHwcZmJin0a7Z7jW_RpLUSM7crpA3wnIeROpsg00IY6AD2Fs3qE1Q-Duffoo9LKi4c89IK_qUkbTKWNWlpPT8_APRLyQze2NlPBKVvRr0hUmiE/s1600/logo-poltekkes-kemenkes-jakarta-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhPJJEH0NYm2qD6TBe8pLyiDsWaTVN0LOHwcZmJin0a7Z7jW_RpLUSM7crpA3wnIeROpsg00IY6AD2Fs3qE1Q-Duffoo9LKi4c89IK_qUkbTKWNWlpPT8_APRLyQze2NlPBKVvRr0hUmiE/s1600/logo-poltekkes-kemenkes-jakarta-2.jpg" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Anatomi:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dinda
Putri Puspita Devi<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Medita
Dwi Rasna Claudia<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Fisiologi:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Amalia
Nur Ainina<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Inayah
Saraswati Arsya<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Notulen:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Annastasya
Vega Arminda<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Irhamna
Fauziah<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 29px;"></span></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 33px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">GIZI DIV-IA</span></span></div>
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Dosen:</div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dr. Maria Poppy Herlianty, M.Epd </span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><o:p><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Jurusan
Gizi Politekmik Kesehatan Jakarta II<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 115%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Jl.
Hang Jebat III/F3 Kebayoran Baru, Jakarta Selatan<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">SISTEM ENDOKRIN<o:p></o:p></span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .25in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">A.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Pengertian Sistem Endokrin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kata endokrin berasal dari bahasa Yunani yang
berarti sekresi ke dalam, zat aktif utama dari sekresi internal ini disebut </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">hormone,</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> dari kata Yunani yang berarti
merangsang. Beberapa organ endokrin menghasilkan satu hormone tunggal,
sedangkan yang lain menghasilkan dua atau beberapa jenis hormone.<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormon merupakan
senyawa protein atau stroid yang yang disekresikan oleh kelenjar endokrin. </span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Berfungsi
m</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">engatur aktivitas seperti
metabolisme, pertumbuhan, perkembangan dan reproduksi. Pengaruh hormon dapat
terjadi dalam beberapa detik, hari, minggu, bulan, bahkan beberapa tahun.</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormon dari kelenjar endokrin mengikuti peredaran darah
ke seluruh tubuh hingga mencapai organ-organ tertentu. Meskipun semua hormon
mengadakan kontak dengan semua jaringan di dalam tubuh, hanya sel jaringan yang
mengandung reseptor spesifik terhadap hormon tertentu yang terpengaruh oleh
hormon tersebut.</span></span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Karakteristik hormon yaitu di</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">produksi dan disekresikan ke dalam darah dalam jumlah
yang sangat kecil</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, d</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">iangkut oleh darah menuju sel/jaringan target</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">,
m</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">emiliki pengaruh mengaktifkan
enzim khusus</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, dan m</span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">emiliki
pengaruh tidak hanya pada sel target, tetapi bisa pada beberapa sel yang
berlainan</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">. </span></span><span lang="IN" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormon
bekerja atas perintah dari sistem saraf. Sistem ini terdapat pada daerah
hipotalamus. Banyak hal terlaksana karena kerja pengendalian otomatis di dalam
tubuh yang melibatkan sistem koordinasi, yaitu sistem saraf dan hormon.</span></span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Dilihat dari
aktivitasnya, kelenjar endokrin dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">K</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">elenjar yang
bekerja sepanjang hayat, misalnya hormon yang memegang peranan pada proses
metabolisme</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">K</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">elenjar
yang bekerjanya mulai saat tertentu, misalnya hormon kelamin. </span></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">K</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">elenjar
yang bekerja hanya sampai saat tertentu saja, misalnya kelenjar timus.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">B.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sel – sel Penyusun Organ Endokrin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sel neusektori adalah sel yang berbentuk seperti sel
saraf, tetapi berfungsi sebagai penghasil hormon. Contoh sel neusektori ialah
sel saraf pada hipotalamus. Sel tersebut memperhatikan fungsi endokrin,
sehingga dapat juga disebut sebagai sel neuroendokrin.</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sel endokrin sejati adalah sel endokrin yang
benar-benar berfungsi sebagai penghasil hormon, tidak memiliki bentuk seperti
sel saraf. Kelenjar endokrin sejati melepaskan hormon yang dihasilkannya secara
langsung ke dalam darah (cairan tubuh).</span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">C.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
Endokrin<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar hipofisis. Kelenjar ini terletak
di dasar tengkorak.kelenjar hipofisis terdiri dari dua lobus, yaitu lobus
anterior dan lobus posterior. Lobus
anterior menghasilkan sejumlah hormone yang bekerja sebagai zat pengendali
produksi sekresi dari semua organ endokrin lain, hormone yang dihasilkan antara
lain:</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormon pertumbuhan
(somatropik) mengendalikan pertumbuhan tubuh.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormon
adrenokortirotropik (ACTH) mengendalikan kediatan kelenjar suprarenal dalam
menghasilkan kortisol yang berasal dari korteks kelenjar suprarenal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">c.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormon
gonadotropik berasal dari follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) yang merangsang
perkembangan folikel de graaf di dalam ovarium dan pembentukan spermatozoa di
dalam testis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">d.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormon
tirotropik mengendalikan kegiatan kelenjar tiroid dalam menghasilkan tiroksin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">e.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Luteinizing
hormone (LH) mengendalikan sekresi estrogen dan progenteron dalam ovarium dan
testosterone dalam testis. Biasa juga disebut Interstitial Cell Stimulating
Hormone (ICSH).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Sedangkan lobus posterior disebut juga neurohipofise. Lobus posterior
mengeluarkan dua jenis hormone antara lain:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">a.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormone
antidiuretik (ADH) mengatur jumlah air yang keluar melalui ginjal membuat
kontraksi otot polos. ADH disebut juga hormon pituirin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">b.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hormone
oksitosin merangsang dan menguatkan kontraksi uterus sewaktu melahirkan dan
mengeluarkan air susu sewaktu menyusui.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
hipotalamus. </span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hipotalamus terletak di bawah thalamus</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> dihubungkan dengan hipofisis oleh
tangkai pituitaria atau infundibulum hipotalami. </span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Pada manusia, </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">hipotalamus</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> kira-kira</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> sebesar</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> ukuran almond.</span></span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Hipotalamus menerima isyarat dari hampir semua sumber dalam sistem
saraf lalu dilanjutkan ke hipofisis posterior, sehingga hipofisis posterior
dinamakan neurohipofisis. Hipotalamus merupakan pusat untuk system homeostatis
otonom dan endokrin. Hipotalamus juga menghasilkan hormon releasing dan
inhibitory hormone yang akan mengatur sekresi hormon pada hipofisis anterior.
Hipofisis anterior disebut dengan adenohipofisis.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar tiroid,
terdiri atas dua lobus yang terletak di sebelah kanan dan kiri trakea dan
diikat bersama oleh secarik jaringan tiroid yang disebu</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">t </span></span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">tismustiroid </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">dan yang melintasi trakea di sebelah
depannya. Kelenjar tiroid
terdiri atas sejumlah besar vesikel yang dibatasi epithelium silinder. Kelenjar
tiroid mendapat persediaan darah berlimpah dan disatukan oleh jaringan ikat.
Sel itu mengeluarkan secret cairan yang bersifat lekat, yaitu koloida tiroid
yang mengandung yodium. Zat aktif utama dari senyawa yodium ialah hormone
tiroksin. Secret ini mengisi vesikel dan dari sini berjalan ke aliran darah,
baik langsung maupun melalui saluran limfe. kelenjar tiroid memiliki fungsi:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bekerja
sebagai perangsang proses oksidasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mengatur
penggunaan oksidasi.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mengatur
pengeluaran karbondioksida.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Metabolic
dalam hal pengaturan susunan kimia dalam jaringan,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Pada
anak mempengaruhi perkembangan fisik dan mental.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">4.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
paratiroid. </span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Disetiap sisi kelenjar tiroid terdapat dua kelenjar
kecil, yaitu kelenjar paratiroid, di dalam leher.</span></span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Menempel pada bagian anterior dan posterior </span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">di </span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">kedua lobus kelenjar
tiroid oleh karena</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> itu</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> kelenjar
paratiroid berjumlah empat buah yang seukuran. Kelenjar paratiroid kira-kira
panjangnya 6 mm, lebar 3 mm dan tebalnya 2 mm dan memiliki gambaran makroskopik
lemak cokelat kehitaman. Kelenjar ini terdiri dari dua jenis sel yaitu chief
cell dan oxyphill cell. Chief cell merupakan bagian terbesar dari kelenjar
paratiroid. Sekresi paratiroid, yaitu hormon paratiroid.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Fungsi kelenjar paratiroid yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mengatur
metabolism fosfor.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Memelihara
konsentrasi ion kalsium yang tetap dalam plasma.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mengontrol
eksresi kalsium dan fosfat melalui ginjal.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mempercepat
absorbs kalsium di intestine.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Jika
kalsium berkurang, maka hormone paratiroid menstimulasi reabsorpsi tulang
sehingga menambah kalsium dalam darah.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo8; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Menstimulasi
dan metransportasi kalsium dan fosat melalui membrane sel.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">5.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
timus. </span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar timus terletak di dalam toraks, kira-kira pada ketinggian
bifurkasi trakea. Warnanya kemerah-merahan dan terdiri atas dua lobus. Pada
bayi yang baru lahir sa</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">n</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">gat kecil
dan beratnya kira-kira 10 gram atau lebih sedikit. Ukurannya bertambah, pada
pada saat remaja beratnya dari 30 sampai 40 gram, dan kemudian mengerut lagi.
Mensekresi hormon timosin dan hormon somatotropin.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> Kelenjar timus mempunyai fungsi sebagai
mengaktifkan pertumbuhan badan serta mengurangi aktivitas kelenjar kelamin.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">6.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
adrenal. Kelenjar adrenal terdapat pada bagian atas dari ginjal kiri dan kanan.
Ukurannya berbeda-beda dan memiliki berat rata-rata 5-9 gram. Kelenjar adrenal
terbagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1)</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bagian
luar yang berwarna kekuningan yang menghasilkan kortisol yang disebut korteks. </span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Korteks
menghasilkan kortisol (hidrokortison), dengan rumus yang mendekati kortison,
dan atas bagian medula di sebelah dalam yang menghasilkan </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">adrenalin</span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
(epirifin) dan </span><i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">nonadrenalin </span></i><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">(nonepirifin).</span></span><span lang="IN" style="color: black; font-family: Calibri, sans-serif; line-height: 150%;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> </span></span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Pada orang dewasa
bagian korteks diklasifikasi lebih lanjut menjadi tiga lapisan zona, yaitu :</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;"> z</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ona glomerulosa</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, z</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ona fasikulata</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, z</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ona retikularis</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">, dan z</span><span lang="IN"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">ona yang keempat disebut zona fetal yang terdapat hanya sepanjang
masa tumbuh kembang.</span></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
Beberapa hormone terpenting yang disekresikan oleh korteks adrenal adalah
hidrokortison, aldosteron, dan kortikoseron. Semuanya bertalian erat dengan
metabilisme pertumbuhan fungsi ginjal dan kondisi otot.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2)</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Bagian
medulla yang menghasilkan adrenalin (epinefrin) dan nonadrenalin
(nonepinefrin). Nonadrenalin menaikkan tekanan darah dengan cara merangsang
serabut otot di dalam dinding pembuluh darah untuk berkontaksi. Adrenalin
membantu metabolism karbohidrat dengan cara menambah pengeluaran glukosa dari
hati.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Fungsi dari kelenjar adrenal bagian korteks:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mengatur
keseimbangan air, elektrolit dan garam-garam.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mengatur
dan mempengaruhi metabolism lemak, kerbohidrat, dan protein.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">3.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Mempengaruhi
aktivitas jaringan limfoid.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;">
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Fungsi dari kelenjar adrenal bagian medulla:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">1.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Vaso
konstriksi pembuluh darah perifer.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">2.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Relakssasi
bronkus.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">7.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
pankreas. Terdapat pada bagian lambung di depan vertebra lumbalis I dan II yang
terdiri dari sel-sel alfa dan beta. Sel alfa menghasilkan hormone glukagon sedangkan
sel beta menghasilkan hormon insulin. Pankreas terdiri atas dua jaringan utama
yaitu asinus dan pulau langerhans. Didalam pulau langerhans mengandung tiga
jenis sel utama yaitu sel alfa, sel beta dan sel delta, yang dibedakan dengan
stuktur dan sifat perwarnaannya. Fungsinya yaitu mengendalikan kadar glukosa
dalam tubuh dan memperbaiki kemampuan sel tubuh untuk mengobservasi dan
menggunakan glukosa serta lemak.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">8.</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
gonad (kelenjar kelamin). Gonad adalah organ yang memproduksi sel kelamin. Kelenjar
ini terdiri dari:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
testika, terdapat pada pria dan terletak pada skrotum menghasilkan hormone
testoteron.Testis (gonad jantan) berbentuk memanjang dan menggantung pada
bagian atas rongga tubuh dengan perantaraan mesorkium. Berfungsi menentukan
sifat kejantanan, contohnya adanya jenggot, kumis, jakun, serta menghasilkan
sel mani (spermatozoid) dan mengontrol pekerjaan seks sekunder laki-laki.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">·</span><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">
</span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small;">Kelenjar
ovarika, terdapat pada wanita yang terletak pada ovarium di samping kiri dan
kanan uterus. Ovarium berbentuk memanjang, terletak dibawah atau di samping
gelembung gas yang terkadang berjumlah sepasang. Berfungsi menghasilkan
hormone progenteron dan estrogen. Hormone ini mempengaruhi pekerjaan uterus
serta memberikan sifat kewanitaan, misalnya pinggul besar.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;">
<br /></div>
</span>Kesehatan_Gizihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00989620068125975705noreply@blogger.com0